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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology with Interactive Physiology

by: Martini, Frederic; Bartholomew, Edwin F.

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology with Interactive Physiology

by: Martini, Frederic; Bartholomew, Edwin F.

ISBN 13:
9780130821928
ISBN 10:
0130821926
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/01/2000
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Summary

For a 1 semester or 1-2 quarter course for freshmen/sophomores in allied health, biology, PE or general studies. It provides a uniform depth of coverage for all body systems, yet is still a brief text. Emphasis is placed on essential fundamental concepts, applications and terminology without excessive detail. This text is known for its clarity of presentation and its outstanding illustration program. Innovative pedagogical elements and a tightly-integrated supplements package make this new edition an excellent choice for brief A&P courses.

Preface to the Student

xvi

Preface to the Instructor

xxii

An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

(26)

Introduction

(1)

The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

(1)

Anatomical Perspectives

(1)

Microscopic Anatomy

(1)

Gross Anatomy

(1)

Physiology

(1)

Levels of Organization

(2)

An Introduction to Organ Systems

(7)

Homeostasis and System Integration

(11)

Homeostatic Regulation

(1)

Negative Feedback

(2)

Positive Feedback

(1)

Homeostasis and Disease

(1)

The Language of Anatomy

(1)

Surface Anatomy

(1)

Anatomical Landmarks

(1)

Anatomical Regions

(1)

Anatomical Directions

(2)

Sectional Anatomy

(1)

Planes and Sections

(1)

Body Cavities

(3)

Focus: Sectional Anatomy and Clinical Technology

(2)

Chapter Review

(3)

Key Terms

(1)

Summary Outline

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

(1)

The Chemical Level of Organization

(24)

Introduction

(1)

Atoms and Molecules

(4)

The Structure of an Atom

(1)

Isotopes

(1)

Atomic Weight

(1)

Electrons and Electron Shells

(1)

Chemical Bonds and Chemical Compounds

(1)

Ionic Bonds

(1)

Covalent Bonds

(1)

Hydrogen Bonds

(1)

Chemical Notation

(1)

Chemical Reactions

(3)

Basic Energy Concepts

(1)

Classes of Reactions

(1)

Decomposition

(1)

Synthesis

(1)

Exchange Reactions

(1)

Reversible Reactions

(1)

Acids and Bases

(1)

Buffers and pH

(1)

Inorganic Compounds

(1)

Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen

(1)

Water and Its Properties

(1)

Solutions

(1)

Inorganic Acids and Bases

(1)

Salts

(1)

Organic Compounds

(9)

Carbohydrates

(1)

Monosaccharides

(1)

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

(1)

Lipids

(1)

Fatty Acids

(1)

Fats

(1)

Steroids

(1)

Phospholipids

(1)

Proteins

(1)

Protein Function

(1)

Protein Structure

(1)

Enzymes and Chemical Reactions

(2)

Nucleic Acids

(1)

Structure of Nucleic Acids

(1)

High-Energy Compounds

(1)

Chemicals and Living Cells

(1)

Chapter Review

(4)

Key Terms

(1)

Summary Outline

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

(1)

Cell Structure and Function

(28)

Introduction

(1)

Studying Cells

(3)

An Overview of Cellular Anatomy

(2)

The Cell Membrane

(7)

Membrane Structure

(1)

Membrane Lipids

(1)

Membrane Proteins

(1)

Membrane Carbohydrates

(1)

Membrane Transport

(1)

Diffusion

(3)

Filtration

(1)

Carrier-Mediated Transport

(1)

Vesicular Transport

(2)

The Cytoplasm

(5)

The Cytosol

(1)

Organelles

(1)

The Cytoskeleton

(1)

Microvilli

(1)

Centrioles, Cilia, and Flagella

(1)

Ribosomes

(1)

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

(1)

The Golgi Apparatus

(1)

Lysosomes

(1)

Mitochondria

(1)

The Nucleus

(4)

Chromosome Structure

(1)

The Genetic Code

(1)

DNA Fingerprinting

(1)

Protein Synthesis

(1)

Transcription

(1)

Translation

(1)

Mutations

(1)

Cell Division and Mitosis

(3)

Interphase

(1)

Mitosis

(1)

Prophase

(1)

Metaphase

(1)

Anaphase

(1)

Telophase

(1)

Cytokinesis

(1)

Cell Division and Cancer

(1)

Cell Diversity and Differentiation

(1)

Chapter Review

(4)

Key Terms

(1)

Summary Outline

(2)

Review Questions

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

(1)

The Tissue Level of Organization

(26)

Introduction

(1)

Epithelial Tissue

(7)

Functions of Epithelia

(1)

Intercelluar Connections

(1)

The Epithelial Surface

(1)

The Basement Membrane

(1)

Epithelial Renewal and Repair

(1)

Classifying Epithelia

(1)

Cell Layers

(1)

Cell Shape

(1)

Simple Squamous Epithelia

(1)

Simple Cuboidal Epithelia

(1)

Simple Columnar Epithelia

(1)

Pseudostratified Epithelia

(3)

Transitional Epithelia

(1)

Stratified Squamous Epithelia

(1)

