9780131844049

For courses in Ethics, Applied Ethics, Social and Political Ethics, and Ethics and Moral Issues. This comprehensive anthology includes classic and contemporary readings in moral theory a wide array of essays that address today's most philosophically interesting and controversial ethical and political issues. Includes an ethical theory overview; shows relevance of traditional and contemporary writers.

Preface to the Seventh Edition

xii

PART I MORAL THEORY

1 Self-Interest, Religion, and Conscience

1

(30)

Leviathan: Morality As Rational Advantage

1

(7)

Thomas Hobbes

Morality and Rational Self-interest

8

(7)

Baruch Brody

Morality, Religion, and Conscience

15

(8)

John Arthur

The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn

23

(8)

Jonathan Bennett

2 The Sources and Grounds of Morality

31

(19)

The Sources of Moral Ideas: Society, Custom, and Sympathy

31

(2)

Edward Westermarck

Trying Out One's New Sword

33

Mary Midgley

Ethics in Relativism

27

(13)

William H. Shaw

Morality is Based on Sentiment

40

(6)

David Hume

Ethics

46

(4)

Thomas Nagel

3 Classical Theories of Morality

50

(24)

Nicomachean Ethics

50

(6)

Aristotle

The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals

56

(9)

Immanuel Kant

Utilitarianism

65

(9)

John Stuart Mill

4 Contemporary Perspectives

74

(21)

Intuitionism

74

(4)

W.D. Ross

Kant and Utilitarianism Contrasted

78

(5)

Onora O'Neill

The Real and Alleged Problems of Utilitarianism

83

(6)

Richard B. Brandt

Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory

89

(6)

Virginia Held

PART II ISSUES OF LIFE AND DEATH

5 War and Terrorism

95

(22)

Terrorism

95

(1)

R.G. Frey and Christopher W. Morris

On the Morality of War

95

(5)

Richard A. Wasserstrom

The Morality of Pacifism

100

(11)

Cheyney Ryan

Civil Liberties in the Time of War

111

(6)

Korematsu v. United States

6 Capital Punishment

117

(29)

The Death Penalty

117

(7)

Gregg v. Georgia

Desert and Capital Punishment

124

(7)

Martin Perlmutter

The Ultimate Punishment

131

(5)

Ernest van den Haag

Justice, Civilization, and the Death Penalty

136

(6)

Jeffrey H. Reiman

Refuting Reiman

142

(4)

Ernest van den Haag

7 Animals and the Natural Environment

146

(33)

All Animals Are Equal

146

(9)

Peter Singer

Speciesism and the Idea of Equality

155

(6)

Bonnie Steinbock

People or Penguins

161

(5)

William F. Baxter

The Land Ethic: Animal Liberation and Environmentalism

166

(13)

J. Baird Callicott

8 Human Reproduction: Abortion and Genetic Engineering

179

(58)

The Constitutional Right to Abortion

179

(5)

Roe v. Wade

A Defense of Abortion

184

(7)

Judith Jarvis Thomson

On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion

191

(7)

Mary Anne Warren

Abortion and the Concept of a Person

198

(6)

Jane English

An Argument That Abortion is Wrong

204

(9)

Dan Marquis

Fathers and Fetuses

213

(6)

George W. Harris

The Wisdom of Repugnance

219

(11)

Leon Kass

Playing God: Genes, Clones, and Luck

230

(7)

Ronald Dworkin

9 Deciding Who Should Live

237

Requiring Medical Treatment

237

(3)

JFK Memorial Hospital v. Heston

Comparing Human Lives: The Archbishop and the Chambermaid

240

(1)

William Godwin

An Alternative to the Ethic of Euthanasia

241

(4)

Arthur J. Dyck

Active and Passive Euthanasia

245

(4)

James Rachels

Defective Newborns and the Morality of Termination

249

(7)

Richard B. Brandt

Aging and the Ends of Medicine

256

(6)

Daniel Callahan

The Survival Lottery

262

(7)

John Harris

PART III PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

10 Love, Sex, and Friendship

269

(35)

Duties toward the Body in Respect to Sexual Impulse

269

(4)

Immanuel Kant

What's Wrong with Homosexuality?

273

(2)

John Finnis

Plain Sex

275

(8)

Alan H. Goldman

Gay Basics: Some Questions, Facts, and Values

283

(9)

Richard D. Mohr

Date Rape: A Feminist Analysis

292

(8)

Lois Pineau

An Interview About Date Rape

300

(4)

Camille Paglia

11 Marriage and the Family

304

(37)

Is Adultery Immoral?

304

(7)

Richard A. Wasserstrom

Polygamy Is Good Feminism

311

(1)

Elizabeth Joseph

Same-Sex Marriage: A Debate

312

(3)

William Bennett and Andrew Sullivan

Surrogate Motherhood as Prenatal Adoption

315

(8)

Bonnie Steinbock

Selling Babies

323

(5)

Richard A. Posner

Licensing Parents

328

(8)

Hugh LaFollette

What Do Grown Children Owe Their Parents?

336

(5)

Jane English

PART IV POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

12 The Ideal State

341

(67)

The Second Treatise of Government

342

(6)

John Locke

Libertarian Justice

348

(10)

Tibor R. Machan

On Liberty

358

(8)

John Stuart Mill

On Representative Government

366

(5)

John Stuart Mill

The Duties of Well-Being

371

(15)

Joseph Raz

A Theory of Justice

386

(10)

John Rawls

The Arc of the Moral Universe

396

(12)

Joshua Cohen

13 Patriotism, Civil Disobedience, and the Rule of Law

408

(41)

Flag Burning as Constitutionally Protected

408

(3)

Texas v. Johnson

Is Patriotism a Virtue?

