9780131174511

This introduction to international relations employs an exceptionally readable style that avoids jargon and abstract theory by blending basic concepts and vocabulary with a substantial amount of historical background and examples from current events. This readable style combined with new pedagogy allows readers to better understand how International Relations can and does affect their lives.Examines the many possible causes of war, ranging from human nature to aggressive states to international anarchy; Discusses the challenge of terrorism (especially the impact of 9/11 and its aftermath); Extensively covers the 2003 war and its aftermath in relation to oil and the Persian Gulf, the Soviet Union to Russian transition, Latin American and Africa, and Key figure profiles.For careers in International Relations, World Politics, and Globalization.

Feature Boxes

xiii

Preface

xxi

Part I The Cold War Come and Gone

1

(108)

Strange New World: Power and Systems in Transformation

3

(20)

The European Balance-of-Power System

4

(5)

The Unstable Interwar System

9

(2)

The Bipolar Cold War System

11

(2)

What Kind of New System?

13

(5)

Are States Here to Stay?

18

(1)

Is Sovereignty Slipping?

19

(2)

Key Terms

21

(1)

Key Web Sites

22

(1)

Further Reference

22

(1)

America's Changing National Interests

23

(17)

Independence

23

(2)

Manifest Destiny

25

(3)

Imperialism

28

(2)

World War I

30

(1)

Isolationism

31

(1)

World War II

32

(1)

The Cold War

33

(5)

Key Terms

38

(1)

Key Web Sites

38

(1)

Further Reference

38

(2)

``Wrong, Terribly Wrong'': The United States and Vietnam

40

(18)

The Colonized Colonialists

41

(2)

The First Indochina War

43

(3)

The United States and the Geneva Accords

46

(2)

Kennedy's Commitment

48

(2)

LBJ: Victim or Villain?

50

(2)

Extrication without Humiliation

52

(2)

Morality and Feasibility

54

(3)

Key Terms

57

(1)

Key Web Sites

57

(1)

Further Reference

57

(1)

Can the United States Lead the World?

58

(18)

From Interventionism to Caution

59

(1)

Are Americans Basically Isolationists?

60

(3)

The Continuity Principle

63

(3)

A Contrary Congress

66

(2)

Is the Structure Defective?

68

(2)

Do Bureaucracies Make Foreign Policy?

70

(3)

The Unilateralist Temptation

73

(1)

To Lead or Not to Lead?

74

(1)

Key Terms

74

(1)

Key Web Sites

75

(1)

Further Reference

75

(1)

From Russia to the Soviet Union

76

(15)

Invasion from the West

78

(2)

War and Bolshevism

80

(2)

Spreading the Revolution

82

(2)

Stalin's Policy Mistakes

84

(2)

The Great Patriotic War

86

(1)

Yalta

87

(1)

The Cold War

88

(2)

Key Terms

90

(1)

Key Web Sites

90

(1)

Further Reference

90

(1)

From the Soviet Union Back to Russia

91

(18)

Khrushchev and the Loss of China

91

(1)

Restive East Europe

92

(2)

Khrushchev and the Cuban Missiles

94

(2)

Brezhnev and Detente

96

(1)

Afghanistan: A Soviet Vietnam

97

(2)

Why the Soviet Collapse?

99

(1)

Gorbachev and Collapse

100

(2)

Is Foreign Policy Generated Internally or Externally?

102

(2)

Restoring Russian Power

104

(3)

Key Terms

107

(1)

Key Web Sites

107

(1)

Further Reference

108

(1)

Part II The Global South

109

(86)

South Africa and the End of Colonialism

111

(13)

The Colonial Mentality

113

(3)

The Wind of Change

116

(3)

Reform instead of Revolution

119

(1)

God Save Africa

120

(2)

Key Terms

122

(1)

Key Web Sites

123

(1)

Further Reference

123

(1)

Eternal Warfare in the Holy Land?

124

(17)

The Making of Jewish Nationalism

124

(2)

The Making of Arab Nationalism

126

(2)

World War I and the Mandate

128

(3)

The 1948 War

131

(1)

The 1956 War

131

(1)

The Six-Day War

132

(3)

The 1973 War

135

(1)

The Rise of Palestinian Nationalism

135

(2)

The 1982 War

137

(1)

Is There Hope?