Exfoliative Cytology

(1)

Glandular Epithelia

(1)

Mode of Secretion

(1)

Type of Secretion

(1)

Connective Tissues

(6)

Classifying Connective Tissues

(1)

Connective Tissue Proper

(1)

Connective Tissue Fibers

(2)

Ground Substance

(1)

Marfan's Syndrome

(1)

Loose Connective Tissue

(1)

Adipose Tissue

(1)

Adipose Tissue and Weight Loss

(1)

Dense Connective Tissues

(1)

Fluid Connective Tissues

(1)

Supporting Connective Tissues

(1)

Cartilage

(2)

Cartilages and Knee Injuries

(1)

Bone

(1)

Membranes

(2)

Mucous Membranes

(1)

Serous Membranes

(1)

Cutaneous Membrane

(1)

Synovial Membranes

(1)

Muscle Tissue

(2)

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

(1)

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

(1)

Smooth Muscle Tissue

(1)

Neural Tissue

(1)

Tissue Injuries and Repairs

100

(1)

Tissues and Aging

100

(1)

Aging and Cancer Incidence

101

(1)

Chapter Review

101

(5)

Key Terms

101

(1)

Summary Outline

101

(2)

Review Questions

103

(2)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

105

(1)

The Integumentary System

106

(14)

Introduction

108

(1)

Integumentary Structure and Function

108

(7)

The Epidermis

109

(1)

Layers of the Epidermis

109

(1)

Permeability of the Epidermis

110

(1)

Drug Administration Through the Skin

110

(1)

Skin Color

110

(1)

The Epidermis and Vitamin D3

111

(1)

The Dermis

111

(1)

Layers of the Dermis

111

(1)

Other Dermal Components

112

(1)

The Subcutaneous Layer

112

(1)

Accessory Structures

112

(1)

Hair Follicles

112

(1)

Hair Loss

113

(1)

Sebaceous Glands

113

(1)

Sweat Glands

113

(1)

Nails

114

(1)

Injury and Repair

115

(1)

Aging and The Integumentary System

115

(1)

Integration With Other Systems

116

(1)

Chapter Review

116

(4)

Key Terms

116

(1)

Summary Outline

116

(2)

Review Questions

118

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

119

(1)

The Skeletal System

120

(46)

Introduction

122

(1)

The Structure of Bone

122

(3)

Macroscopic Features of Bone

122

(1)

Microscopic Features of Bone

123

(1)

Compact and Spongy Bone

123

(1)

Cells in Bone

124

(1)

Bone Development and Growth

125

(2)

Intramembranous Ossification

125

(1)

Endochondral Ossification

125

(1)

Bone Growth and Body Proportions

125

(1)

Requirements For Normal Bone Growth

126

(1)

Remodeling and Homeostatic Mechanisms

127

(3)

Remodeling and Support

127

(1)

Homeostasis and Mineral Storage

127

(1)

Injury and Repair

127

(1)

Aging and the Skeletal System

128

(1)

Osteoporosis

128

(1)

Focus: A Classification of Fractures

129

(1)

An Overview of the Skeleton

130

(1)

Skeletal Terminology

130

(1)

Skeletal Divisions

130

(1)

The Axial Division

131

(7)

The Skull

131

(1)

The Bones of the Cranium

131

(5)

The Bones of the Face

136

(1)

The Hyoid Bone

137

(1)

The Skulls of Infants and Children

137

(1)

The Neck and Trunk

138

(4)

Spinal Curvature

138

(1)

Vertebral Anatomy

138

(1)

The Cervical Vertebrae

139

(1)

The Thoracic Vertebrae

140

(1)

The Lumbar Vertebrae

140

(1)

The Sacrum and Coccyx

140

(1)

The Thorax

141

(1)

The Appendicular Division

142

(7)

The Pectoral Girdle

142

(1)

The Clavicle

142

(1)

The Scapula

142

(2)

The Upper Limb

144

(1)

The Humerus

144

(1)

The Radius and Ulna

144

(1)

The Wrist and Hand

145

(1)

The Pelvic Girdle

145

(1)

The Coxa

146

(1)

The Pelvis

147

(1)

The Lower Limb

147

(1)

The Femur

147

(1)

The Tibia and Fibula

148

(1)

The Ankle and Foot

148

(1)

Articulations

149

(9)

A Classification of Joints

149

(1)

Immovable Joints (Synarthroses)

149

(1)

Slightly Movable Joints (Amphiarthroses)

150

(1)

Freely Movable Joints (Diarthroses)

150

(1)

Rheumatism and Arthritis

150

(1)

Articular Form and Function

151

(1)

Types of Movement

151

(2)

A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints

153

(2)

Representative Articulations

155

(1)

Intervertebral Articulations

155

(1)

Articulations of the Upper Limb

156

(1)

Articulations of the Lower Limb

157

(1)

Hip Fractures

157

(1)

Integration with Other Systems

158

(2)

Chapter Review

160

(6)

Key Terms

160

(1)

Summary Outline

160

(3)

Review Questions

163

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

164

(2)

The Muscular System

166

(48)

Introduction

168

(1)

