Abnormal Psychology
Abnormal Psychology
- ISBN 13:
9780205459421
- ISBN 10:
0205459420
- Edition: 13th
- Format: Hardcover
- Copyright: 01/01/2010
- Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
- Newer Edition
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Summary
This distinguished book is considered the most comprehensive in its field, and the author team includes the most preeminent and respected researchers in abnormal psychology today. The new 13th edition introduces a striking new design, new topics, fresh insights, streamlined writing, and a sharper focus on research in psychopathology have emerged.
Table of Contents
Read moreAbnormal Psychology: An Overview | p. 1 |
What do we Mean by Abnormal Behavior? | p. 3 |
Why Do We Need to Classify Mental Disorders? | p. 6 |
What Are the Disadvantages of Classification? | p. 8 |
The DSM-IV Definition of Mental Disorder | p. 9 |
How Does Culture Affect What Is Considered Abnormal? | p. 10 |
Culture-Specific Disorders | p. 11 |
How Common Are Mental Disorders? | p. 12 |
Prevalence and Incidence | p. 12 |
Prevalence Estimates for Mental Disorders | p. 13 |
Treatment | p. 14 |
The Mental Health "Team" | p. 14 |
Research Approaches in Abnormal Psychology | p. 15 |
Sources of Information | p. 16 |
Forming Hypotheses about Behavior | p. 17 |
Sampling and Generalization | p. 18 |
Criterion and Comparison Groups | p. 18 |
Studying the World As It Is: Observational Research Designs | p. 19 |
Retrospective versus Prospective Strategies | p. 19 |
Manipulating Variables: The Experimental Method in Abnormal Psychology | p. 20 |
Studying the Efficacy of Therapy | p. 20 |
Single-Case Experimental Designs | p. 21 |
Animal Research | p. 23 |
The Focus of This Book | p. 24 |
Summary | p. 25 |
Key Terms | p. 26 |
Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior | p. 27 |
Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior | p. 28 |
Demonology, Gods, and Magic | p. 28 |
Hippocrates' Early Medical Concepts | p. 28 |
Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness and Mental Discovery | p. 29 |
Later Greek and Roman Thought | p. 30 |
Abnormality during the Middle Ages | p. 31 |
Toward Humanitarian Approaches | p. 35 |
The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe | p. 35 |
The Establishment of Early Asylums and Shrines | p. 36 |
Humanitarian Reform | p. 37 |
Nineteenth-Century Views of the Causes and Treatment of Mental Disorders | p. 40 |
Changing Attitudes toward Mental Health in the Early Twentieth Century | p. 41 |
Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century | p. 41 |
Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior | p. 44 |
Biological Discoveries: Establishing the Link between the Brain and Mental Disorder | p. 45 |
The Development of a Classification System | p. 46 |
Causation Views: Establishing the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder | p. 46 |
The Evolution of the Psychological Research Tradition: Experimental Psychology | p. 49 |
Summary | p. 54 |
Key Terms | p. 55 |
Causal Factors and Viewpoints | p. 57 |
Causes and Risk Factors for Abnormal Behavior | p. 58 |
Necessary, Sufficient, and Contributory Causes | p. 58 |
Feedback and Circularity in Abnormal Behavior | p. 60 |
Diathesis-Stress Models | p. 60 |
Viewpoints for Understanding the Causes of Abnormal Behavior | p. 63 |
The Biological Viewpoint and Biological Causal Factors | p. 63 |
Neurotransmitter and Hormonal Imbalances | p. 64 |
Genetic Vulnerabilities | p. 66 |
Temperament | p. 71 |
Brain Dysfunction and Neural Plasticity | p. 72 |
The Impact of the Biological Viewpoint | p. 73 |
The Psychosocial Viewpoints | p. 74 |
The Psychodynamic Perspectives | p. 74 |
The Behavioral Perspective | p. 80 |
The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective | p. 83 |
What the Adoption of a Perspective Does and Does Not Do | p. 87 |
Psychosocial Causal Factors | p. 88 |
Early Deprivation or Trauma | p. 89 |
Inadequate Parenting Styles | p. 91 |
Marital Discord and Divorce | p. 94 |
Maladaptive Peer Relationships | p. 95 |
The Sociocultural Viewpoint | p. 97 |
Uncovering Sociocultural Factors through Cross-Cultural Studies | p. 97 |
Sociocultural Causal Factors | p. 101 |
The Sociocultural Environment | p. 101 |
