Contents

Preface 

Chapter 1             Clinical Framework: Basic Terms and Concepts  

Communication, Speech, and Language

Subdivisions of Language  

Articulation and Speech Sounds: Phonology and Phonemes

Articulation Disorders versus Phonological Disorders

Summary  

Case Study  

Think Critically  
Test Yourself

Websites  

Further Readings 

Chapter 2             Phonetics — Articulatory Phonetics  

Phonetics: Definitions and Classification

Vowels versus Consonants  

         American English Vowels  

         American English Consonants  

Sounds in Context: Coarticulation and Assimilation  

Syllable Structure  

Summary 

Case Study  

Think Critically  
Test Yourself 

Websites  

Further Readings 

Chapter 3             Phonetic Transcription and Diacritics  

Phonetic Transcription as a Notational System  

Why Use Phonetic Transcription?  

Diacritics  

         Diacritics Used with Consonants  

         Diacritics Used with Vowels  

         Diacritics for Stress, Duration, and Syllable Boundaries  

Clinical Implications  

Summary 

Case Study

Think Critically 
Test Yourself  

Websites 

Further Readings 

Chapter 4             Theoretical Considerations and Practical Applications  

Phonology  

         What Is Phonology?  

         How Does Phonology Work?  

         How Did the Concept of the Phoneme Develop?  

         Speech Sound versus Phoneme: Clinical Application  

         What Are Distinctive Features?  

         How Do Distinctive Features Work?  

         How Did Distinctive Feature Theories Develop?  

         Distinctive Feature Theories: Clinical Application  

Generative Phonology  

         What Is Generative Phonology?  

         How Does Generative Phonology Work?  

         How Did Generative Phonology Develop?  

         Distinctive Features and Generative Phonology: Clinical Application  

Natural Phonology  

         What Is Natural Phonology?  

         How Does Natural Phonology Work?  

         Phonological Processes  

         How Did Natural Phonology Develop?  

         Natural Phonology: Clinical Application  

Linear versus Nonlinear Phonologies  

         What Are Linear and Nonlinear Phonologies?  

         How Do Nonlinear Phonologies Work?  

         How Did Nonlinear Phonology Develop?  

         Nonlinear Phonologies: Clinical Implications  

Summary  

Case Study 

Think Critically  

Test Yourself  

Websites 

Further Readings 

Appendix 4.1  

Chapter 5             Normal Phonological Development  

Aspects of Structural and Functional Development  

Aspects of Perceptual Development  

Prelinguistic Stages: Before the First Words  

         Vocoids  

         Contoids  

         Syllable Shapes  

         Babbling and Its Relationship to Later Language Development  

         Prosodic Feature Development  

Transition from Babbling to First Words  

The First Fifty Words  

         Segmental Form Development  

         Prosodic Feature Development  

The Preschool Child  

         Segmental Form Development: Vowels  

         Segmental Form Development: Consonants  

         Phonological Processes  

        Prosodic Feature Development

        English as a Second Language: Considerations for Phonological Development in Children                                                              

The School-Age Child  

                Segmental Form Development  

                Phonological Awareness, Emerging Literacy, and Phonological Disorders  

                   Prosodic Feature Development  

Summary

Case Study 

Think Critically  

Test Yourself  

Websites 

Further Readings

Chapter 6             Appraisal: Collection of Data  

Evaluation by the Clinician  

Initial Impression  

Articulation Tests  

         Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Articulation Tests  

         Factors to Consider When Selecting a Measure of Articulation

         Assessment Procedures to Supplement Articulation Tests  

         Organizing Articulation Test Results: Describing the Error  

         Stimulability Testing  

Spontaneous Speech Sample  

         Organizing the Continuous Speech Sample  

Evaluation of the Speech Mechanism  

         What to Look for When Evaluating the Speech Mechanism  

Selection of Additional Assessment Measures  

         Hearing Screening  

         Language Testing  

         Specific Auditory Perceptual Testing  

    Cognitive Appraisal  

Special Considerations  

         The Child with Emerging Phonology  

         The Unintelligible Child  

Summary of the Data  

Summary 

Case Study  

Think Critically 

Test Yourself 

Websites 

Further Readings

Appendix 6.1: Speech-Motor Assessment Screening Form

Chapter 7             Dialects and English as a Second Language

Dialects

         Regional Dialects

         Ethnicity

         African American Vernacular English

The Speaker of English as a Second Language

        Spanish American English

         Vietnamese American English

         Cantonese American English

         Hmong American English

         Korean American English

         Arabic American English        

Implications for Appraisal

Summary 

Case Study  

Think Critically 

Test Yourself

Websites  

Further Readings

Chapter 8             Diagnosis: Articulation versus Phonological Emphasis  

Preliminary Analysis: Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds

         Using a Matrix to Examine the Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds  

         Phonemic Contrasts: Differentiating Articulation from Phonological Disorders  

Decision Making: Primarily Articulatory Difficulties  

         Guidelines for Beginning Therapy: Phonetic Disorder  

Decision Making: Primarily Phonological Difficulties  

         Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds  

         Syllable Shapes and Constraints  

         Phonological Contrasts  

         Phonological Error Patterns  

Measures of Intelligibility and Severity  

         Measures of Intelligibility  

         Measures of Severity  

Summary 

Case Study 

Think Critically  

Test Yourself 

Websites

Further Readings

Appendix 8.1: Single-Word Responses to Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation for Child H. H.