Functions of Skeletal Muscle

168

(1)

The Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

168

(9)

Gross Anatomy

168

(1)

Connective Tissue Organization

168

(1)

Nerves and Blood Vessels

168

(1)

Microanatomy

169

(1)

Transverse Tubules and the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

169

(2)

Myofibrils and Myofilaments

171

(1)

Sarcomere Organization

171

(1)

Thin and Thick Filaments

171

(1)

Sliding Filaments

171

(1)

The Muscular Dystrophies

172

(1)

The Control of Muscle Fiber Contraction

172

(1)

The Structure and Function of the Neuromuscular Junction

172

(1)

The Contraction Cycle

172

(2)

Rigor Mortis

174

(1)

Muscle Contraction: A Summary

174

(1)

Interference with Neural Control Mechanisms

174

(1)

Tetanus

174

(3)

Muscle Mechanics

177

(2)

The Frequency of Muscle Stimulation

177

(1)

Incomplete Tetanus

177

(1)

Complete Tetanus

177

(1)

The Number of Muscle Fibers Involved

177

(1)

Muscle Tone

178

(1)

Isotonic and Isometric Contractions

178

(1)

Muscle Elongation

179

(1)

Elastic Forces

179

(1)

Opposing Muscle Movements

179

(1)

The Energetics of Muscular Activity

179

(2)

ATP and CP Reserves

179

(1)

ATP Generation

179

(1)

Aerobic Metabolism

179

(1)

Glycolysis

180

(1)

Muscle Fatigue

180

(1)

The Recovery Period

180

(1)

Lactic Acid Recycling

181

(1)

Heat Loss

181

(1)

Muscle Performance

181

(1)

Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

181

(1)

Fast Fibers

181

(1)

Slow Fibers

181

(1)

The Distribution of Muscle Fibers and Muscle Performance

181

(1)

Physical Conditioning

182

(1)

Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Tissues

182

(2)

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

182

(1)

Differences between Cardiac Muscle and Skeletal Muscle

183

(1)

Smooth Muscle Tissue

183

(1)

Differences between Smooth Muscle and Other Muscle Tissues

183

(1)

Anatomy of the Muscular System

184

(22)

Origins, Insertions, and Actions

184

(1)

Names of Skeletal Muscles

184

(4)

The Axial Musculature

188

(1)

Muscles of the Head and Neck

188

(2)

Muscles of the Spine

190

(2)

The Axial Muscles of the Trunk

192

(1)

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

192

(1)

Hernias

192

(3)

The Appendicular Musculature

195

(1)

Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Limb

195

(6)

Muscles of the Lower Limb

201

(3)

Intramuscular Injections

204

(2)

Aging and the Muscular System

206

(1)

Integration with other Systems

207

(1)

Chapter Review

207

(7)

Key Terms

207

(1)

Summary Outline

207

(4)

Review Questions

211

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

212

(2)

Neural Tissue and the Central Nervous System

214

(36)

Introduction

216

(1)

The Nervous System

216

(1)

Cellular Organization in Neural Tissue

216

(4)

Neurons

217

(1)

Functional Classification of Neurons

217

(1)

The General Structure of Neurons

217

(1)

Structural Classification of Neurons

218

(1)

Neuroglia

218

(2)

Neurophysiology

220

(4)

The Membrane Potential

220

(1)

Factors Responsible for the Membrane Potential

220

(1)

Changes in the Membrane Potential

221

(1)

The Generation of an Action Potential

222

(1)

Conduction of an Action Potential

222

(2)

Synaptic Communication

224

(2)

Structure of a Synapse

224

(1)

Synaptic Events and Neurotransmitters

225

(1)

Neuronal Pools

226

(1)

An Introduction to Reflexes

227

(1)

The Reflex Arc

227

(1)

An Introduction to the Anatomy of the Nervous System

227

(3)

The Meninges

228

(1)

The Dura Mater

229

(1)

The Arachnoid

229

(1)

Epidural and Subdural Damage

229

(1)

The Pia Mater

230

(1)

Meningitis

230

(1)

The Blood-Brain Barrier

230

(1)

The Spinal Cord

230

(2)

Gross Anatomy

230

(1)

Sectional Anatomy

230

(2)

The Brain

232

(11)

Major Divisions of the Brain

233

(1)

The Ventricles of the Brain

234

(1)

Cerebrospinal Fluid

235

(1)

The Cerebrum

235

(1)

Structure of the Cerebral Hemispheres

236

(1)

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

236

(1)

Association Areas

237

(1)

Cortical Connections

237

(1)

Cerebral Processing Centers

237

(1)

Aphasia and Dyslexia

238

(1)

Memory

238

(1)

Hemispheric Specialization

239

(1)

The Electroencephalogram

239

(1)

The Cerebral Nuclei

239

(1)

Seizures

240

(1)

The Limbic System

241

(1)

The Diencephalon

241

(1)

The Thalamus

241

(1)

The Hypothalamus

241

(1)

The Midbrain

242

(1)

The Pons

242

(1)

The Cerebellum

243

(1)

The Medulla Oblongata

243

(1)

Aging and the Nervous System

243

(1)