Pathogenic Societal Influences | p. 101 |
Impact of the Sociocultural Viewpoint | p. 103 |
Summary | p. 105 |
Key Terms | p. 106 |
Clinical Assessment | p. 107 |
The Basic Elements in Assessment | p. 108 |
The Relationship between Assessment and Diagnosis | p. 108 |
Taking a Social or Behavioral History | p. 109 |
The Influence of Professional Orientation | p. 110 |
Trust and Rapport between the Clinician and the Client | p. 110 |
Assessment of the Physical Organism | p. 111 |
The General Physical Examination | p. 111 |
The Neurological Examination | p. 111 |
The Neuropsychological Examination | p. 113 |
Psychosocial Assessment | p. 114 |
Assessment Interviews | p. 114 |
The Clinical Observation of Behavior | p. 116 |
Psychological Tests | p. 117 |
Advantages and Limitations of Objective Personality Tests | p. 127 |
A Psychological Case Study: Esteban | p. 127 |
The Integration of Assessment Data | p. 130 |
Ethical Issues in Assessment | p. 130 |
Classifying Abnormal Behavior | p. 131 |
Reliability and Validity | p. 132 |
Differing Models of Classification | p. 133 |
Formal Diagnostic Classification of Mental Disorders | p. 133 |
Summary | p. 140 |
Key Terms | p. 141 |
Stress and Adjustment Disorders | p. 143 |
What is Stress? | p. 144 |
Categories of Stressors | p. 145 |
Factors Predisposing a Person to Stress | p. 146 |
Coping with Stress | p. 149 |
The Effects of Severe Stress | p. 151 |
Biological Effects of Stress | p. 151 |
Psychological Effects of Long-Term Stress | p. 154 |
Adjustment Disorder: Reactions to Common Life Stressors | p. 154 |
Adjustment Disorder Caused by Unemployment | p. 155 |
Adjustment Disorder Caused by Bereavement | p. 155 |
Adjustment Disorder Caused by Divorce or Separation | p. 156 |
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Reactions to Catastrophic Events | p. 157 |
Prevalence of PTSD in the General Population | p. 157 |
Distinguishing between Acute Stress Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress | p. 157 |
The Trauma of Rape | p. 160 |
The Trauma of Military Combat | p. 162 |
Severe Threats to Personal Safety and Security | p. 166 |
Causal Factors in Post-Traumatic Stress | p. 169 |
Long-Term Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress | p. 171 |
Prevention and Treatment of Stress Disorders | p. 171 |
Prevention of Stress Disorders | p. 171 |
Treatment for Stress Disorders | p. 172 |
Challenges in Studying Crisis Victims | p. 174 |
What We Are Learning about Crisis Intervention | p. 174 |
Summary | p. 177 |
Key Terms | p. 177 |
Panic, Anxiety, and Their Disorders | p. 179 |
The Fear and Anxiety Response Patterns | p. 181 |
Overview of the Anxiety Disorders and Their Commonalities | p. 182 |
Specific Phobias | p. 183 |
Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia | p. 185 |
Age of Onset and Gender Differences in Specific Phobias | p. 185 |
Psychosocial Causal Factors | p. 185 |
Genetic and Temperamental Causal Factors | p. 188 |
Treating Specific Phobias | p. 188 |
Social Phobias | p. 190 |
Interaction of Psychosocial and Biological Causal Factors | p. 191 |
Treating Social Phobias | p. 193 |
Panic Disorder With and Without Agoraphobia | p. 194 |
Panic Disorder | p. 194 |
Agoraphobia | p. 195 |
Prevalence, Gender, and Age of Onset of Panic Disorder with and without Agoraphobia | p. 197 |
Comorbidity with Other Disorders | p. 197 |
The Timing of a First Panic Attack | p. 198 |
Biological Causal Factors | p. 198 |
Behavioral and Cognitive Causal Factors | p. 200 |
Treating Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia | p. 203 |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder | p. 205 |
General Characteristics | p. 205 |
Prevalence and Age of Onset | p. 207 |
Comorbidity with Other Disorders | p. 207 |
Psychosocial Causal Factors | p. 207 |
Biological Causal Factors | p. 209 |
Treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder | p. 210 |
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | p. 211 |
Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Comorbidity | p. 212 |
Characteristics of OCD | p. 213 |
Psychosocial Causal Factors | p. 215 |
Biological Causal Factors | p. 216 |
Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | p. 218 |