411

(8)

Alasdair MacIntyre

Crito

419

(4)

Plato

Taking Rights Seriously

423

(6)

Ronald Dworkin

Civil Disobedience and the Social Contract

429

(9)

John Rawls

On Not Prosecuting Civil Disobedience

438

(6)

Ronald Dworkin

The Problem of the Grudge Informer

444

(5)

Lon L. Fuller

14 Property and Poverty

449

(50)

Of Justice

449

(2)

David Hume

The Communist Manifesto

451

(8)

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism

459

(10)

Michael Novak

The Entitlement Theory

469

(8)

Robert Nozick

Rich and Poor

477

(6)

Peter Singer

What People Deserve

483

(6)

James Rachels

Markets and Hard Work

489

(10)

Michael Walzer

15 Liberty

499

(49)

The Ethics of Addition: An Argument in Favor of Letting Americans Take Any Drug They Want

499

(7)

Thomas Szasz

The Ethics of Smoking

506

(9)

Robert E. Goodin

Addiction and Drug Policy

515

(6)

Daniel Shapiro

On the Liberty of Thought and Discussion

521

(3)

John Stuart Mill

Nazi Marches

524

(3)

Village of Skokie v. National Socialist Party

Prohibiting Racist Speech on Campus: A Debate

527

(6)

Charles Lawrence and Gerald Gunther

Political Correctness, Speech Codes, and Diversity

533

(1)

Alan M. Dershowitz

Pornography, Oppression, and Freedom: A Closer Look

534

(6)

Helen E. Longino

Feminism, Pornography, and Censorship

540

(5)

Mark R. Wicclair

Pornography

545

(3)

American Booksellers v. Hudnut

16 Racial and Sexual Equality

548

(38)

The Subjection of Women

548

(7)

John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor

Sex Equality and Discrimination: Difference vs. Dominance

555

(4)

Will Kymlicka

On Racism and Sexism: Realities and Ideals

559

(10)

Richard A. Wasserstrom

Social Movements and the Politics of Difference

569

(6)

Iris Marion Young

Freedom, Conditioning, and the Real Woman

575

(11)

Janet Radcliffe Richards

17 The Multicultural Society

586

(29)

Morality and the Liberal Ideal

586

(4)

Michael J. Sandel

Multiculturalism: A Liberal Perspective

590

(12)

Josph Raz

Reason Before Identity

602

(8)

Amartya Sen

Assimilation and Cultural Identity

610

(5)

Wisconsin v. Yoder

18 Reparations and Affirmative Action

615

Reparations and "The Debt"

615

(11)

John McWhorter

Affirmative Action in Universities

626

(4)

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

The Rights of Allan Bakke

630

(7)

Ronald Dworkin

Affirmative Racism

637

(7)

Charles Murray

Reverse Discrimination

644

James Rachels

What is included with this book?

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I continue to be pleased at the remarkable success of this book. It is being used not only in courses in ethics but also, increasingly, in ones focusing on social and political issues. My objectives in this new edition are the same as past ones: to make the book challenging and at the same time accessible to a wide range of students at many different types of universities; to avoid slanting the book in any specific philosophical or political direction; to provide lively, thought-provoking, and diverse reading on topics that students and teachers enjoy studying; and to include articles that respond to each other by either criticizing what has gone before or by developing on previous themes. I have also maintained the book's flexibility, so that each section stands on its own. This leaves instructors free to pick and choose among the topics and to organize their course in many different ways. The book continues to be used in courses in social and political philosophy as well as ethics and moral philosophy, reflecting perhaps the fact that there is no sharp boundary between the moral and the political. There is therefore more material here than can be used in a normal semester's course, giving instructors the option of varying the content of their courses to suit their own and their students' interests. I have kept all of the readings in this slightly expanded edition that reviewers and friends who have used the book thought important while adding new essays and, in some cases, altogether new topics. In Part I, on moral theory, there are new articles on self-interest and morality, rule-utilitarianism, and the conflict between duty and sentiment. I have added new readings in sections on life and death, including articles on terrorism, internment in time of war, distribution of scarce medical resources, and the survival lottery. The section on social and political relationships includes new essays on democracy, capitalism and its ethos, multiculturalism, identity, and reparations. Among the authors now represented are Amartya Sen, Joseph Raz, John Harris, and Michael Novak. I have continued with the practice of providing a brief introduction to each of the readings along with a set of questions at the end of each essay directing students to the core issues. I again included comparative (and often critical) questions at the end of each of the sections. There is now a second edition ofStudying Philosophythat can be used in conjunction with this book and that Prentice Hall has promised will be available at a sharply reduced price when packaged with this text. It is much expanded and includes advice on studying philosophy, taking exams, writing papers, and managing time. It also gives students the basics of grammar and punctuation along with an expanded discussion of how to improve their writing. Special thanks to reviewers and friends who have provided valuable suggestions and criticisms of this and earlier editions: Jim Abbott, Chesire Calhoun, Irwin Goldstein, Donald C. Hubin, Hugh LaFollette, Sarah Leffler, Elliot Leffler, Paul Menzel, Martin Perlmutter, Bill Shaw, Barbara Spencer, Amy Shapiro, Deni Elliott, David Haslett, Joseph Kupfer, Max Pensky, Joseph J. Tarala, Richard L. Wilson, Larry D. McCargar, Elizabeth Oljar, Nancy A. Stanlick, Richard Volkman, and Harry van der Linden. The reviewers for this edition were David E. W Fenner, University of North Florida and David Drebushenko, University of Southern Indiana. John Arthur Binghamton University

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Morality and Moral Controversies : Readings in Moral, Social and Political Philosophy

Morality and Moral Controversies : Readings in Moral, Social and Political Philosophy

0131844040

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