9780073137476

The new edition of Kottak's best selling text continues to offer a holistic introduction to anthropology that approaches the course from a four-field perspective. To emphasize anthropology's integrated and comparative nature, "Bringing It All Together" essays show how anthropology's sub-fields and dimensions combine to interpret and explain a common topic. Another distinctive feature, "Understanding Ourselves," illustrates the relevance of anthropological facts and theories to students' everyday lives. In addition, every new copy of the eleventh edition is packaged free with a new student CD-ROM as well as PowerWeb!

About the Author
Preface
Walkthrough
Part One: The Dimensions of Anthropology
Chapter 1: What is Anthropology?
Overview
Human Adaptability
Adaptation, Variation, and Change
General Anthropology
Cultural Forces Shape Human Biology
The Subdisciplines of Anthropology
Cultural Anthropology
Archaeological Anthropology
Interesting Issues: Even Anthropologists Get Culture Shock
Biological, or Physical Anthropology
Linguistic Anthropology
Beyond the Classroom: The Unity of Hand and Foot Bones for Problems in Biological Anthropology
Applied Anthropology
Anthropology and Other Academic Fields
Cultural Anthropology and Sociology
Anthropology and Psychology
Science, Explanation, and Hypothesis Testing
Chapter 2: Applying Anthropology
What is Applied Anthropology?
Academic and Applied Anthropology
Theory and Practice
Anthropology and Education
Urban Anthropology
Urban versus Rural
Medical Anthropology
Beyond the Classroom: New Life, Good Health
Anthropology and Business
Interesting Issues: Hot Asset in Corporate: Anthropology Degrees
Careers and Anthropology
Part Two: Physical Anthropology and Archaeology
Chapter 3: Ethics and Methods in Physical Anthropology and Archaeology
Overview
Ethics
Methods
Multidisciplinary Approaches
Primatology
Anthropometry
Bone Biology
Molecular Anthropology
Interesting Issues: A Novel Method of Assessing Why People Cooperate
Paleoanthropology
Survey and Excavation
Systematic Survey
Excavation
Kinds of Archaeology
Dating the Past
Relative Dating
Absolute Dating: Radiometric Techniques
Absolute Dating: Dendrochronology
Molecular Dating
Chapter 4: Evolution and Genetics
Overview
Evolution
Genetics
Mendel's Experiments
Independent Assortment and Recombination
Biochemical, or Molecular Genetics
Cell Division
Crossing Over
Mutation
Interesting Issues: Genetic Politics
Population Genetics and Mechanisms of Genetic Evolution
Natural Selection
Mutations and Variety
Random Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
The Modern Synthesis
Gradual or Rapid Change
Chapter 5: Human Variation and Adaptation
Overview
Race: A Discredited Concept in Biology
Races are Not Biologically Distinct
Interesting Issues: American Anthropological Association (AAA) Statement on "Race"
Explaining Skin Color
Beyond the Classroom: Skin Pigmentation in Papua New Guinea
Human Biological Adaptation
Genes and Disease
Facial Features
Size and Body Build
Lactose Tolerance
Chapter 6: The Primates
Overview
Our Place among Primates
Homologies and Analogies
Primate Tendencies
Prosimians
Anthropoids
Beyond the Classroom: Providing Apes Refuge: A Cultural Study of the Great Ape Sanctuary Community
Monkeys
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys
Apes
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
Interesting Issues: Saving the Orangutan
Bonobos
Endangered Primates
Human-Primate Similarities
Learning
Tools
Predation and Hunting
Aggression and Resources
Human-Primate Differences
Sharing and Cooperation
Mating and Kinship
Behavioral Ecology and Fitness
Bringing it All Together: Saving the Forests
Chapter 7: Primate Evolution
Overview
Fossils and Chronology
Early Primates
Early Cenozoic Primates
Beyond the Classroom: A Behavioral Ecology Study of Two Lemur Species
Oligocene Anthropoids
Miocene Hominoids
Proconsul
Afropithecus and Kenyapithecus
Sivapithecus
Ginantopithecus
Dryopithecus
Oreopithecus
A Missing Link?
"Toumai"
Orrorin tugenensis
Beyond the Classroom: Maceration of a Canadian Lynx
Chapter 8: Early Hominids
Overview
Chronology of Hominid Evolution
The Earliest Hominids
Ardipithecus and KenyanThropus
The Varied Australopithecines
Australopiethecus afarensis
Gracile and Robust Australopithecines
The Australopithecines and Early Homo
H. rudolfensis and H. habilis
Oldowan Tools
A. garhi and Early Stone Tools
Beyond the Classroom: Hydrodynamic Sorting of Avian Skeletal Remains
Chapter 9: The Genus Homo
Early Homo
Interesting Issues: Headstrong Hominids
Out of Africa: Homo erectus
Paleolithic Tools
Adaptive Strategies of Homo erectus
The Evolution and Expansion of Homo erectus
Archaic Homo sapiens
