9780078035036

Now in its 11th successful edition, Physical Anthropologycontinues to help students examine the dynamic relationship between humans and their environment. The plethora of new fossil finds and analyses in the field since the last edition are all reflected throughout this full color text. Students will come away with the skills needed to recognize illogical or factually incorrect statements made in the name of evolutionary theory in the popular media.

Preface xiii
About the Authors xvi
Acknowledgments xvii
List of Boxes xix
Chapter 1
INVESTIGATING THE NATURE OF HUMANKIND 1
The World of Physical Anthropology 2
Studies of Physical Anthropology 2
Physical Anthropology in the World ofAnthropology 2
Conclusion 3
The Nature of Science 4
Hypotheses and Testing Hypotheses 4
Science and Religion 5
Summary 6
Views on the Essence of Humans, Nature, and Time 7
Questioning the Old Ideas 7
Early Evolutionary Ideas 8
What Is the Age of the Earth? 10
Humans before Adam and Eve? 11
Box 1-1 William “Strata” Smith 11
Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 12
Darwinian Natural Selection 13
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16
Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18
Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20
Key Terms 20
Study Questions 20
Critical Thinking Questions 21
Suggested Readings 21
Suggested Websites 22
Chapter 2
THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23
Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24
Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25
A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30
Cytogenetics 31
The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39
The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39
Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42
Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45
Key Terms 46
Study Questions 46
Critical Thinking Questions 47
Suggested Readings 47
Suggested Websites 47
Chapter 3
THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48
Medical Genetics 49
Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54
Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58
Genetics and Human Affairs 58
Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62
Summary 63
Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63
What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65
Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66
Summary 66
Key Terms 66
Study Questions 67
Critical Thinking Questions 67
Suggested Readings 68
Suggested Websites 68
Chapter 4
POPULATION GENETICS 69
A Model of Population Genetics 70
Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75
Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75
Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79
Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80
Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83
Summary 84
Key Terms 84
Study Questions 84
Critical Thinking Questions 85
Suggested Readings 85
Suggested Websites 85
Chapter 5
NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86
Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87
Natural Selection 87
Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99
The Origin of Species 100
The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101
The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105
Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109
Key Terms 109
Study Questions 110
Critical Thinking Questions 110
Suggested Readings 110
Suggested Websites 111
Chapter 6
PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112
Taxonomy 113
Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114
The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117
Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121
Summary 121
People and the Animal World 122
The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129
Key Terms 130
Study Questions 130
Critical Thinking Questions 130
Suggested Readings 131
Suggested Websites 131
Chapter 7
THE LIVING PRIMATES 132
The Primate Order 133
The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135
The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138
The Living Primates 139
The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149
The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152
Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156
Summary 156
Key Terms 157
Study Questions 157
Critical Thinking Questions 157
Suggested Readings 157
Suggested Websites 158
Chapter 8
COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159
Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169
Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170
Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176
The Jaw 179
Summary 181
Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181
Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187
Key Terms 187
Study Questions 188
Critical Thinking Questions 188
Suggested Readings 188
Suggested Websites 189
Chapter 9
NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190
Primate Behavior 191
Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193
Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195
Summary 196
Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196
Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209
Summary 211
Key Terms 211
Study Questions 211
Critical Thinking Questions 212
Suggested Readings 212
Suggested Websites 213
Chapter 10
HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214
Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215
The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219
Are Humans Unique? 219
Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228
Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231
Key Terms 232
Study Questions 232
Critical Thinking Questions 232
Suggested Readings 232
Suggested Websites 233
Chapter 11
THE RECORD OF THE PAST 234
Box 11-1 Fossils of the Gods 235
Fossils and Their Interpretation 235
The Nature of Fossils 236
Biases in the Fossil Record 237
Differential Preservation 239
What Can Fossils Tell Us? 240
