Francine D. Blau is the Frances Perkins Professor of Industrial and Labor Relations and Labor Economics at Cornell University.  She is also a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a Research Fellow of the Center for Economic Studies/Ifo Institute in Munich, Germany and of IZA in Bonn, Germany.  She has served as President of the Society of Labor Economists, the Labor and Employment Relations Association, and the Midwest Economics Association; as Vice President of the American Economic Association (AEA); and as Chair of the AEA Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession.  She is a fellow of the Society of Labor Economics, the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and the Labor and Employment Relations Association, and was the 2001 recipient of the Carolyn Shaw Bell Award from the AEA Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession.  She is on the Editorial Boards of the Journal of Labor Economics, Feminist Economics, and The Annals and is an Associate Editor of Labour Economics; she was formerly an editor of the Journal of Labor Economics, on the Board of Editors of the American Economic Review, on the Advisory Board of the Journal of Economic Perspectives, and an Associate Editor of the Journal of Economic Perspectives.  Professor Blau has written extensively on gender issues, wage inequality, immigration and international comparisons of labor market outcomes.  She has published articles in leading economics journals and is the author of Equal Pay in the Office and, with Lawrence Kahn, of At Home and Abroad: U.S. Labor Market Performance in International Perspective (recipient of the Richard A. Lester Prize for the outstanding book in labor economics and industrial relations for 2002); and the editor, with David Grusky and Mary Brinton of The Declining Significance of Gender?, and with Ronald Ehrenberg of Gender and Family Issues in the Workplace. 

Marianne A. Ferber

Marianne A. Ferber, Professor of Economics and Women's Studies, Emerita, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, was born in Czechoslovakia in 1923, obtained her BA at McMaster University in Canada in 1944 and her Ph.D. at the University of Chicago in 1954. She was Distinguished Visiting Professor at Radcliffe (1993-95), president of the Midwest Economic Association (1986-87) and president of the International Association for Feminist Economics (1995-97). She received the Distinguished Alumni Award from McMaster University (1996), the Carolyn Shaw Bell Award from the Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession (2002), and an honorary doctorate from the University of Eastern Illinois. 2002. She served for many years on the editorial boards of Feminist Economics, and of the Review of Social Economy. She is editor of Women in the Labor Market, 1998, co-editor of Work and Family, 1991; Beyond Economic Man, 1993 (translated into Korean); Academic Couples, 1997; Nonstandard Work, 2000, and Feminist Economics Today, 2003 translated into Spanish). She has published in economics, sociology, education and women's studies journals.

Anne E. Winkler

Anne E. Winkler is Professor of Economics and Public Policy Administration at the University of Missouri-St. Louis.  She is also a Research Affiliate at the National Poverty Center, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy.  She received her Ph.D. in economics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and her undergraduate degree in economics from Wesleyan University.   Professor Winkler’s main research interests are in the economics of gender, the economics of the family, and welfare and poverty.  Her work has appeared in economics and broader social science journals including Journal of Human Resources, Research in Labor Economics, Monthly Labor Review, Demography, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, and Journal of Urban Economics. Prof. Winkler previously served as 2^nd Vice President of the Midwest Economics Association and as President of the St. Louis Chapter of the National Association for Business Economics (NABE).

Chapter 1 Introduction

What Economics Is About                          

Uses of Economic Theory

The Scope of Economics

Individuals, Families, and Households

A Note on Terminology

Outline of the Book

Appendix: A Review of Supply and Demand in the Labor Market

Chapter 2 Women and Men: Historical Perspectives

The Source of Gender Differences: Nature versus Nurture–The Ongoing Debate

Factors Influencing Women’s Relative Status

Women’s Roles and Economic Development

The U.S. Experience

Chapter 3 The Family as an Economic Unit: Theoretical Perspectives

The Simple Neoclassical Model: Specialization and Exchange

Disadvantages of Specialization

Advantages of Families Beyond Specialization

Transaction Cost and Bargaining Approaches

Appendix: Specialization and Exchange: A Graphical Analysis

Chapter 4 The Family as an Economic Unit: Evidence

Time Spent in Nonmarket Work

Estimating the Value of Nonmarket Production

The American Family in the Twenty-First Century

Chapter 5 The Labor Force: Definitions and Trends

The Labor Force: Some Definitions

Trends in Labor Force Participation

Trends in Labor Force Attachment of Women

Trends in Hours Worked

Trends in Gender Differences in Unemployment

Chapter 6 The Labor Supply Decision

The Labor Supply Decision

Some Applications of the Theory: Taxes, Child Care Costs, and Labor Supply

Analyzing the Long-term Growth in Women’s Labor Force Participation

Recent Trends in Women’s Labor Force Participation: Has the Engine of Growth Stalled?