The Neandertals
Cold-Apapted Neandertals
The Neandertals and Modern People
Homo sapiens sapiens (AMHs)
Out of Africa II
Multiregional Evolution
Advances in Technology
Glacial Retreat
Cave Art
Interesting Issues: Prehistoric Art Treasure Is Found in French Cave
The Mesolithic
Beyond the Classroom: Paleolithic Butchering at Verberie
Bringing it All Together: When Did Humans Start Acting Like Humans?
Chapter 10: The First Farmers
The Neolithic
The First Farmers and Herders in the Middle East
Genetic Changes and Domestication
Food Production and the State
Other Old World Food Producers
The African Neolithic: Nabta Playa
The Neolithic in Europe and Asia
The First American Farmers
America's First Immigrants
The Foundations of Food Production
Early Farming in the Mexican Highlands
From Early Farming to the State
Explaining the Neolithic
Geography and the Spread of Food Production
Costs and Benefits
Beyond the Classroom: House Construction and Destruction Patterns of the Early Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain
Chapter 11: The First Cities and States
The Origin of the State
Hydraulic Systems
Long-Distance Trade Routes
Population, War, and Circumscription
Attributes of States
State Formation in the Middle East
Urban Life
The Elite Level
Social Ranking and Chiefdoms
How Ethnography Helps in Interpreting the Archaeological Record
Advanced Chiefdoms
The Rise of the State
Beyond the Classroom: The Akhenaten Temple Project
Other Early States
State Formation in Mesoamerica
Early Chiefdoms and Elites
States in the Valley of Mexico
Why States Collapse
The Mayan Decline
Interesting Issues: Pseudo-Archaeology
Bringing It All Together: The Peopling of the Pacific
Part Three: Cultural Diversity
Chapter 12: Ethics and Methods in Cultural Anthropology
Ethics
Methods--Ethnography
Ethnographic Techniques
Observation and Participant Observations
Conversation, Interviewing, and Interview Schedules
The Genealogical Method
Key Cultural Consultants
Life Histories
Local Beliefs and Perceptions, and the Ethnographer's
The Evolution of Ethnography
Problem-Oriented Ethnography
Longitudinal Research
Team Research
Culture, Space, and Scale
Survey Research
Beyond the Classroom: Stories from the Women Domestics of the Yucatan
Chapter 13: Culture
What is Culture?
Culture Is Learned
Culture Is Shared
Culture Is Symbolic
Interesting Issues: Touching, Affection, Love, and Sex
Culture and Nature
Culture Is All-Encompassing
Culture Is Integrated
Culture Can Be Adaptive and Maladaptive
Culture and the Individual: Agency and Practice
Levels of Culture
Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, and Human Rights
Universality, Generality, and Particularity
Universality
Generality
Particularity: Patterns of Culture
Beyond the Classroom: Folklore Reveals Ethos of Heating Plant Workers
Mechanisms of Cultural Change
Globalization
Chapter 14: Ethnicity and Race
Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity
Status Shifting
Race
Social Race
Beyond the Classroom: Perceptions of Race and Skin Color on an American College Campus
Hypodescent: Race in the United States
Race in the Census
Not Us: Race in Japan
Phenotype and Fluidity: Race in Brazil
Stratification and "Intelligence"
Ethnic Groups, Nations, and Nationalities
Nationalities and Imagined Communities
Peaceful Coexistence
Assimilation
The Plural Society
Interesting Issues: Ethnic Nationalism Runs Wild
Multiculturalism and Ethnic Identity
Roots of Ethnic Conflict
Prejudice and Discrimination
Chips in the Mosaic
Aftermaths of Oppression
Chapter 15: Language and Communication
What Is Language?
Animal Communication
Call Systems
Sign Language
The Origin of Language
Nonverbal Communication
The Structure of Language
Speech Sounds
Language, Thought, and Culture
Interesting Issues: Do Midwesterners Have Accents?
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Focal Vocabulary
Meaning
Sociolinguistics
Linguistic Diversity
Gender Speech Contrasts
Language and Status Position
Stratification
Black English Vernacular (BEV), a.k.a. "Ebonics"
Historical Linguistics
Beyond the Classroom: Cybercommunication in Collegespace
Bringing It All Together: Canada: Unity and Diversity in Culture and Language
Chapter 16: Making a Living
Adaptive Strategies
Foraging
Beyond the Classroom: Integrating Archaeological, Ethnographic, and Analytic Subsistence Data: A Case Study from Patagonia, South America
Correlates of Foraging
Cultivation
Horticulture
Agriculture
The Cultivation Continuum
Intensification: People and the Environment
Pastoralism
Modes of Production
Production in Nonindustrial Societies
Means of Production
Alienation in Industrial Economies
Economizing and Maximization