Taxonomy and the Fossil Record 241
Summary 244
Geological Time 244Stratigraphy 244
Box 11-2 What Is a Billion? 245
Box 11-3 The Piltdown Skull 247
Chronometric Dating Techniques 247
Radiometric Dating Techniques 248
Other Dating Techniques 251
The Geomagnetic Time Scale 252
The Geological Time Scale 252
Plate Tectonics 253
A Brief History of the Cenozoic 255
Box 11-4 Where Have All the Dinosaurs Gone? 256
Summary 258
Key Terms 259
Study Questions 259
Critical Thinking Questions 259
Suggested Readings 260
Suggested Websites 260
Chapter 12
THE EARLY PRIMATE FOSSIL RECORD AND THE ORIGINS OF THEHOMININS 261
Evolution of the Early Primates 262
The Earliest Primates 262
The Early True Primates and the Origins of the Prosimians 263
Summary 266
Evolution of the Anthropoidea 266
The Earliest Anthropoids 266
The Anthropoids of the Fayum 267
The Evolution of the New World Monkeys 269
The Evolution of the Old World Monkeys 269
Summary 271
Evolution of the Hominoidea 271
Hominoids of the Early Miocene 271
Continents in Collision 273
The Miocene Hominid Radiation 273
The Origins of the Modern Hominids 277
Box 12-1 What Gigantopithecus Had for Dinner 278
Summary 279
The Origin of the Hominins 279
Sahelanthropus tchadensis 280
Orrorin tugenensis 281
Ardipithecus kadabba 282
Ardipithecus ramidus 282
Summary 283
Key Terms 284
Study Questions 284
Critical Thinking Questions 284
Suggested Readings 285
Suggested Websites 285
Chapter 13
THE EARLY HOMININS 286
Discoveries of the Early Hominins 287
The Early Hominins of South Africa 287
Box 13-1 Naming Fossils 288
The Fossils of Olduvai Gorge 292
The Fossils of the Lake Turkana Basin 294
The Fossils of the Afar 297
Box 13-2 Was Lucy a Swinger? 298
The Laetoli Footprints 299
The Fossils of Chad 301
Drawing a Family Tree 301
Summary 302
Early Hominins: Interpretations of the Evidence 304
Australopithecines as Erect Bipeds 305
Box 13-3 What Is a Tool? 307
Early Hominin Tool Use 307
Early Hominin Dentition 309
The Early Hominin Brain 311
The Early Hominin Skull 312
Ecology and the Early Hominins 313
Summary 316
Key Terms 316
Study Questions 316
Critical Thinking Questions 317
Suggested Readings 317
Suggested Websites 318
Chapter 14
EARLY SPECIES OF THE GENUS HOMO 319
The Early Homo Fossil Record 320
The Genus Homo 320
Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis 322
Homo ergaster and Homo erectus 323
Box 14-1 The Disappearance of the Zhoukoudian Fossils 329
Homo antecessor 332
Homo heidelbergensis 332
Box 14-2 How Do You Spell and Pronounce “Neandert_l”? 335
Homo neandertalensis 335
Box 14-3 La Chapelle-aux-Saints 338
Summary 343
The Culture of Early Homo 344
Interpreting the Archaeological Evidence 344
The Culture of the Earliest Homo 345
Hunting, Scavenging, and Gathering 349
The Brain and Language in Prehistoric Populations 350
The Culture of the Neandertals 352
Box 14-4 Whom Are We Having for Dinner? The Roots of Cannibalism 356
Summary 357
Key Terms 357
Study Questions 358
Critical Thinking Questions 358
Suggested Readings 359
Suggested Websites 359
Chapter 15
THE EVOLUTION OF HOMO SAPIENS 360
Homo sapiens 361
The Distribution of Fossil Homo sapiens in the Old World 361
Ideas on the Origins of Homo sapiens 364
Box 15-1 Symbolism, Ochre, Shellfish, and the Origin ofModern Human Behavior and Cognition 365
The Migrations of Homo sapiens to Australia and the New World 366
Summary 369
The Culture of Homo sapiens 370
Humans’Relationship to the Environment 370
Upper Paleolithic Technology 370
Art of the Upper Paleolithic 372
Upper Paleolithic Cultural Traditions 373
Box 15-2 Upper Paleolithic Cave Art 375
Archaeology of the New World 376
Summary 378
Post-Pleistocene Homo sapiens 378
The Mesolithic: Transition from Hunting-Gathering to Farming 378
Box 15-3 “Man’s Best Friend” 379
The Origins of Farming 379
The Neolithic 380
The Rise of Civilization 381
Summary 382
Key Terms 383
Study Questions 383
Critical Thinking Questions 383
Suggested Readings 383
Suggested Websites 384
Chapter 16
THE BIOLOGY OF MODERN HOMO SAPIENS 385
Human Adaptability: Adjustments 386
Behavioral Adjustments 386
Acclimatory Adjustments 387
Box 16-1 How High Can People Live without BottledOxygen? 390
Developmental Adjustments 392
Summary 393
Human Adaptation 393
The Nature of Skin Color 393
Adaptation and Body Build 395
Summary 396
The Nature of Human Growth and Development 397
Growth and Development of the Human Body 398
Puberty 401
Control of Growth and Development 404
The Secular Trend in Growth and Development 406
Box 16-2 Aging 407
The Adult Skeleton 408
Summary 409
Key Terms 410
Study Questions 410
Critical Thinking Questions 410
Suggested Readings 411
Suggested Websites 411
Chapter 17
THE ANALYSIS OF HUMAN VARIATION 412
The Distribution of Variability 413
Clinal Distributions 413
Variability in Frequency of Genetic Disease 414
Cultural Variation 415
Summary 417
Box 17-1 Skeletal Evidence of Cultural Practices 418
The Classification of Human Variation 418
Folk Taxonomies of Race 418
Attempts at Scientific Classifications of Human Variation 420
The Genetic Relationship between Human Populations 426
Race as Illusion 428
Race and Medicine 429
Human Variation and Intelligence 430
Human Variation and Cultural Capabilities 431
Summary 432
Key Terms 433
Study Questions 433
Critical Thinking Questions 433
Suggested Readings 433
Suggested Websites 434
Chapter 18
THE MODERN WORLD 435
Cultural Changes and Their Consequences 436
Urbanization and Industrialization 437
The Role of Disease in Human Evolution 441
Box 18-1 Human Technology as a Selective Agent 444
The Earth at Risk 445
What Can We Say about the Future? 450
Learning from Our Mistakes 451
Box 18-2 People Made to Order 451
Summary 452
Application of Anthropological Knowledge 452
Darwinian Medicine 453
Forensic Anthropology 454
Anthropology and You—A Personal Note to the Student 455
Summary 457
Key Terms 457
Study Questions 457
Critical Thinking Questions 458
Suggested Readings 458
Suggested Websites 458
Appendix: An Introduction to Skeletal Anatomy and the Anatomy of the Brain A–1
Glossary G–1
Glossary of Primate Higher Taxa G–20
Credits C–1
Index I–1

