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Elementary Statistics in Social Research

by: Levin, Jack; Fox, James Alan

Elementary Statistics in Social Research

by: Levin, Jack; Fox, James Alan

ISBN 13:
9780205362707
ISBN 10:
0205362702
Edition: 9th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/01/2003
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
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Summary

This best-selling introduction to statistical analysis in the social sciences provides the right balance of conceptual understanding and step-by-step computational techniques.

Preface

Why the Social Researcher Uses Statistics

(24)

The Nature of Social Research

(5)

Why Test Hypotheses?

(2)

The Stages of Social Research

(1)

Using Series of Numbers to Do Social Research

(4)

The Functions of Statistics

(5)

Summary

(1)

Terms to Remember

(1)

Questions and Problems

(6)

Looking at the Larger Picture A Student Survey

(3)

PART ONE Description

(108)

Organizing the Data

(50)

Frequency Distributions of Nominal Data

(1)

Comparing Distributions

(1)

Proportions and Percentages

(1)

Ratios and Rates

(3)

Simple Frequency Distributions of Ordinal and Interval Data

(1)

Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval Data

(4)

Cumulative Distributions

(2)

Percentile Ranks

(6)

Dealing with Decimal Data

(1)

Flexible Class Intervals

(2)

Cross-Tabulations

(7)

Graphic Presentations

(11)

Summary

(1)

Terms to Remember

(1)

Questions and Problems

(9)

Measures of Central Tendency

(26)

The Mode

(1)

The Median

(1)

The Mean

(4)

Taking One Step at a Time

(1)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Mode, Median, and Mean

(1)

Comparing the Mode, Median, and Mean

(4)

Obtaining the Mode, Median, and Mean from a Simple Frequency Distribution

(3)

Obtaining the Mode, Median, and Mean from a Grouped Frequency Distribution

(3)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Median for Grouped Frequency Distribution

(1)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Mean for Grouped Frequency Distribution

(1)

Summary

(1)

Terms to Remember

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Mode, Median, and Mean for Raw Scores

(1)

Questions and Problems

(8)

Measures of Variability

103

(30)

The Range

104

(1)

The Mean Deviation

105

(2)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Mean Deviation

106

(1)

The Variance and Standard Deviation

107

(4)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Standard Deviation

110

(1)

The Raw-Score Formula for Variance and Standard Deviation

111

(2)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Variance and Standard Deviation Using Raw Scores

111

(2)

The Meaning of the Standard Deviation

113

(3)

Comparing Measures of Variability

116

(1)

Obtaining the Variance and Standard Deviation from a Simple Frequency Distribution

117

(3)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Variance and Standard Deviation of a Simple Frequency Distribution

118

(2)

Obtaining the Variance and Standard Deviation from a Grouped Frequency Distribution

120

(2)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Variance and Standard Deviation of a Grouped Frequency Distribution

120

(2)

Visualizing Distributions

122

(2)

Summary

124

(1)

Terms to Remember

124

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Variance and Standard Deviation for Raw Scores

125

(1)

Questions and Problems

125

(8)

Looking at the Larger Picture Describing Data

130

(3)

PART TWO From Description to Decision Making

133

(74)

Probability and the Normal Curve

135

(34)

Rules of Probability

136

(3)

Probability Distributions

139

(4)

The Normal Curve as a Probability Distribution

143

(1)

Characteristics of the Normal Curve

144

(1)

The Model and the Reality of the Normal Curve

144

(2)

The Area under the Normal Curve

146

(6)

Standard Scores and the Normal Curve

152

(2)

Finding Probability under the Normal Curve

154

(5)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Probability under the Normal Curve

155

(4)

Obtaining Percentile Ranks from the Normal Curve

159

(3)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Percentile Rank for Score above the Mean

160

(1)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Percentile Rank for Score below the Mean

161

(1)

Summary

162

(1)

Terms to Remember

163

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Probability under the Normal Curve

163

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Percentile Ranks from the Normal Curve

163

(1)

Questions and Problems

163

(6)

Samples and Populations

169

(38)

Sampling Methods

170

(4)

Sampling Error

174

(2)

Sampling Distribution of Means

176

(7)

Standard Error of the Mean

183

(1)

Confidence Intervals

184

(6)

Step-By-Step Illustration: 95% Confidence Interval Using z

188

(1)

Step-By-Step Illustration: 99% Confidence Interval Using z

189

(1)

The t Distribution

190

(6)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Confidence Interval Using t

194

(2)

Estimating Proportions

196

(3)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Confidence Interval for Proportions

198

(1)

Summary

199

(1)

Terms to Remember

199

(2)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Mean Using z

199

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Mean Using t

200

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Proportion

201

(1)

Questions and Problems

201

(6)

Looking at the Larger Picture Generalizing from Samples to Populations

205

(2)

PART THREE Decision Making

207

(108)

Testing Differences between Means

209

(46)