Sociocultural Causal Factors for All Anxiety Disorders | p. 220 |
Cultural Differences in Sources of Worry | p. 221 |
Taijin Kyofusho | p. 221 |
Summary | p. 222 |
Key Terms | p. 223 |
Mood Disorders and Suicide | p. 225 |
What are Mood Disorders? | p. 226 |
The Prevalence of Mood Disorders | p. 227 |
Unipolar Mood Disorders | p. 228 |
Depressions That Are Not Mood Disorders | p. 228 |
Dysthymic Disorder | p. 230 |
Major Depressive Disorder | p. 231 |
Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders | p. 235 |
Biological Causal Factors | p. 235 |
Psychosocial Causal Factors | p. 240 |
Bipolar Disorders | p. 253 |
Cyclothymic Disorder | p. 253 |
Bipolar Disorders (I and II) | p. 254 |
Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorder | p. 257 |
Biological Causal Factors | p. 257 |
Psychosocial Causal Factors | p. 258 |
Sociocultural Factors Affecting Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders | p. 260 |
Cross-Cultural Differences in Depressive Symptoms | p. 260 |
Cross-Cultural Differences in Prevalence | p. 261 |
Demographic Differences in the United States | p. 261 |
Treatments and Outcomes | p. 263 |
Pharmacotherapy | p. 263 |
Alternative Biological Treatments | p. 265 |
Psychotherapy | p. 265 |
Suicide | p. 268 |
The Clinical Picture and the Causal Pattern | p. 269 |
Suicidal Ambivalence | p. 273 |
Suicide Prevention and Intervention | p. 274 |
Summary | p. 277 |
Key Terms | p. 278 |
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders | p. 279 |
Somatoform Disorders | p. 280 |
Hypochondriasis | p. 281 |
Somatization Disorder | p. 283 |
Pain Disorder | p. 285 |
Conversion Disorder | p. 286 |
Body Dysmorphic Disorder | p. 290 |
Dissociative Disorders | p. 295 |
Depersonalization Disorder | p. 295 |
Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue | p. 296 |
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) | p. 298 |
General Sociocultural Causal Factors in Dissociative Disorders | p. 306 |
Treatment and Outcomes in Dissociative Disorders | p. 307 |
Summary | p. 310 |
Key Terms | p. 310 |
Eating Disorders and Obesity | p. 311 |
Clinical Aspects of Eating Disorders | p. 313 |
Anorexia Nervosa | p. 313 |
Bulimia Nervosa | p. 315 |
Age of Onset and Gender Differences | p. 318 |
Medical Complications of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa | p. 319 |
Other Forms of Eating Disorders | p. 319 |
Distinguishing among Diagnoses | p. 320 |
Association of Eating Disorders with Other Forms of Psychopathology | p. 321 |
Prevalence of Eating Disorders | p. 321 |
Eating Disorders across Cultures | p. 321 |
Course and Outcome | p. 322 |
Risk and Causal Factors in Eating Disorders | p. 323 |
Biological Factors | p. 323 |
Sociocultural Factors | p. 324 |
Family Influences | p. 326 |
Individual Risk Factors | p. 326 |
Treating Eating Disorders | p. 330 |
Treating Anorexia Nervosa | p. 330 |
Treating Bulimia Nervosa | p. 332 |
Treating Binge-Eating Disorder | p. 332 |
Obesity | p. 333 |
Risk and Causal Factors in Obesity | p. 334 |
The Role of Genes | p. 334 |
Hormones Involved in Appetite and Weight Regulation | p. 335 |
Sociocultural Influences | p. 335 |
Family Influences | p. 335 |
Stress and "Comfort Food" | p. 336 |
Pathways to Obesity | p. 337 |
Treatment of Obesity | p. 337 |
The Importance of Prevention | p. 339 |
Summary | p. 340 |
Key Terms | p. 341 |
Health Problems and Behavior | p. 343 |
Psychological Factors in Health and Disease | p. 346 |
Stress and the Stress Response | p. 346 |
Biological Costs of Stress | p. 347 |
Stress and the Immune System | p. 348 |
Psychoneuroimmunology | p. 350 |
Lifestyle Factors in Health and Illness | p. 351 |
Health, Attitudes, and Coping Resources | p. 352 |
Cardiovascular Disease | p. 354 |
Hypertension | p. 355 |
Coronary Heart Disease | p. 356 |
What Psychological Factors Are Implicated in Cardiovascular Disease? | p. 356 |
General Causal Factors in Physical Illness and Disease | p. 360 |
Genetic Factors | p. 360 |
Psychosocial Factors | p. 362 |
Sociocultural Factors | p. 364 |
Treatments and Outcomes | p. 364 |
Biological Interventions | p. 365 |
Psychological Interventions | p. 365 |
Sociocultural Approaches | p. 366 |
Summary | p. 369 |
Key Terms | p. 369 |
Personality Disorders | p. 371 |