Alzheimer's Disease

244

(1)

Chapter Review

244

(6)

Key Terms

244

(1)

Summary Outline

244

(3)

Review Questions

247

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

248

(2)

The Peripheral Nervous System and Integrated Neural Functions

250

(20)

Introduction

252

(1)

The Peripheral Nervous System

252

(4)

The Cranial Nerves

252

(1)

Distribution and Function

252

(3)

The Spinal Nerves

255

(1)

Nerve Plexuses

256

(1)

The CNS and PNS: Integrated Functions

256

(2)

Simple Reflexes

256

(1)

The Stretch Reflex

256

(1)

Complex Reflexes

257

(1)

Withdrawal Reflexes

257

(1)

Integration and Control of Spinal Reflexes

258

(1)

Sensory and Motor Pathways

258

(3)

Sensory Pathways

258

(1)

The Posterior Column Pathway

258

(1)

Motor Pathways

259

(1)

The Pyramidal System

259

(1)

The Extrapyramidal System

260

(1)

Cerebral Palsy and Huntington's Disease

260

(1)

The Autonomic Nervous System

261

(4)

The Sympathetic Division

262

(1)

The Sympathetic Chain

262

(1)

The Collateral Ganglia

262

(1)

The Adrenal Medullae

262

(1)

The Parasympathetic Division

262

(1)

Organization

263

(1)

General Functions

263

(1)

Relationships Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

264

(1)

Integration with other Systems

265

(1)

Chapter Review

265

(5)

Key Terms

265

(2)

Summary Outline

267

(1)

Review Questions

268

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

269

(1)

Sensory Function

270

(34)

Introduction

272

(1)

The General Senses

272

(4)

Pain

272

(1)

Temperature

273

(1)

Touch, Pressure, and Position

273

(1)

Tactile Receptors

273

(1)

Baroreceptors

274

(1)

Proprioceptors

275

(1)

Chemical Detection

275

(1)

Smell

276

(1)

The Olfactory Pathways

276

(1)

Taste

277

(1)

The Taste Pathways

277

(1)

Vision

278

(11)

The Accessory Structures of the Eye

278

(1)

The Anatomy of the Eye

279

(1)

The Fibrous Tunic

280

(1)

The Vascular Tunic

281

(1)

The Neural Tunic

282

(2)

The Chambers of the Eye

284

(1)

The Lens

284

(1)

Cataracts

284

(2)

Focus: Accommodation Problems

286

(1)

Visual Acuity

286

(1)

Visual Physiology

286

(1)

Rods and Cones

286

(1)

Photoreceptor Function

287

(1)

Visual Pigments

287

(1)

Night Blindness

288

(1)

The Visual Pathway

288

(1)

Equilibrium and Hearing

289

(2)

The Anatomy of the Ear

289

(1)

The External Ear

290

(1)

The Middle Ear

290

(1)

The Inner Ear

291

(1)

Equilibrium

291

(3)

The Semicircular Ducts: Rotational Motion

292

(1)

The Vestibule: Gravity and Linear Acceleration

292

(2)

Central Processing of Vestibular Sensations

294

(1)

Hearing

294

(4)

The Cochlear Duct

294

(1)

The Hearing Process

294

(3)

Auditory Pathways

297

(1)

Auditory Sensitivity

298

(1)

Hearing Deficits

298

(1)

Aging and the Senses

298

(1)

Olfactory Sensitivity

298

(1)

Gustatory Sensitivity

298

(1)

Vision

298

(1)

Hearing

299

(1)

Chapter Review

299

(5)

Key Terms

299

(1)

Summary Outline

299

(2)

Review Questions

301

(2)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

303

(1)

The Endocrine System

304

(28)

Introduction

306

(1)

An Overview of the Endocrine System

306

(4)

The Structure of Hormones

306

(1)

The Mechanisms of Hormonal Action

307

(1)

Hormones and the Cell Membrane

307

(1)

Hormones and Intracellular Receptors

308

(1)

The Control of Endocrine Activity

309

(1)

Direct Negative Feedback Control

309

(1)

The Hypothalamus and Endocrine Regulation

309

(1)

The Pituitary Gland

310

(4)

The Anterior Pituitary Gland

310

(1)

The Hypophyseal Portal System

310

(1)

Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary

311

(1)

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

312

(1)

The Posterior Pituitary Gland

313

(1)

Diabetes Insipidus

313

(1)

The Thyroid Gland

314

(3)

Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid Hormones

314

(2)

The C Cells of the Thyroid Gland: Calcitonin

316

(1)

The Parathyroid Glands

317

(1)

The Thymus

318

(1)

The Adrenal Glands

318

(2)

The Adrenal Cortex

318

(1)

Corticosteroids

318

(1)

The Adrenal Medulla

319

(1)

The Kidneys

320

(1)

The Heart

320

(1)

Endocrine Tissues of the Digestive System

320

(2)

The Pancreas

320

(1)

Diabetes Mellitus

321

(1)

Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations

321

(1)

Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System

322

(1)

The Testes

322

(1)

The Ovearies

322

(1)

Endocrinology and Athletic Performance

323

(1)