The Null Hypothesis: No Difference between Means

211

(1)

The Research Hypothesis: A Difference between Means

212

(1)

Sampling Distribution of Differences between Means

213

(4)

Testing Hypotheses with the Distribution of Differences between Means

217

(3)

Levels of Significance

220

(5)

Standard Error of the Difference between Means

225

(1)

Testing the Difference between Means

226

(4)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Test of Difference between Means

227

(3)

Comparing the Same Sample Measured Twice

230

(3)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Test of Difference between Means for Same Sample Measured Twice

231

(2)

Two Sample Tests of Proportions

233

(3)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Test of Difference between Proportions

234

(2)

One-Tailed Tests

236

(6)

Step-By-Step Illustration: One-Tailed Test of Measure for Same Sample Measured Twice

238

(2)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Independent Groups, One-Tailed Test

240

(2)

Requirements for Testing the Difference between Means

242

(1)

Summary

243

(1)

Terms to Remember

244

(2)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Means for Independent Groups

244

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Means for the Same Sample Measured Twice

245

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Proportions

246

(1)

Questions and Problems

246

(9)

Analysis of Variance

255

(26)

The Logic of Analysis of Variance

256

(2)

The Sum of Squares

258

(6)

Mean Square

264

(2)

The F Ratio

266

(5)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Analysis of Variance

268

(3)

A Multiple Comparison of Means

271

(3)

Step-By-Step Illustration: HSD for Analysis of Variance

272

(2)

Requirements for Using the F Ratio

274

(1)

Summary

274

(1)

Terms to Remember

275

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Means for Several Independent Groups Using Analysis of Variance

275

(1)

Questions and Problems

276

(5)

Nonparametric Tests of Significance

281

(34)

One-Way Chi-Square Test

282

(4)

Step-By-Step Illustration: One-Way Chi-Square

285

(1)

Two-Way Chi-Square Test

286

(16)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Two-Way Chi-Square Test of Significance

292

(3)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Comparing Several Groups

295

(7)

The Median Test

302

(3)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Median Test

302

(3)

Summary

305

(1)

Terms to Remember

305

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Groups for Nominal-Level Data Using Chi-Square

305

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Groups for Ordinal-Level Data Using the Median Test

306

(1)

Questions and Problems

306

(9)

Looking at the Larger Picture Testing for Differences

312

(3)

PART FOUR from Decision Making to Association

315

(92)

Correlation

317

(28)

Strength of Correlation

317

(1)

Direction of Correlation

318

(1)

Curvilinear Correlation

319

(1)

The Correlation Coefficient

320

(1)

Pearson's Correlation Coefficient

321

(8)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Pearson's Correlation Coefficient

327

(2)

The Importance of Scatter Plots

329

(3)

Partial Correlation

332

(5)

Summary

337

(1)

Terms to Remember

337

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Testing the Strength of Association between Interval-Level Variables Using Pearson's Correlation

338

(1)

Questions and Problems

338

(7)

Regression Analysis

345

(28)

The Regression Model

346

(5)

Interpreting the Regression Line

351

(2)

Prediction Errors

353

(3)

Regression and Pearson's Correlation

356

(2)

Regression and Analysis of Variance

358

(4)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Regression Analysis

359

(3)

Multiple Regression

362

(3)

Summary

365

(1)

Terms to Remember

365

(2)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Testing the Effect of an Independent Variable on a Dependent Variable Using Regression Analysis

366

(1)

Questions and Problems

367

(6)

Nonparametric Measures of Correlation

373

(34)

Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient

373

(7)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient

377

(3)

Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma

380

(5)

Step-By-Step Illustration: Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma

381

(4)

Correlation Coefficient for Nominal Data Arranged in a 2 X 2 Table

385

(2)

Correlation Coefficients for Nominal Data in Larger than 2 X 2 Tables

387

(3)

Lambda

390

(3)

Elaboration

393

(5)

Summary

398

(1)

Terms to Remember

398

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Testing the Strength of Association between Ordinal-Level Variables Using Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation

398

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Testing the Strength of Association between Cross-Tabulated, Ordinal-Level Variables Using Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma

399

(1)

Questions and Problems

399

(8)

Looking at the Larger Picture Measuring Association

406

(1)

PART FIVE Applying Statistics

407

(26)

Choosing Statistical Procedures for Research Problems

409

(24)

Research Situations

411

(12)

Research Solutions

423

(10)

APPENDIXES

433

(30)

Appendix A Social Science Data on the Internet

435

(1)

Appendix B A Review of Some Fundamentals of Mathematics

436

(5)

Appendix C Tables

441

(14)

Appendix D List of Formulas

455

(8)

Glossary

463

(8)

Answers to Selected Problems

471

(7)

Index

478

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Elementary Statistics in Social Research

Elementary Statistics in Social Research

9780205362707

0205362702

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Elementary Statistics in Social Research

Elementary Statistics in Social Research

9780205362707

0205362702

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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