Interesting Issues: Scarcity and the Betsileo
Alternative Ends
Distribution, Exchange
The Market Principle
Redistribution
Reciprocity
Coexistence of Exchange Principles
Potlatching
Chapter 17: Political Systems
What Is "the Political?"
Types and Trends
Bands and Tribes
Foraging Bands
Tribal Cultivators
The Village Head
The "Big Man"
Pantribal Sodalities and Age Grades
Nomadic Politics
Beyond the Classroom: Perspectives on Group Membership
Chiefdoms
Political and Economic Systems in Chiefdoms
Social Status in Chiefdoms
Status Systems in Chiefdoms and States
States
Population Control
Judiciary
Enforcement
Fiscal Systems
Social Control: Politics, Shame, and Sorcery
Chapter 18: Families, Kinship, and Descent
Families
Nuclear and Extended Families
Industrialism and Family Organization
Changes in North American Kinship
The Family among Foragers
Descent
Descent Groups
Interesting Issues: Social Security, Kinship Style
Lineages, Clans, and Residence Rules
Ambilineal Descent
Family versus Descent
Kinship Calculation
Genealogical Kin Types and Kin Terms
Kinship Terminology
Lineal Terminology
Bifurcate Merging Terminology
Generational Terminology
Bifurcate Collateral Terminology
Chapter 19: Marriage
Incest and Exogamy
Explaining the Taboo
Instinctive Horror
Biological Degeneration
Attempt and Contempt
Marry Out or Die Out
Endogamy
Caste
Beyond the Classroom: Human Mate Preference in Matrimonial Advertisements from Gujarat, India
Royal Incest
Marital Rights and Same-Sex Marriage
Marriage as Group Alliance
Bridewealth and Dowry
Interesting Issues: Love and Marriage
Durable Alliances
Divorce
Plural Marriages
Polygyny
Polyandry
Chapter 20: Gender
Sex and Gender
Recurrent Gender Patterns
Gender among Foragers
Gender among Horticulturalists
Reduced Gender Stratification---Matrilineal, Matrilocal Societies
Reduced Gender Stratification---Matrifocal Societies
Increased Gender Stratification---Patrilineal-Patrilocal Societies
Gender among Agriculturalists
Patriarchy and Violence
Gender and Industrialism
The Feminization of Poverty
Sexual Orientation
Interesting Issues: Hidden Women, Public Men---Public Women, Hidden Men
Bringing It All Together: The Basques
Chapter 21: Religion
What Is Religion?
Origins, Functions, and Expressions of Religion
Animism
Mana and Taboo
Magic and Religion
Anxiety, Control, Solace
Rituals
Rites of Passage
Totemism
Religion and Cultural Ecology
Sacred Cattle in India
Social Control
Beyond the Classroom: Ewe Traditional and Biomedical Healing Practices in Ghana's Volta Region
Kinds of Religion
Religion in States
Christian Values
World Religions
Religion and Change
Revitalization Movements
Syncretisms
Antimodernism and Fundamentalism
A New Age
Secular Rituals
Chapter 22: The Arts
What Is Art?
Art and Religion
Locating Art
Art and Individuality
The Work of Art
Art, Society, and Culture
The Cultural Transmission of the Arts
Interesting Issues: I'll Get You, My Pretty, and Your Little R2
The Artistic Career
Beyond the Classroom: Capoeira: The Afro-Brazilian Art of Unity and Survival
Continuity and Change
Part Four: The Changing World
Chapter 23: The Modern World System
The Emergence of the World System
Industrialization
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Stratification
Industrial Stratification
Asian Factory Women
Open and Closed Class System
Beyond the Classroom: The Residue of Apartheid in Southern Africa
The World System Today
Interesting Issues: The American Periphery
Industrial Degradation
Chapter 24: Colonialism and Development
Colonialism
Imperialism
British Colonialism
French Colonialism
Colonialism and Identity
Postcolonial Studies
Development
Neoliberalism
The Second World
Communism
Postsocialist Transitions
Development Anthropology
The Greening of Java
Equity
Strategies for Innovation
Overinnovation
Underdifferentitation
Third World Models
Chapter 25: Cultural Exchange and Survival
Acculturation
Contact and Domination
Development and Environmentalism
Interesting Issues: Voices of the Rainforest
Religious Change
Resistance and Survival
Beyond the Classroom: Forging Activist Identities in the Kalaupapa Community of Leprosy Patients
Weapons of the Weak
Cultural Imperialism
Interesting Issues: Using Modern Technology to Preserve Linguistic and Cultural Diversity
Making and Remaking Culture
Popular Culture
Indigenizing Popular Culture
A World System of Images
A Transnational Culture of Consumption
People in Motion
The Continuance of Diversity
Bringing It All Together: The Biology and Culture of Overconsumption
Appendix 1: A History of Theories in Anthropology
Appendix 2: Ethics and Anthropology
Appendix 3: American Popular Culture
Bibliography
Glossary
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index