The Pineal Gland

323

(1)

Patterns of Hormonal Interaction

324

(2)

Hormones and Growth

324

(1)

Hormones and Behavior

324

(1)

Hormones and Stress

325

(1)

Hormones and Aging

326

(1)

Endocrine Disorders

326

(1)

Integration with other Systems

326

(1)

Chapter Review

326

(6)

Key Terms

326

(1)

Summary Outline

326

(4)

Review Questions

330

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

331

(1)

Blood

332

(22)

Introduction

334

(1)

The Functions of Blood

334

(1)

The Composition of Blood

334

(2)

Blood Collection and Analysis

334

(2)

Plasma

336

(1)

Differences Between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid

336

(1)

Plasma Proteins

336

(1)

Formed Elements

336

(12)

The Production of Formed Elements

336

(1)

Red Blood Cells

337

(1)

The Structure of RBCs

337

(1)

Hemoglobin Structure and Function

338

(1)

RBC Life Span and Circulation

338

(1)

Abnormal Hemoglobin

338

(1)

Red Blood Cell Formation

339

(1)

Blood Tests and RBCs

340

(1)

Blood Types

340

(2)

Testing for Compatibility

342

(1)

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

343

(1)

White Blood Cells

343

(1)

WBC Circulation and Movement

343

(1)

General Functions

344

(1)

Neutrophils

344

(1)

Eosinophils

344

(1)

Basophils

344

(1)

Monocytes

344

(1)

Lymphocytes

344

(1)

The Differential Count and Changes in WBC Profiles

345

(1)

White Blood Cell Formation

346

(1)

Platelets

347

(1)

Hemostasis

348

(2)

The Clotting Process

348

(1)

The Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Common Pathways

348

(1)

Clot Retraction and Removal

349

(1)

Abnormal Hemostasis

350

(1)

Chapter Review

350

(4)

Key Terms

350

(1)

Summary Outline

351

(1)

Review Questions

352

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

353

(1)

The Heart

354

(20)

Introduction

356

(1)

The Heart and the Circulatory System

356

(1)

The Anatomy and Organization of the Heart

356

(7)

The Surface Anatomy of the Heart

357

(1)

Internal Anatomy and Organization

357

(2)

Structural Differences between the Left and Right Ventricles

359

(1)

The Heart Valves

360

(1)

Mitral Valve Prolapse

361

(1)

Valvular Heart Disease

361

(1)

The Heart Wall

361

(1)

Cardiac Muscle Cells

361

(1)

The Fibrous Skeleton

361

(1)

The Blood Supply to the Heart

362

(1)

The Heartbeat

363

(5)

Contractile Cells

363

(1)

The Conducting System

364

(1)

Nodal Cells

364

(1)

Conducting Cells

364

(1)

The Electrocardiogram

365

(2)

The Cardiac Cycle

367

(1)

Heart Sounds

368

(1)

Heart Dynamics

368

(2)

Factors Controlling Cardiac Output

368

(1)

Blood Volume Reflexes

368

(1)

Autonomic Innervation

369

(1)

Extracellular Ions, Temperature, and the Heart

370

(1)

Chapter Review

370

(4)

Key Terms

370

(1)

Summary Outline

371

(1)

Review Questions

372

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

373

(1)

Blood Vessels and Circulation

374

(36)

Introduction

376

(1)

The Anatomy of Blood Vessels

376

(3)

The Structure of Vessel Walls

376

(1)

Arteries

377

(1)

Capillaries

377

(1)

Capillary Beds

377

(1)

Arteriosclerosis

378

(1)

Veins

379

(1)

Circulatory Physiology

379

(5)

Pressure

379

(1)

Resistance

380

(1)

Vascular Resistance

380

(1)

Viscosity

380

(1)

Turbulence

380

(1)

Circulatory Pressure

380

(1)

Arterial Blood Pressure

380

(1)

Capillary Pressures and Capillary Dynamics

381

(1)

Capillary Dynamics and Blood Volume

381

(1)

Venous Pressure

382

(1)

Checking the Pulse and Blood Pressure

383

(1)

Cardiovascular Regulation

384

(5)

The Autoregulation of Blood Flow

384

(1)

The Neural Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow

385

(1)

Baroreceptor Reflexes

385

(1)

Chemoreceptor Reflexes

386

(1)

Influence of the ANS and Higher Brain Centers

386

(1)

Hormones and Cardiovascular Regulation

387

(1)

Angiotensin II

387

(1)

Antidiuretic Hormone

387

(1)

Erythropoietin

387

(2)

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

389

(1)

Patterns of Cardiovascular Response

389

(1)

Exercise and the Cardiovascular System

389

(1)

Exercise, Cardiovascular Fitness, and Health

389

(1)

Cardiovascular Response to Hemorrhaging

389

(1)

The Elevation of Blood Pressure

389

(1)

The Restoration of Blood Volume

390

(1)

Shock

390

(1)

The Blood Vessels

390

(14)

The Pulmonary Circulation

391

(1)

The Systemic Circulation

392

(1)

Systemic Arteries

392

(5)

Systemic Veins

397

(5)