Clinical Features of Personality Disorders | p. 372 |
Difficulties Doing Research on Personality Disorders | p. 374 |
Difficulties in Diagnosing Personality Disorders | p. 374 |
Difficulties in Studying the Causes of Personality Disorders | p. 375 |
Categories of Personality Disorders | p. 376 |
Paranoid Personality Disorder | p. 376 |
Schizoid Personality Disorder | p. 377 |
Schizotypal Personality Disorder | p. 379 |
Histrionic Personality Disorder | p. 380 |
Narcissistic Personality Disorder | p. 382 |
Antisocial Personality Disorder | p. 384 |
Borderline Personality Disorder | p. 385 |
Avoidant Personality Disorder | p. 388 |
Dependent Personality Disorder | p. 390 |
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder | p. 391 |
Provisional Categories of Personality Disorder in DSM-IV-TR | p. 392 |
General Sociocultural Causal Factors for Personality Disorders | p. 393 |
Treatments and Outcomes | p. 393 |
Adapting Therapeutic Techniques to Specific Personality Disorders | p. 394 |
Treating Borderline Personality Disorder | p. 394 |
Treating Other Personality Disorders | p. 395 |
Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy | p. 395 |
Psychopathy and ASPD | p. 395 |
The Clinical Picture in Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder | p. 398 |
Causal Factors in Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality | p. 399 |
A Developmental Perspective on Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality | p. 403 |
Treatments and Outcomes in Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality | p. 405 |
Summary | p. 409 |
Key Terms | p. 410 |
Addiction Disorders | p. 411 |
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence | p. 413 |
The Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Demographics of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence | p. 413 |
The Clinical Picture of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence | p. 414 |
Biological Factors in the Abuse of and Dependence on Alcohol and Other Substances | p. 419 |
Psychosocial Causal Factors in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence | p. 421 |
Sociocultural Factors | p. 425 |
Treatment of Alcohol Abuse Disorders | p. 426 |
Drug Abuse and Dependence | p. 431 |
Opium and Its Derivatives (Narcotics) | p. 433 |
Cocaine and Amphetamines (Stimulants) | p. 437 |
Barbiturates (Sedatives) | p. 439 |
LSD and Related Drugs (Hallucinogens) | p. 441 |
Ecstasy | p. 442 |
Marijuana | p. 443 |
Summary | p. 447 |
Key Terms | p. 448 |
Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions | p. 449 |
Sociocultural Influences on Sexual Practices and Standards | p. 451 |
Degeneracy and Abstinence Theory | p. 451 |
Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia | p. 452 |
Homosexuality and American Psychiatry | p. 453 |
Sexual and Gender Variants | p. 456 |
The Paraphilias | p. 456 |
Causal Factors and Treatments for Paraphilias | p. 462 |
Gender Identity Disorders | p. 463 |
Sexual Abuse | p. 467 |
Childhood Sexual Abuse | p. 467 |
Pedophilia | p. 470 |
Incest | p. 471 |
Rape | p. 472 |
Treatment and Recidivism of Sex Offenders | p. 475 |
Sexual Dysfunctions | p. 478 |
Dysfunctions of Sexual Desire | p. 479 |
Dysfunctions of Sexual Arousal | p. 481 |
Orgasmic Disorders | p. 483 |
Dysfunctions Involving Sexual Pain | p. 484 |
Summary | p. 486 |
Key Terms | p. 487 |
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders | p. 489 |
Schizophrenia | p. 490 |
The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia | p. 490 |
Origins of the Schizophrenia Construct | p. 492 |
The Clinical Picture in Schizophrenia | p. 492 |
Delusions | p. 493 |
Hallucinations | p. 493 |
Disorganized Speech | p. 494 |
Disorganized and Catatonic Behavior | p. 494 |
Negative Symptoms | p. 494 |
Subtypes of Schizophrenia | p. 496 |
Paranoid Type | p. 496 |
Disorganized Type | p. 497 |
Catatonic Type | p. 497 |
Undifferentiated Type | p. 498 |
Residual Type | p. 498 |
Other Psychotic Disorders | p. 499 |
What Causes Schizophrenia? | p. 500 |
Genetic Aspects | p. 501 |
Prenatal Exposures | p. 507 |
Genes and Environment in Schizophrenia: A Synthesis | p. 508 |
A Neurodevelopmental Perspective | p. 509 |
Biological Aspects | p. 511 |
Neurocognition | p. 516 |
Psychosocial and Cultural Aspects | p. 517 |
