9780078035142

Experience Human Development 12eallows you to: Experience a program that connects students to the real world. Our Milestones video program allows students to witness real life as it unfolds via a customizeable, assignable and assessible platform. Additionally, our new Research in Action feature highlights interesting and timely topics. Experience the diversity of the human experience.The 12th edition of this classic best-seller retains the extensive and integrated cross-cultural and multicultural coverage as previous editions. Experience a program that helps students navigate the vast amount of material in the course.Now with Connect Lifespan, Papalia 12e allows students to connect with real life and the real world. Connect Psychology with LearnSmart, our adaptive learning system, is designed to help students learn faster, study more efficiently, and retain more knowledge for greater success. And, it allows faculty to spend more time teaching and less time grading.

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CHAPTER 1 The Study of Human Development
Human Development: An Ever-Evolving Field
Studying the Life Span
Human Development Today
The Study of Human Development: Basic Concepts
Domains of Development
Periods of the Life Span
Influences on Development
Heredity, Environment, and Maturation
Contexts of Development
Normative and Nonnormative Influences
Timing of Influences: Critical or Sensitive Periods
Paul B. Baltes's Life-Span Developmental Approach
CHAPTER 2 Theory and Research
Basic Theoretical Issues
Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive?
Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous?
Theoretical Perspectives
Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic
Perspective 2: Learning
Perspective 3: Cognitive
Perspective 4: Contextual
Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological
A Shifting Balance
Research Methods
Sampling
Forms of Data Collection
Basic Research Designs
Developmental Research Designs
CHAPTER 3 Forming a New Life
Conceiving New Life
How Fertilization Takes Place
What Causes Multiple Births?
Mechanisms of Heredity
The Genetic Code
What Determines Sex?
Patterns of Genetic Transmission
Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities
Genetic Counseling and Testing
Nature and Nurture: Influences of Heredity and Environment
Studying Heredity and Environment
How Heredity and Environment Work Together
Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Environment Prenatal Development
Stages of Prenatal Development
Environmental Influences: Maternal Factors
Environmental Influences: Paternal Factors
Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development
Disparities in Prenatal Care
The Need for Preconception Care
CHAPTER 4 Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years
Childbirth and Culture: How Birthing Has Changed
The Birth Process
Stages of Childbirth
Electronic Fetal Monitoring
Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery
Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery
The Newborn Baby
Size and Appearance
Body Systems
Medical and Behavioral Assessment
States of Arousal
Complications of Childbirth
Low Birth Weight
Postmaturity
Stillbirth
Can a Supportive Environment Overcome Effects of
Birth Complications?
Survival and Health
Death during Infancy
Immunization for Better Health
Early Physical Development
Principles of Development
Patterns of Growth
Nutrition
The Brain and Reflex Behavior
Early Sensory Capacities
Motor Development
Milestones of Motor Development
Motor Development and Perception
Eleanor and James Gibson’s Ecological Theory
How Motor Development Occurs: Thelan’s Dynamic Systems Theory
Cultural Influences on Motor Development
CHAPTER 5 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years
Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches
Behaviorist Approach: Basic Mechanics of Learning Classical and Operant Conditioning
Infant Memory
Psychometric Approach: Developmental and
Intelligence Testing
Testing Infants and Toddlers
Assessing the Impact of the Early Home Environment
Early Intervention
Piagetian Approach: The Sensorimotor Stage
Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage
Do Imitative Abilities Develop Earlier than Piaget Thought?
Development of Knowledge about Objects and Space
Evaluating Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage
Information-Processing Approach: Perceptions and Representations
Habituation
Visual and Auditory Processing Abilities
Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence
Information Processing and the Development of
Piagetian Abilities
Cognitive Neuroscience Approach: The Brain's
Cognitive Structures
Memory Systems
Understanding of Number
Social-Contextual Approach: Learning Form Interactions with Caregivers
Language Development
Sequence of Early Language Development
Characteristics of Early Speech
Classic Theories of Language Acquisition:
The Nature-Nurture Debate
Influences on Early Language Development
Preparing for Literacy: The Benefits of Reading Aloud
CHAPTER 6 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years
Foundations of Psychosocial Development Emotions
Temperament
Earliest Social Experiences: The Infant in the Family
Gender: How Different Are Baby Boys and Girls?
Developmental Issues in Infancy
Developing Trust
Developing Attachments
Emotional Communication with Caregivers: Mutual Regulation
Social Referencing
Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood
The Emerging Sense of Self
Development of Autonomy