Fetal Circulation

402

(1)

Placental Blood Supply

402

(1)

Circulation in the Heart and Great Vessels

403

(1)

Circulatory Changes at Birth

403

(1)

Aging and the Cardiovascular System

404

(1)

Integration with other Systems

404

(1)

Chapter Review

404

(6)

Key Terms

404

(1)

Summary Outline

404

(3)

Review Questions

407

(2)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

409

(1)

The Lymphatic System and Immunity

410

(26)

Introduction

412

(1)

Organization of the Lymphatic System

412

(6)

Functions of the Lymphatic System

412

(1)

Lymphatic Vessels

413

(1)

Lymphocytes

413

(1)

Types of Lymphocytes

413

(1)

The Origin and Circulation of Lymphocytes

414

(1)

Lymphoid Nodules

415

(1)

Lymphoid Organs

416

(1)

Lymph Nodes

416

(1)

Swollen Glands

416

(1)

The Thymus

416

(1)

The Spleen

416

(2)

Injury to the Spleen

418

(1)

Body Defenses and the Lymphatic System

418

(1)

Nonspecific Defenses

418

(3)

Physical Barriers

418

(1)

Phagocytes

418

(2)

Immunological Surveillance

420

(1)

Interferons

420

(1)

Complement

420

(1)

Inflammation

420

(1)

Fever

421

(1)

Specific Defenses: The Immune Response

421

(7)

Forms of Immunity

421

(1)

Properties of Immunity

422

(1)

An Overview of the Immune Response

422

(1)

T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity

422

(1)

Crtotoxic T Cells

423

(1)

Memory T Cells

423

(1)

Suppressor T Cells

423

(1)

Helper T Cells

423

(1)

B Cells and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

424

(1)

B Cell Activation

424

(1)

Antibody Structure

424

(1)

Classes of Antibodies

425

(1)

Antibody Function

425

(1)

Note Aids

426

(1)

Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigen Exposure

427

(1)

Hormones of the Immune System

427

(1)

Patterns of Immune Response

428

(2)

Immune Disorders

428

(1)

Autoimmune Disorders

428

(1)

Allergies

429

(1)

Stress and the Immune Response

430

(1)

Age and the Immune Response

430

(1)

Integration with other Systems

430

(1)

Technology, Immunity, and Disease

430

(1)

Chapter Review

430

(6)

Key Terms

430

(2)

Summary Outline

432

(2)

Review Questions

434

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

435

(1)

The Respiratory System

436

(26)

Introduction

438

(1)

The Functions of the Respiratory System

438

(1)

The Organization of the Respiratory System

438

(9)

The Respiratory Tract

438

(1)

The Nose

438

(2)

The Pharynx

440

(1)

Cystic Fibrosis

440

(1)

The Larynx

441

(1)

The Vocal Cords and Sound Production

442

(1)

The Trachea

442

(1)

Tracheal Blockage

443

(1)

The Bronchi

443

(1)

The Bronchioles

443

(1)

The Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli

443

(2)

The Respiratory Memberane

445

(1)

Circulation to the Respiratory Membrane

445

(1)

Pneumonia

445

(1)

The Lungs

445

(1)

The Pleural Cavities

446

(1)

Respiratory Changes at Birth

446

(1)

Respiratory Physiology

447

(7)

Tuberculosis

447

(1)

Pulmonary Ventilation

447

(1)

Artificial Respiration

447

(1)

Pressure and Airflow to the Lungs

447

(2)

Modes of Breathing

449

(1)

Respiratory Volumes and Rates

449

(1)

Pulmonary Function Tests

450

(1)

Gas Exchange at the Respiratory Membrane

450

(1)

Mixed Gases and Partial Pressures

450

(1)

Alveolar versus Atmospheric Air

450

(1)

Decompression Sickness

451

(1)

Partial Pressures within the Circulatory System

451

(1)

Emphysema

451

(1)

Gas Pickup and Delivery

451

(1)

Oxygen Transport

451

(1)

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

452

(1)

Carbon Dioxide Transport

453

(1)

The Control of Respiration

454

(3)

The Respiratory Centers of the Brain

454

(1)

The Activities of the Respiratory Rhythmicity Center

454

(1)

The Reflex Control of Respiration

454

(1)

Mechanoreceptor Reflexes

454

(1)

Chemoreceptor Reflexes

455

(1)

Hypercapnia

455

(1)

Lung Cancer, Smoking, and Diet

456

(1)

Control By Higher Centers

456

(1)

SIDS

456

(1)

Aging and the Respiratory System

457

(1)

Integration with other Systems

457

(1)

Chapter Review

457

(5)

Key Terms

457

(2)

Summary Outline

459

(1)

Review Questions

460

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

461

(1)

The Digestive System

462

(32)

Introduction

464

(1)

An Overview of the Digestive Tract

464

(3)

Histological Organization

464

(1)

The Mucosa

464

(1)

The Submucosa

464

(1)

The Muscularis Externa

464

(2)

The Serosa

466

(1)

Ascites

466

(1)

The Movement of Digestive Materials

466

(1)

Peristalsis and Segmentation

466

(1)