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Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity, with Living Anthropology Student CD and PowerWeb

Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity, with Living Anthropology Student CD and PowerWeb

0073137472

Summary

Table of Contents

Preface

Walkthrough

Part One: The Dimensions of Anthropology

Chapter 1: What is Anthropology?

Overview

Human Adaptability

Adaptation, Variation, and Change

General Anthropology

Cultural Forces Shape Human Biology

The Subdisciplines of Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology

Archaeological Anthropology

Interesting Issues: Even Anthropologists Get Culture Shock

Biological, or Physical Anthropology

Linguistic Anthropology

Beyond the Classroom: The Unity of Hand and Foot Bones for Problems in Biological Anthropology

Applied Anthropology

Anthropology and Other Academic Fields

Cultural Anthropology and Sociology

Anthropology and Psychology

Science, Explanation, and Hypothesis Testing

Chapter 2: Applying Anthropology

What is Applied Anthropology?

Academic and Applied Anthropology

Theory and Practice

Anthropology and Education

Urban Anthropology

Urban versus Rural

Medical Anthropology

Beyond the Classroom: New Life, Good Health

Anthropology and Business

Interesting Issues: Hot Asset in Corporate: Anthropology Degrees

Careers and Anthropology

Part Two: Physical Anthropology and Archaeology

Chapter 3: Ethics and Methods in Physical Anthropology and Archaeology

Overview

Ethics

Methods

Multidisciplinary Approaches

Primatology

Anthropometry

Bone Biology

Molecular Anthropology

Interesting Issues: A Novel Method of Assessing Why People Cooperate

Paleoanthropology

Survey and Excavation

Systematic Survey

Excavation

Kinds of Archaeology

Dating the Past

Relative Dating

Absolute Dating: Radiometric Techniques

Absolute Dating: Dendrochronology

Molecular Dating

Chapter 4: Evolution and Genetics

Overview

Evolution

Genetics

Mendel's Experiments

Independent Assortment and Recombination

Biochemical, or Molecular Genetics

Cell Division

Crossing Over

Mutation

Interesting Issues: Genetic Politics

Population Genetics and Mechanisms of Genetic Evolution

Natural Selection

Mutations and Variety

Random Genetic Drift

Gene Flow

The Modern Synthesis

Gradual or Rapid Change

Chapter 5: Human Variation and Adaptation