The Roots of Moral Development: Socialisation and Internalisation
Contact with Other Children
Siblings
Sociability with Nonsiblings
Children of Working Parents
Effects of Maternal Employment
Early Child Care
Maltreatment: Child Abuse and Neglect
Maltreatment: Facts and Figures
Contributing Factors: An Ecological View
Helping Families in Trouble
Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment
CHAPTER 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Aspects of Physical Development
Bodily Growth and Change
Sleep Patterns and Problems
Brain Development
Motor Skills
Health and Safety
Preventing Obesity
Undernutrition
Deaths and Accidental Injuries
Health in Context: Environmental Influences
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piagetian Approach: the Preoperational Child
Advances of Preoperational Thought
Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought
Do Young Children Have Theories of Mind?
Information-Processing Approach: Memory Development
Basic Processes and Capacities
Recognition and Recall
Forming and Retaining Childhood Memories
Intelligence: Psychometric and Vygotskian Approaches
Traditional Psychometric Measures
Influences on Measured Intelligence
Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky's Theory
Language Development
Vocabulary
Grammar and Syntax
Pragmatics and Social Speech
Private Speech
Delayed Language Development
Preparation for Literacy
Early Childhood Education
Goals and Types of Preschools
Compensatory Preschool Programs
The Child in Kindergarten
CHAPTER 8 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood
The Developing Self
The Self-Concept and Cognitive Development
Self-Esteem
Understanding and Regulating Emotions
Erikson: Initiative versus Guilt
Gender
Gender Differences
Perspectives on Gender Development
Play: The Business of Early Childhood
Cognitive Levels of Play
The Social Dimension of Play
How Gender Influences Play
How Culture Influences Play
Parenting
Forms of Discipline
Parenting Styles
Special Behavioral Concerns
Relationships with Other Children
Sibling Relationships
The Only Child
Playmates and Friends
CHAPTER 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Aspects of Physical Development
Height and Weight
Nutrition and Sleep
Brain Development
Motor Development and Physical Play
Health, Fitness, and Safety
Obesity and Body Image
Other Medical Conditions
Accidental Injuries
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piagetian Approach: The Concrete Operational Child
Cognitive Advances
Influences of Neurological Development, Culture, and Schooling
Moral Reasoning
Information-Processing Approach: Planning, Attention, and Memory
How Do Executive Skills Develop?
Selective Attention
Working Memory Span
Metamemory: Understanding Memory
Mnemonics: Strategies for Remembering
Information Processing and Piagetian Tasks
Psychometric Approach: Assessment of Intelligence
The IQ Controversy
Influences on Intelligence
Is There More Than One Intelligence?
Other Directions in Intelligence Testing
Language
Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax
Pragmatics: Knowledge about Communication
Second-Language Learning
The Child In School
Entering First Grade
Becoming Literate
Influences on School Achievement
Educating Children with Special Needs
Children with Learning Problems
Gifted Children
CHAPTER 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
The Developing Self
Self-Concept Development: Representational Systems
Self-Esteem
Emotional Growth and Prosocial Behavior
The Child in the Family
Family Atmosphere
Family Structure
Sibling Relationships
The Child in the Peer Group
Positive and Negative Effects of Peer Relations
Popularity
Friendship
Aggression and Bullying
Mental Health
Common Emotional Disturbances
Treatment Techniques
Stress and Resilience
CHAPTER 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Adolescence: A Developmental Transition
Adolescence as a Social Construction
Adolescence: A Time of Opportunities and Risks
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Puberty
How Puberty Begins: Hormonal Changes
Timing, Signs, and Sequence of Puberty and
Sexual Maturity
The Adolescent Brain
Physical and Mental Health
Physical Activity
Sleep Needs and Problems
Nutrition and Eating Disorders
Use and Abuse of Drugs
Depression
Death in Adolescence
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Aspects of Cognitive Maturation
Piaget's Stage of Formal Operations
Changes in Information Processing
Language Development
Moral Reasoning: Kohlberg's Theory
An Ethic of Care: Gilligan's Theory
Prosocial Behavior and Volunteer Activity
Educational and Vocational Issues
Influences on School Achievement
Dropping Out of High School
Preparing for Higher Educational or Vocations
CHAPTER 12 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence
The Search for Identity
Erikson: Identity versus Identity Confusion
Marcia: Identity Status—Crisis and Commitment
Gender Differences in Identity Formation
Ethnic Factors in Identity Formation
Sexuality
Sexual Orientation and Identity
Sexual Behavior
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing
Relationships with Family, Peers, and Adult Society
Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth?
Changing Time Use and Changing Relationships
Adolescents and Parents
Adolescents and Siblings
Adolescents and Peers
Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency
Becoming a Delinquent: Genetic and
Neurological Factors
Becoming a Delinquent: How Family, Peer, and
Community Influences Interact
Long-Term Prospects
Preventing and Treating Delinquency