The Oral Cavity

467

(3)

The Tongue

467

(1)

Salivary Glands

467

(1)

Mumps

468

(1)

Salivary Secretions

468

(1)

Teeth

468

(1)

Dental Succession

469

(1)

The Pharynx

470

(1)

The Esophagus

470

(1)

Swallowing

470

(1)

Esophagitis and Hiatal Hernias

471

(1)

The Stomach

471

(3)

The Gastric Wall

471

(1)

Parietal Cells

471

(1)

Chief Cells

471

(2)

Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers

473

(1)

The Regulation of Gastric Activity

473

(1)

Stomach Cancer

474

(1)

Digestion in the Stomach

474

(1)

The Small Intestine

474

(4)

The Intestinal Wall

475

(1)

Intestinal Movements

476

(1)

Intestinal Secretions

476

(1)

Vomiting

476

(1)

Intestinal Hormones

Digestion in the Small Intestine

477

(1)

The Pancreas

478

(1)

Histological Organization

478

(1)

Pancreatitis

478

(1)

The Control of Pancreatic Secretion

479

(1)

The Liver

479

(3)

Anatomy of the Liver

479

(1)

Histological Organization

479

(1)

Liver Functions

480

(1)

Metabolic Regulation

480

(1)

Hematological Regulation

481

(1)

The Synthesis and Secretion of Bile

481

(1)

Other Liver Functions

481

(1)

The Gallbladder

481

(1)

The Physiological Role of Bile

481

(1)

The Large Intestine

482

(3)

The Cecum

482

(1)

The Colon

482

(1)

Colon Cancer

482

(2)

The Physiology of the Large Intestine

484

(1)

Absorption in the Large Intestine

484

(1)

Movements of the Large Intestine

484

(1)

Diverticulosis

484

(1)

The Rectum

484

(1)

Defecation

484

(1)

Diarrhea and Constipation

485

(1)

Digestion and Absorption

485

(3)

The Processing and Absorption of Nutrients

485

(1)

Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption

485

(1)

Lactose Intolerance

486

(1)

Lipid Digestion and Absorption

486

(1)

Protein Digestion and Absorption

486

(1)

Water and Electrolyte Absorption

487

(1)

The Absorption of Vitamins

487

(1)

Malabsorption Syndromes

488

(1)

Aging and the Digestive System

488

(1)

Integration with Other Systems

488

(1)

Chapter Review

488

(6)

Key Terms

488

(2)

Summary Outline

490

(2)

Review Questions

492

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

493

(1)

Nutrition and Metabolism

494

(22)

Introduction

496

(1)

Cellular Metabolism

496

(8)

Carbohydrate Metabolism

497

(1)

Glycolysis

497

(1)

Mitochondrial Energy Production

497

(2)

Energy Yield of Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration

499

(1)

Carbohydrate Loading

500

(1)

Other Catabolic Pathways

500

(1)

Gluconeogenesis

500

(1)

Lipid Metabolism

501

(1)

Lipid Catabolism

501

(1)

Lipids and Energy Production

501

(1)

Lipid Synthesis

501

(1)

Lipid Transport and Distribution

502

(1)

Protein Metabolism

502

(1)

Amino Acid Catabolism

502

(1)

Dietary Fats and Cholesterol

503

(1)

Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis

503

(1)

Ketoacidosis

504

(1)

Nucleic Acid Metabolism

504

(1)

Nucleic Acid Synthesis

504

(1)

A Summary of Cellular Metabolism

504

(1)

Diet and Nutrition

504

(6)

The Basic Food Groups

505

(1)

Minerals, Vitamins, and Water

506

(1)

Minerals

506

(1)

Vitamins

507

(1)

Water

508

(1)

Diet and Disease

509

(1)

Bioenergetics

510

(2)

Food and Energy

510

(1)

Metabolic Rate

510

(1)

Thermoregulation

510

(1)

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

510

(2)

Aging and Nutritional Requirements

512

(1)

Chapter Review

512

(4)

Key Terms

512

(1)

Summary Outline

513

(1)

Review Questions

514

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

515

(1)

The Urinary System

516

(30)

Introduction

518

(1)

The Organization of the Urinary System

518

(1)

The Kidneys

518

(6)

Superficial and Sectional Anatomy

519

(1)

The Nephron

519

(1)

An Overview of the Nephron

520

(1)

Functions of the Nephron

520

(1)

The Renal Corpuscle

521

(2)

The Proximal Convoluted Tubule

523

(1)

The Loop of Henle

523

(1)

The Distal Convoluted Tubule

523

(1)

The Collecting System

523

(1)

The Blood Supply to the Kidneys

523

(1)

Basic Principles of Urine Production

524

(7)

Filtration at the Glomerulus

525

(1)

Filtration Pressure

525

(1)

The Glomerular Filtration Rate

526

(1)

Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Renal Tubule

526

(1)

The Proximal Convoluted Tubule

526

(1)

The Loop of Henle

526

(1)

The Distal Convoluted Tubule and the Collecting System

527

(1)

The Properties of Normal Urine

528

(1)

The Control of Kidney Function

528

(1)