137

(2)

Lessons of the Arab-Israeli Conflict

139

(1)

Key Terms

140

(1)

Key Web Sites

140

(1)

Further Reference

140

(1)

Oil and Turmoil: The Persian Gulf

141

(17)

Irascible Iran

142

(5)

The First Gulf War

147

(2)

The Second Gulf War

149

(3)

The Third Gulf War

152

(2)

Could Arabia Go the Way of Iran?

154

(2)

Lessons of Three Gulf Wars

156

(1)

Key Terms

156

(1)

Key Web Sites

156

(1)

Further Reference

157

(1)

The Troubled Americas: Our Neglected South

158

(18)

Spain Colonizes the New World

160

(1)

Economic Dependency

161

(2)

Central America and the Caribbean

163

(1)

The Pattern of U.S. Intervention

164

(4)

Cuba Leaves the U.S. Sphere

168

(2)

Mexico: Drugs and Democracy

170

(2)

What Can We Do?

172

(2)

Key Terms

174

(1)

Key Web Sites

174

(1)

Further Reference

175

(1)

Economic Development: The Rich and the Poor

176

(19)

The Roots of Poverty

177

(3)

Why Did the West Rise?

180

(4)

The Population Explosion

184

(2)

The Great Migration

186

(3)

Socialist versus Market Paths

189

(1)

Can Capitalism Uplift the Global South?

190

(3)

Key Terms

193

(1)

Key Web Sites

193

(1)

Further Reference

193

(2)

Part III The Eternal Threats

195

(58)

Why Wars?

196

(14)

Micro Theories of War

196

(3)

State-Level Theories of War

199

(2)

Macro Theories of War

201

(1)

Power Asymmetries

202

(1)

Misperception

203

(4)

The Power Dilemma

207

(1)

The Danger of Analogies

208

(1)

Key Terms

209

(1)

Key Web Sites

209

(1)

Further Reference

209

(1)

National Security: How States Protect Themselves

210

(14)

Technology and Security

212

(1)

Defense

213

(2)

Deterrence

215

(3)

Detente Diplomacy

218

(3)

Disarmament

221

(1)

A Combination

222

(1)

Key Terms

222

(1)

Key Web Sites

223

(1)

Further Reference

223

(1)

The Dangers of Nuclear Proliferation

224

(16)

Weapon of War

225

(1)

Nuclear Deterrence

226

(3)

Alliance Building

229

(1)

International Prestige

229

(1)

Deterrence Reconsidered

230

(1)

Nuclear Proliferation

230

(1)

Arms Control

231

(2)

The Nuclear Proliferators

233

(2)

What Would Happen If Nukes Were Used?

235

(1)

Nuclear Doom?

236

(2)

Key Terms

238

(1)

Key Web Sites

239

(1)

Further Reference

239

(1)

The Challenge of Terrorism

240

(13)

The Middle East Past

243

(2)

How to Modernize the Middle East

245

(2)

Which Way for U.S. Policy?

247

(4)

Lessons of Terror

251

(1)

Key Terms

251

(1)

Key Web Sites

252

(1)

Further Reference

252

(1)

Part IV The Economic Blocs

253

(50)

Europe Divorces America

254

(17)

The Horrors of Ex-Yugoslavia

256

(3)

The Crumbling of NATO

259

(2)

Europe Gropes for Unity

261

(4)

Europe on Its Own?

265

(2)

The Challenge of Trade Blocs

267

(2)

Key Terms

269

(1)

Key Web Sites

270

(1)

Further Reference

270

(1)

Asia: China as Number One

271

(18)

A History of Exaggerations

274

(1)

Which Way for China?

275

(1)

Japan Encounters the West

276

(2)

The Road to Pearl Harbor and Hiroshima

278

(3)

From Rubble to Riches

281

(2)

What Went Wrong?

283

(4)

Key Terms

287

(1)

Key Web Sites

287

(1)

Further Reference

287

(2)

The United States and Globalization

289

(14)

What Is a Dollar Worth?

289

(3)

The Biggest Debtor

292

(3)

Globalization and Its Enemies

295

(3)

The Coming of NAFTA

298

(2)

Trade Wars?