CHAPTER 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood
Emerging Adulthood
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Health and Fitness
Health Status and Health Issues
Genetic Influences on Health
Behavioral Influences on Health and Fitness
Indirect Influences on Health and Fitness
Mental Health Problems
Sexual and Reproductive Issues
Sexual Behavior and Attitudes
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Menstrual Disorders
Infertility
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Perspectives on Adult Cognition
Beyond Piaget: New Ways of Thinking in Adulthood
Schaie: A Life-Span Model of Cognitive
Development
Sternberg: Insight and Know-How
Emotional Intelligence
Moral Reasoning
Culture and Moral Reasoning
Gender and Moral Reasoning
Education and Work
The College Transition
Entering the World of Work
CHAPTER 14 Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood
Emerging Adulthood: Patterns and Tasks
Varied Paths to Adulthood
Identity Development in Emerging Adulthood
Developing Adult Relationships with Parents
Personality Development: Four Views
Normative-Stage Models
Timing-of-Events Model
Trait Models: Costa and McCrae's Five Factors
Typological Models
Foundations of Intimate Relationships
Friendship
Love
Marital and Nonmarital Lifestyles
Single Life
Gay and Lesbian Relationships
Cohabitation
Marriage
Parenthood
Parenthood as a Developmental Experience
How Dual-Income Families Cope
When Marriage Ends
Divorce
Remarriage and Stepparenthood
CHAPTER 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood
Middle Age: A Social Construct
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Physical Changes
Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning
Structural and Systemic Changes
Sexuality and Reproductive Functioning
Physical and Mental Health
Health Trends at Midlife
Behavioral Influences on Health
Socioeconomic Status and Health
Race/Ethnicity and Health
Gender and Health
Stress in Middle Age
Emotions and Health
Mental Health
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Measuring Cognitive Abilities in Middle Age
Schaie: The Seattle Longitudinal Study
Horn and Cattell: Fluid and Crystallised Intelligence
The Distinctiveness of Adult Cognition
The Role of Expertise
Integrative Thought
Creativity
Characteristics of Creative Achievers
Creativity and Age
Work and Education
Work versus Early Retirement
Work and Cognitive Development
The Mature Learner
CHAPTER 16 Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood
Looking at the Life Course in Middle Age
Change at Midlife: Theoretical Approaches
Trait Models
Normative-Stage Models
Timing of Events: The Social Clock
The Self at Midlife: Issues and Themes
Is There a Midlife Crisis?
Identity Development
Psychological Well-Being and Positive Mental Health
Relationships at Midlife
Theories of Social Contact
Relationships, Gender, and Quality of Life
Consensual Relationships
Marriage
Cohabitation
Divorce
Marital Status, Well-Being, and Health
Gay and Lesbian Relationships
Friendships
Relationships with Maturing Children
Adolescent Children: Issues for Parents
When Children Leave: The Empty Nest
Parenting Grown Children
Prolonged Parenting: The “Cluttered Nest”
Other Kinship Ties
Relationships with Aging Parents
Relationships with Siblings
Grandparenthood
CHAPTER 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
Old Age Today
The Graying of the Population
Young Old to Oldest Old
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Longevity and Aging
Trends and Factors in Life Expectancy
Why People Age
How Far Can the Life Span Be Extended?
Physical Changes
Organic and Systemic Changes
The Aging Brain
Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning
Sleep
Sexual Functioning
Physical and Mental Health
Health Status
Chronic Conditions and Disabilities
Lifestyle Influences on Health and Longevity
Mental and Behavioral Problems
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Aspects of Cognitive Development
Intelligence and Processing Abilities
Memory: How Does It Change?
Wisdom
CHAPTER 18 Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood
Theory and Research on Personality Development
Erik Erikson: Normative Issues and Tasks
The Five-Factor Model: Personality Traits in Old Age
Well-Being in Late Adulthood
Coping and Mental Health
Models of “Successful,” or “Optimal”,“Aging”
Practical and Social Issues Related to Aging
Work and Retirement
How Do Older Adults Fare Financially?
Living Arrangements
Personal Relationships in Late Life
Theories of Social Contact and Social Support
The Importance of Social Relationships
The Multigenerational Family
Marital Relationships
Long-Term Marriage
Widowhood
Divorce and Remarriage
Nonmarital Lifestyles and Relationships
Single Life
Cohabitation
Gay and Lesbian Relationships
Friendships
Nonmarital Kinship Ties
Relationships with Adult Children
Relationships with Siblings
Becoming Great-Grandparents
CHAPTER 19 Dealing with Death and Bereavement
The Many, Changing Meanings of Death and Dying
The Cultural Context
The Mortality Revolution
Care of the Dying
Facing Death and Loss
Physical and Cognitive Changes Preceding Death
Confronting One&'s Own Death
Patterns of Grieving
Attitudes about Death and Dying across the Life Span
Significant Losses
Surviving a Spouse
Losing a Parent in Adulthood
Losing a Child
Mourning a Miscarriage
Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues: The 'Right to Die”
Suicide
Hastening Death
Finding Meaning and Purpose in Life and Death
Reviewing a Life
Development: A Lifelong Process