The Local Regulation of Kidney Function

528

(1)

Symapathetic Activation and Kidney Function

528

(1)

Focus: A Summary of Urine Formation

529

(1)

The Treatment of Kidney Failure

530

(1)

The Hormonal Control of Kidney Function

530

(1)

Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination

531

(2)

The Ureters and Urinary Bladder

531

(1)

The Urethra

532

(1)

The Micturition Reflex and Urination

532

(1)

Incontinence

533

(1)

Integration with Other Systems

533

(2)

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

535

(5)

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

535

(1)

Fluid Balance

536

(1)

Fluid Shifts

536

(1)

Electrolyte Balance

536

(1)

Acid-Base Balance

537

(1)

Acids in the Body

537

(1)

Buffers and Buffer Systems

538

(1)

Maintaining Acid-Base Balance

539

(1)

Clinical Noye: Disturbances of Acid-Base Balance

539

(1)

Aging and the Urinary System

540

(1)

Chapter Review

541

(5)

Key Terms

541

(1)

Summary Outline

541

(3)

Review Questions

544

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

545

(1)

The Reproductive System

546

(30)

Introduction

548

(1)

The Reproductive System of the Male

548

(8)

The Testes

548

(2)

Cryptorchidism

550

(1)

Spermatogenesis

550

(1)

Anatomy of a Spermatozoon

551

(1)

The Male Reproductive Tract

552

(1)

The Epididymis

552

(1)

The Ductus Deferens

552

(1)

The Urethra

552

(1)

The Accessory Glands

552

(1)

The Seminal Vesicles

552

(1)

The Prostate Gland

553

(1)

Prostatitis

553

(1)

The Bulbourethral Glands

553

(1)

Semen

553

(1)

The Penis

553

(2)

Hormones and Male Reproductive Function

555

(1)

FSH and Spermatogenesis

555

(1)

LH and Androgen Production

555

(1)

The Reproductive System of the Female

556

(9)

The Ovaries

556

(1)

Oogenesis

557

(1)

The Ovarian Cycle

557

(2)

The Uterine Tubes

559

(1)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

559

(1)

The Uterus

560

(1)

The Uterine Cycle

560

(1)

Amenorrhea

560

(1)

The Vagina

561

(1)

The External Genitalia

561

(1)

The Mammary Glands

561

(1)

Breast Cancer

562

(1)

Hormones and the Female Reproductive Cycle

562

(1)

Hormones and the Preovulatory Phase

562

(3)

Hormones and the Postovulatory Phase

565

(1)

Hormones and the Uterine Cycle

565

(1)

Hormones and Body Temperature

565

(1)

The Physiology of Sexual Intercourse

565

(1)

Male Sexual Function

565

(1)

Female Sexual Function

565

(1)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

566

(1)

Aging and the Reproductive System

566

(1)

Menopause

566

(1)

The Male Climacteric

566

(1)

Integration with Other Systems

566

(5)

FOCUS: Birth Control Strategies

569

(2)

Chapter Review

571

(5)

Key Terms

571

(1)

Summary Outline

572

(1)

Review Questions

573

(2)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

575

(1)

Development and Inheritance

576

Introduction

578

(1)

An Overview of Topics in Development

578

(1)

Fertilization

578

(3)

The Oocyte at Ovulation

578

(2)

A Preview of Prenatal Development

580

(1)

The First Trimester

581

(9)

Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation

581

(1)

Implantation

581

(1)

The Formation of the Blastodisc

582

(1)

Infertility

582

(1)

Gastrulation and Germ Layer Formation

582

(1)

The Formation of Extraembryonic Membranes

583

(2)

Placentation

585

(1)

Placental Circulation

585

(1)

Placental Hormones

585

(1)

Embryogenesis

585

(5)

The Second and Third Trimesters

590

(2)

Pregnancy and Maternal Systems

590

(1)

Structural and Functional Changes in the Uterus

591

(1)

Labor and Delivery

592

(2)

The Stages of Labor

592

(1)

Premature Labor

593

(1)

Multiple Births

594

(1)

Postnatal Development

594

(1)

The Neonatal Period, Infancy, and Childhood

594

(1)

The Neonatal Period

594

(1)

Infancy and Childhood

595

(1)

Adolescence and Maturity

595

(1)

Genetics, Development, and Inheritance

595

(5)

Genes and Chromosomes

596

(1)

Autosomal Chromosomes

596

(2)

Sex Chromosomes

598

(1)

The Human Genome Project

598

(1)

Chromosomal Abnormalties and Genetic Analysis

599

(1)

Chapter Review

600

Key Terms

600

(1)

Summary Outline

600

(2)

Review Questions

602

(1)

Answers to Concept Check Questions

603

Appendix I: Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions A

Appendix II: A Periodic Chart of the Elements

A-10

Appendix III: Weights and Measures

A-11

Appendix IV: Normal Physiolgical Values

A-14

Glossary/Index

GI-1

Illustration Credits

IC-1

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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology with Interactive Physiology

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology with Interactive Physiology

9780130821928

0130821926

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology with Interactive Physiology

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology with Interactive Physiology

9780130821928

0130821926

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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