Appendix 8.2: Preliminary Matrix for Recording Utterances

Appendix 8.3:  Matrix for Recording Phones According to Pre-, Inter-, and Postvocalic Word Positions for Child H. H.

Appendix 8.4: Overall Inventory of Phones for Child H. H.

Appendix 8.5: Proportional Occurrence of Consonant Phonemes in First-Grade, Third-Grade, and Fifth-Grade Children’s Speech 

Chapter 9             Therapy for Articulation Errors  

Decision Making: When to Use a Phonetic Approach  

         Articulation Errors  

         Decision Making: A Phonetic Approach with Phonological Disorders ?        

Therapy Sequence  

         General Overview of Therapy Progression  

Individual Sound Errors  

Misarticulations of [s] and [z]  

         Phonetic Description  

         Linguistic Function  

         Initial Remarks  

         Types of Misarticulation  

         Therapeutic Suggestions  

         Coarticulatory Conditions  

Misarticulations of [ʃ] and [ʒ]  

Phonetic Description  

         Linguistic Function  

         Initial Remarks  

         Types of Misarticulation  

         Therapeutic Suggestions  

         Coarticulatory Conditions  

Misarticulations of [k] and [g]  

         Phonetic Description  

         Linguistic Function  

         Initial Remarks  

         Types of Misarticulation  

         Therapeutic Suggestions  

         Coarticulatory Conditions  

Misarticulations of [l]  

         Phonetic Description  

         Linguistic Function  

         Initial Remarks  

         Types of Misarticulation  

         Therapeutic Suggestions  

              Coarticulatory Conditions  

Misarticulations of [r] and the Central Vowels  with R-Coloring  

         Phonetic Description  

         Linguistic Function  

         Initial Remarks  

         Types of Misarticulation  

         Therapeutic Suggestions  

         Coarticulatory Conditions  

Misarticulations of [θ] and [ð]  

         Phonetic Description  

         Linguistic Function  

         Types of Misarticulation  

         Therapeutic Suggestions  

         Coarticulatory Conditions  

Misarticulations of [f] and [v]  

         Phonetic Description  

         Types of Misarticulation  

         Therapeutic Suggestions  

         Coarticulatory Conditions  

Affricate Problems  

         Phonetic Description  

         Types of Misarticulation  

         Therapeutic Suggestions  

         Coarticulatory Conditions  

Voicing Problems  

         Therapeutic Suggestions  

Consonant Cluster Problems  

         Therapeutic Suggestions  

         Coarticulatory Conditions  

Summary  

Case Study  

Think Critically 

Test Yourself  

Websites 

Further Readings

Chapter 10 Treatment of Phonemic Errors  

Treatment Principles  

Minimal Pair Contrast Therapy  

         Minimal Opposition Contrast Therapy  

         Maximal Oppositions Approach

         Evolution of Maximal Oppositions: The Complexity Approach  

             Multiple Oppositions Approach  

         Phonological Process Therapy  

Cycles Training  

Metaphon Therapy: A Phonological Awareness Approach  

Phonological Disorders with Concurrent Language Problems: Therapeutic Suggestions  

         Connecting Phonology to Morphosyntax: Morphosyntax Intervention  

         Connecting Phonology to Semantics: Vocabulary Intervention  

The Child with an Emerging Phonological System: Therapeutic Suggestions  

         Combining Phonology with Semantics: Developing a Lexicon 

Treatment of Multiple Vowel Errors  

         The Child with a Very Limited Vowel Inventory: Therapeutic Suggestions  

         The Child with a High Proportion of Vowel Substitutions: Therapeutic Suggestions  

Summary  

Case Study  

Think Critically  

Test Yourself 

Websites  

Further Readings

Chapter 11           Articulatory/Phonological Disorders in Selected Populations  

Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Disorder of Speech  Motor Control  

         Definition and General Features  

         Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics  

         Clinical Implications: Diagnostics  

         Clinical Implications: Therapeutics  

Motor Speech Disorders: Cerebral Palsy  

         Definition and General Features  

         Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics  

         Clinical Implications: Diagnostics  

              Clinical Implications: Therapeutics  

Clefting: Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip  

         Definition and General Features  

         Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics  

         Clinical Implications: Diagnostics  

         Clinical Implications: Therapeutics  

Mental Disability  

         Definition and General Features  

         Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics  

         Clinical Implications: Diagnostics  

         Clinical Implications: Therapeutics  

Hearing Impairment  

         Definition and General Features  

         Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics  

         Clinical Implications: Diagnostics  

         Clinical Implications: Therapeutics  

Motor Speech Disorders: Acquired Apraxia of Speech  

         Definition and General Features  

         Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics  

         Clinical Implications: Diagnostics  

         Clinical Implications: Therapeutics  

Motor Speech Disorders: The Dysarthrias  

         Definition and General Features  

         Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics  

         Clinical Implications: Diagnostics  

         Clinical Implications: Therapeutics  

Summary  

Case Study  

Think Critically  

Test Yourself  

Websites  

Further Readings

Glossary  

References  

Author Index  

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