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Experience Human Development

Experience Human Development

0078035147

Summary

Table of Contents

Human Development: An Ever-Evolving Field

Studying the Life Span

Human Development Today

The Study of Human Development: Basic Concepts

Domains of Development

Periods of the Life Span

Influences on Development

Heredity, Environment, and Maturation

Contexts of Development

Normative and Nonnormative Influences

Timing of Influences: Critical or Sensitive Periods

Paul B. Baltes's Life-Span Developmental Approach

CHAPTER 2 Theory and Research

Basic Theoretical Issues

Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive?

Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous?

Theoretical Perspectives

Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic

Perspective 2: Learning

Perspective 3: Cognitive

Perspective 4: Contextual

Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological

A Shifting Balance

Research Methods

Sampling

Forms of Data Collection

Basic Research Designs

Developmental Research Designs

CHAPTER 3 Forming a New Life

Conceiving New Life

How Fertilization Takes Place

What Causes Multiple Births?

Mechanisms of Heredity

The Genetic Code

What Determines Sex?

Patterns of Genetic Transmission

Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities

Genetic Counseling and Testing

Nature and Nurture: Influences of Heredity and Environment

Studying Heredity and Environment

How Heredity and Environment Work Together

Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Environment Prenatal Development

Stages of Prenatal Development

Environmental Influences: Maternal Factors

Environmental Influences: Paternal Factors

Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development

Disparities in Prenatal Care

The Need for Preconception Care

CHAPTER 4 Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years

Childbirth and Culture: How Birthing Has Changed

The Birth Process

Stages of Childbirth

Electronic Fetal Monitoring

Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery

Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery

The Newborn Baby

Size and Appearance

Body Systems

Medical and Behavioral Assessment

States of Arousal

Complications of Childbirth

Low Birth Weight

Postmaturity

Stillbirth

Can a Supportive Environment Overcome Effects of

Birth Complications?

Survival and Health

Death during Infancy

Immunization for Better Health

Early Physical Development

Principles of Development

Patterns of Growth

Nutrition