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Physical Anthropology

Physical Anthropology

0078035031

Summary

Table of Contents

About the Authors xvi

Acknowledgments xvii

List of Boxes xix

Chapter 1

INVESTIGATING THE NATURE OF HUMANKIND 1

The World of Physical Anthropology 2

Studies of Physical Anthropology 2

Physical Anthropology in the World ofAnthropology 2

Conclusion 3

The Nature of Science 4

Hypotheses and Testing Hypotheses 4

Science and Religion 5

Summary 6

Views on the Essence of Humans, Nature, and Time 7

Questioning the Old Ideas 7

Early Evolutionary Ideas 8

What Is the Age of the Earth? 10

Humans before Adam and Eve? 11

Box 1-1 William “Strata” Smith 11

Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 12

Darwinian Natural Selection 13

Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15

Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16

Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18

Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19

Summary 20

Key Terms 20

Study Questions 20

Critical Thinking Questions 21

Suggested Readings 21

Suggested Websites 22

Chapter 2

THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23

Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24

Problems in the Study of Heredity 24

The Work of Gregor Mendel 24

Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25

A Model of Genetic Events 26

What Is a Trait? 27

Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28

Summary 30

Cytogenetics 31

The Chromosomes 31

Cell Division 32

Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35

Summary 39

The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39

Molecules of Life 39

The Nucleic Acids 40

Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42

Protein Synthesis 44

Summary 45

Key Terms 46

Study Questions 46

Critical Thinking Questions 47

Suggested Readings 47

Suggested Websites 47

Chapter 3

THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48

Medical Genetics 49

Blood-Type Systems 49

Human Inherited Abnormalities 51

Other Patterns of Inheritance 53

Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54

Chromosomal Abnormalities 55

Summary 58

Genetics and Human Affairs 58

Genetics and Medicine 58

The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60

Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62

Summary 63

Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63

What Is a Gene? 63