Treatment and Clinical Outcome | p. 522 |
Pharmacological Approaches | p. 523 |
Psychosocial Approaches | p. 524 |
Summary | p. 528 |
Key Terms | p. 529 |
Cognitive Disorders | p. 531 |
Brain Impairment in Adults | p. 533 |
Diagnostic Issues | p. 533 |
Clinical Signs of Brain Damage | p. 533 |
Diffuse versus Focal Damage | p. 534 |
The Neuropsychology/Psychopathology Interaction | p. 537 |
Delirium | p. 538 |
Clinical Presentation | p. 538 |
Treatment and Outcome | p. 538 |
Dementia | p. 539 |
Alzheimer's Disease | p. 541 |
Dementia from HIV-1 Infection | p. 548 |
Vascular Dementia | p. 549 |
Amnestic Syndrome | p. 549 |
Disorders Involving Head Injury | p. 550 |
The Clinical Picture | p. 551 |
Treatments and Outcomes | p. 553 |
Summary | p. 556 |
Key Terms | p. 556 |
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence | p. 557 |
Maladaptive Behavior in Different Life Periods | p. 558 |
Varying Clinical Pictures | p. 558 |
Special Vulnerabilities of Young Children | p. 559 |
The Classification of Childhood and Adolescent Disorders | p. 559 |
Common Disorders of Childhood | p. 560 |
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | p. 560 |
Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder | p. 563 |
Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence | p. 566 |
Childhood Depression | p. 569 |
Symptom Disorders: Enuresis, Encopresis, Sleepwalking, and Tics | p. 572 |
Pervasive Developmental Disorders | p. 575 |
Autism | p. 575 |
Learning Disabilities and Mental Retardation | p. 580 |
Learning Disabilities | p. 580 |
Causal Factors in Learning Disabilities | p. 581 |
Treatments and Outcomes | p. 581 |
Mental Retardation | p. 582 |
Brain Defects in Mental Retardation | p. 583 |
Organic Retardation Syndromes | p. 584 |
Treatments, Outcomes, and Prevention | p. 588 |
Planning Better Programs to Help Children and Adolescents | p. 589 |
Special Factors Associated with Treatment for Children and Adolescents | p. 589 |
Child Advocacy Programs | p. 593 |
Summary | p. 596 |
Key Terms | p. 597 |
Therapy | p. 599 |
An Overview of Treatment | p. 600 |
Why Do People Seek Therapy? | p. 600 |
Who Provides Psychotherapeutic Services? | p. 601 |
The Therapeutic Relationship | p. 602 |
Measuring Success in Psychotherapy | p. 603 |
Objectifying and Quantifying Change | p. 604 |
Would Change Occur Anyway? | p. 604 |
Can Therapy Be Harmful? | p. 606 |
What Therapeutic Approaches Should be Used? | p. 606 |
Evidence-Based Treatments | p. 606 |
Medication or Psychotherapy? | p. 607 |
Combined Treatments | p. 607 |
Pharmacological Approaches to Treatment | p. 609 |
Antipsychotic Drugs | p. 609 |
Antidepressant Drugs | p. 611 |
Antianxiety Drugs | p. 615 |
Lithium and Other Mood-Stabilizing Drugs | p. 616 |
Electroconvulsive Therapy | p. 618 |
Neurosurgery | p. 620 |
Psychological Approaches to Treatment | p. 622 |
Behavior Therapy | p. 622 |
Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy | p. 625 |
Humanistic-Experiential Therapies | p. 627 |
Psychodynamic Therapies | p. 630 |
Marital and Family Therapy | p. 633 |
Eclecticism and Integration | p. 634 |
Psychotherapy and Society | p. 634 |
Social Values and Psychotherapy | p. 635 |
Psychotherapy and Cultural Diversity | p. 635 |
Summary | p. 637 |
Key Terms | p. 639 |
Contemporary and Legal Issues in Abnormal Psychology | p. 641 |
Perspectives on Prevention | p. 642 |
Universal Interventions | p. 642 |
Selective Interventions | p. 644 |
Indicated Interventions | p. 648 |
The Mental Hospital as a Therapeutic Community | p. 648 |
Deinstitutionalization | p. 650 |
Controversial Legal Issues and the Mentally Disordered | p. 652 |
The Commitment Process | p. 652 |
Assessment of "Dangerousness" | p. 655 |
The Insanity Defense | p. 657 |
Organized Efforts for Mental Health | p. 661 |
U.S. Efforts for Mental Health | p. 662 |
International Efforts for Mental Health | p. 663 |
Challenges for the Future | p. 664 |
The Need for Planning | p. 664 |
The Individual's Contribution | p. 665 |
Summary | p. 667 |
Key Terms | p. 668 |
Glossary | p. 1 |
References | p. 1 |
Credits | p. 1 |
Name Index | p. 1 |
Subject Index | p. 1 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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