300

(2)

Key Terms

302

(1)

Key Web Sites

302

(1)

Further Reference

302

(1)

Part V The Politics of a New World

303

(63)

Diplomacy

304

(15)

The Rise and Decline of Diplomacy

305

(3)

The Uses of an Anachronism

308

(1)

Diplomats

309

(2)

Inside an Embassy

311

(3)

Diplomacy and War

314

(4)

Key Terms

318

(1)

Key Web Sites

318

(1)

Further Reference

318

(1)

International Law

319

(16)

Consistency and Reciprocity

320

(2)

Origins of International Law

322

(1)

Commands

323

(2)

Sanctions

325

(2)

Self-Help

327

(2)

Recognition

329

(1)

IL and Individuals

330

(1)

Territory

330

(2)

War

332

(1)

The Future of IL

332

(1)

Key Terms

333

(1)

Key Web Sites

333

(1)

Further Reference

334

(1)

The United Nations

335

(17)

Theory of World Government

335

(1)

The Short, Sad League of Nations

336

(4)

The Rise of the UN

340

(2)

The UN: Early Idealism

342

(1)

Disillusion with the UN

343

(2)

The Uses of the UN

345

(2)

The Functionalist Dream

347

(2)

The UN: Humankind's Last, Best Hope?

349

(1)

Key Terms

350

(1)

Key Web Sites

350

(1)

Further Reference

351

(1)

Giving Peace a Chance

352

(14)

War as an Instrument of Policy

352

(1)

The Future of War

353

(3)

Peace Operations

356

(1)

Preventive Diplomacy

357

(1)

Peacemaking

357

(1)

Peacekeeping

358

(3)

Peace Enforcement

361

(2)

Peace Building

363

(1)

Beyond War?

364

(1)

Key Terms

364

(1)

Key Web Sites

365

(1)

Further Reference

365

(1)

Index

366

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Most young people now enter college with little or no background in twentieth-century history. Ask students questions about its major events and you are likely to face silence. It is all news to them. But they cannot be blamed; they don't know it because they have never been taught. Accordingly, we take it as our task to do considerable backfilling in recent history, which we arrange largely by geographic area and use to illustrate one or more concepts of international relations. Many instructors have thanked us for this approach. Some new texts in international relations pay relatively little attention to history, leaping instead into the future. These are the "world-order" texts that, we think, implicitly argue the following: "The twentieth century was a horrible century that showed the worst that humans can do to each other. But it was only an episode in the maturation of humankind and has little to teach us. The twenty-first century, a time of global cooperation, ecology, and equality, is upon us. We must concentrate on it and not on the unhappy past." We find "world-order" approaches unjustified, or at least grossly premature. The world became more complex after the Cold War, which kept numerous problems suppressed or frozen. And the mechanisms to deal with these problems still depend on sovereign nations deciding if and when they want to participate. When people are determined to fight for what they believe is justly theirs, UN "peacekeeping" forces are useless. War--"contending by force," in Grotius's classic words--remains a part of international relations and cannot be wished away. Although we admit in the concluding chapter that war is losing its effectiveness in settling disputes, conflict is still the "stuff" of international politics. If world order does break out, rest assured we will be among the first to write a textbook on it. We begin in Chapter I with system change and an overview of the international systems that have marked modern history. The post-Cold War system still defies easy characterization.Multipolaris perhaps too general a term; we considerstratified, globalized, clash of civilizations,and other models, most of them with major economic components. The chapter also introduces the concepts of power, state, and sovereignty, which we believe are still fundamental to international relations. System change has touched almost everything in international affairs, not just the obvious--the end of Cold War bipolarity between the superpowers. Unfortunately, the changes have been hard to anticipate and sometimes have led to increased violence. In the Persian Gulf, a tyrannical ruler strove to expand his realm because his previous superpower patron could no longer restrain him. Economic relations among the major industrial blocs--Europe, the Pacific Rim, America--have grown testier; fear of the Soviets no longer holds them together under a U.S. strategic umbrella. Proliferation of nuclear weapons, a minor issue during the Cold War, has become a major issue. The United Nations, previously little more than a talk shop, has developed as a crisis stabilizer. We discuss these and other spinoffs of system change in this book. We believe that, because system change is occurring before our very eyes, IR is more exciting and relevant than ever. In this new world there are new threats to guard against and new opportunities to take advantage of. As in earlier editions, we are trying to awaken newcomers to the field to its fascinating and sometimes dramatic qualities, as well as acquaint them with its basic concepts and vocabulary. Toward this end we include feature boxes titled "Concepts" and "Classic Thought," as well as "Economics," "Turning Point," "Diplomacy," and "Geography" boxes. We also include "Reflections" boxes, which recall our personal experiences or ponder issues that affect students personally, to show that IR is not a

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International Relations : The New World of International Relations

International Relations : The New World of International Relations

0131174517

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