Analyzing Trends in Men’s Labor Force Participation

Black and White Participation Differentials: Serious Employment Problems for Black Men

Appendix: The Income and Substitution Effects: A Closer Look

Chapter 7 Evidence on Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes

Gender Differences in Occupations

The Gender Pay Ratio

Gender Differences in Union Membership

Gender Differences in Self-Employment

Gender Differences in Nonstandard Work

Chapter 8 Gender Differences in Educational Attainment: Theory and Evidence

Chapter Highlights

Supply and Demand Explanations: An Overview

What Is Human Capital?

Evidence on Gender Differences in Educational Attainment

The Educational Investment Decision

The Rising College Wage Premium

Education and Productivity

Gender Differences in Educational Investment Decisions: the Human Capital Explanation

Gender Differences in Educational Investment Decisions: Social Influences and Anticipation of Discrimination

Policy Issues: Title IX–Sports, Academics, and the Status of Single-Sex Education

Explaining Women’s Rising Educational Attainment

Chapter 9 Other Supply-Side Sources of Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes: On-the-Job Training, Family Gaps, Psychological Attributes and Math Test Scores

On-the-Job Training and Labor Market Experience

Why do Firms Pay Tuition Benefits?

Gender Differences in Labor Market Experience

The On-the-Job Training Investment Decision        

Experience and Productivity

Gender Differences in Training Investment Decisions

Occupations and Earnings

Family-Related Earnings Gaps

Gender Differences in Psychological Attributes

A Closer Look at Gender Differences in Math Test Scores

Chapter 10 Evidence on the Sources of Gender Differences in Earnings and Occupations: Supply-Side Factors Versus Labor Market Discrimination

Labor Market Discrimination: A Definition

Analyzing the Sources of Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes

Empirical Evidence on the Sources of Gender Differences in Earnings

The Declining Gender Pay Gap

Empirical Evidence on the Causes and Consequences of Gender Differences in Occupations

Appendix: Regression Analysis and Empirical Estimates of Labor Market Discrimination

Chapter 11 Labor Market Discrimination: Theory

Theories of Labor Market Discrimination: An Overview

Tastes for Discrimination

Subtle Barriers

Statistical Discrimination

The Overcrowding Model

Institutional Models (including dual labor markets)

Feedback Effects

Chapter 12 Government Policies to Combat Employment Discrimination

Rationales for Government Intervention

Equal Employment Opportunity Laws and Regulations

Effectiveness of the Government’s Antidiscrimination Effort

Affirmative Action

Comparable Worth

Chapter 13 Changing Work Roles and Family Formation

Economic Explanations for Family Formation

Marriage

Divorce

Cohabitation: Opposite-Sex and Same-Sex Couples

Fertility

Chapter 14 The Changing American Family and Implications for Family

Changing Family Structure

Poverty: Incidence and Measurement

Implications for Children’s Well-Being

Chapter 15 Government Policies Affecting Family Well-Being Policies to Alleviate Poverty

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)

Child Support Enforcement

Employment Strategies

Taxes, Specialization, and Marriage

Federal Income Tax

Social Security

Chapter 16 Balancing the Competing Demands of Work and Family

The Competing Demands of Work and Family

Rationales for Government and Employer Policies to Assist Workers

Family Leave

Child Care

Other Employer-Provided Family Friendly Policies

Chapter 17 Gender Differences Around the World: An Overview

Indicators of Women’s Economic Status

Labor Force Participation   

Occupations   

Earnings  

Educational Attainment  

Fertility  

Housework  

Women’s Role in Government and Their Standing Before the Law  

Cultural Factors

Women’s Status: An Assessment

Economic Development, Globalization, and Women’s Status

Chapter 18 Gender Differences Around the World: A Closer Look at Specific Countries and Regions

A Comparison of the United States to Other Economically Advanced Countries

Challenges Facing Women in Developing Countries

Countries of the Former Soviet Bloc

Countries of the Middle East and North Africa

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