Preface
Introduction: Why Study Cultural History?
A Humanities Primer: How to Understand the Arts

**Chapter 11
THE EARLY RENAISSANCE: RETURN TO CLASSICAL ROOTS, 1400 - 1494

The Renaissance: Schools of Interpretation
Early Renaissance History and Institutions
Italian City-States During the Early Renaissance
Florence, the Center of the Renaissance
The Resurgent Papcy, 1450-1500
The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance
Humanism, Scholarship, and Schooling
Personal Perspective: Laura Cereta, ''Defense of the Liberal Instruction of Women''
Thought and Philosophy
Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting
Artistic Ideals and Innovations
Architecture
Sculpture
Painting
Music
The Legacy of the Early Renaissance
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestion for Listening
Chapter 11 Highlights

**Chapter 12
THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND EARLY MANNERISM, 1494 - 1564

The Rise of the Modern Sovereign State
The Struggle for Italy, 1494-1529
Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire
Economic Expansion and Social Developments
From High Renaissance to Early Mannerism
Literature
Gaspara Stampa
Castiglione
Machiavelli
Painting
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
Raphael
The Venetian School: Giorgione and Titian
The School of Parma: Parmigianino
Sculpture
Personal Perspective: Giorgio Vasari, ''Michelangelo Has the Last Word''
Architecture
Music
The Legacy of the High Renaissance and Early Mannerism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 12 Highlights

Chapter 13
NORTHERN HUMANISM, NORTHERN RENAISSANCE, RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS, AND LATE MANNERISM, 1500 - 1603

Northern Humanism
The Northern Renaissance
Northern Renaissance Literature
Michel de Montaigne
William Shakespeare
Northern Renaissance Painting
Albrecht Dürer
Mathias Grunewald
Hieronymus Bosch
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
The Breakup of Christendom: Causes of the Religious Reformations
The Protestant Order
Luther’s Revolt
Luther’s Beliefs
Social and Political Implications of Luther’s Revolt
Personal Perspective: Albrecht Dürer, ''Fears for Luther’s Safety''
The Reforms of John Calvin
The Reform of the English Church
The Counter-Reformation
The Reformed Papacy
New Monastic Orders
The Council of Trent
Warfare as a Response to Religious Dissent, 1520-1603
Late Mannerism
Spanish Painting
Spanish Literature
Late Mannerist Painting in Italy: Tintoretto
Music in Late-Sixteenth-Century Italy and England
The Legacy of Northern Humanism, Northern Renaissance, Religious Reformations, and Late Mannerism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 13 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1500 - 1600

Chapter 14
THE BAROQUE AGE: GLAMOUR AND GRANDIOSITY, 1600 - 1715

Absolutism, Monarchy, and the Balance of Power
France: The Supreme Example of Absolutism
England: From Monarchy to Republic to Limited Monarchy
Warfare in the Baroque Period: Maintaining the Balance of Power
The Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648
Personal Perspective: Louis XIV, ''Reflections on Power''; Duke of Saint-Simon, ''Memoirs''
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1665-1713
The Baroque: Variations on an International Style
The Florid Baroque
Architecture
Sculpture
Painting
The Classical Baroque
Architecture
Painting
The Restrained Baroque
Painting
Architecture
Literature
Baroque Literature in France
Baroque Literature in England
Music
The Legacy of the Baroque Age
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 14 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1600 - 1700

Chapter 15
THE BAROQUE AGE II: REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENTIFIC AND POLITICAL THOUGHT, 1600 - 1715

Theories of the Universe before the Scientific Revolution
The Magical and the Practical in the Scientific Revolution
Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton
Nicolas Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
Medicine and Chemistry
The Impact of Science on Philosophy
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes
Blaise Pascal
Ironies and Contradictions of the Scientific Revolution
Personal Perspective: Suzanne Gaudry, ''A Witch’s Trial''
The Revolution in Political Thought
Natural Law and Divine Right: Grotius and Bossuet
Absolutism and Liberalism: Hobbes and Locke
European Exploration and Expansion
Responses to the Revolutions in Thought
Encounter: The Sinews of Trade
The Spread of Ideas
Impact on the Arts
The Legacy of the Revolutions in Scientific and Political Thought
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 15 Highlights

Chapter 16
THE AGE OF REASON, 1700 - 1789

The Enlightenment
The Philosophers and Their Program
Deism
The Encyclopedia
The Physiocrats
The Great Powers During the Age of Reason
Society: Continuity and Change
Absolutism, Limited Monarchy, and Enlightened Despotism
France: The Successors to the Sun King
Great Britain and the Hanoverian Kings
Enlightened Despotism in Central and Eastern Europe
Cultural Trends in the Eighteenth Century: From Rococo to Neoclassical
The Rococo Style in the Arts
Rococo Painting
Rococo Interiors
The English Response
The Challenge of Neoclassicism
Neoclassical Painting
Neoclassical Architecture
Political Philosophy
Literature
French Writers: The Development of New Forms
Neoclassicism in English Literature
Personal Perspective: Lady Mary Wortley Montague, ''Letter to Wortley, Avignon, 25 March 1744''
The Rise of the Novel
Music
The Legacy of the Age of Reason
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 16 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1700 - 1800

Chapter 17
REVOLUTION, REACTION, AND CULTURAL RESPONSE, 1760 - 1830

The Industrial Revolution
Industrialization in England
Classical Economics: The Rationale for Industrialization
Political Revolutions, 1760 - 1815
The American Revolution
The French Revolution
Encounter: Slavery and the French Revolution
Reaction, 1815 - 1830
Revolutions in Art and Ideas: From Neoclassicism to Romanticism
Neoclassicism in Literature After 1789
Neoclassical Painting and Architecture After 1789
Romanticism: Its Spirit and Expression
The Romantic Movement in Literature
Romantic Painting
German Idealism
The Birth of Romantic Music
Personal Perspective: Hector Berlioz, ''This Harmonious Revolution''
The Legacy of the Age of Revolution and Reaction
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 17 Highlights

Chapter 18
THE TRIUMPH OF THE BOURGEOISIE, 1830 - 1871

The Political and Economic Scene: Liberalism and Nationalism
The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
European Affairs in the Grip of Realpolitik
Limited Reform in France and Great Britain
Wars and Unification in Central Europe
Civil War in the United States
The Spread of Industrialism
Encounter: The Tragedy of the Cherokee Nation
Nineteenth-Century Thought: Philosophy, Religion, and Science
Liberalism Redefined
Socialism
Religion and the Challenge of Science
Personal Perspective: Charlotte Brontë, ''The First World’s Fair''; Hippolyte Taine, ''A Day at the Races, 28 May, 1861''
Cultural Trends: From Romanticism to Realism
Literature
The Height of French Romanticism
Romanticism in the English Novel
Romanticism in American Literature
Realism in French and English Novels
The Russian Realists
Realism Among African American Writers
Art and Architecture
Neoclassicism and Romanticism After 1830
The Rise of Realism in Art
Photography
Music
The Legacy of the Bourgeois Age
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 18 Highlights

Windows on the World, 1800 - 1900

Chapter 19
THE AGE OF EARLY MODERNISM, 1871 - 1914

Europe’s Rise to World Leadership
The Second Industrial Revolution and the Making of Modern Life
Response to Industrialism: Politics and Crisis
Domestic Policies in the Heavily Industrialized West
Personal Perspective: Lady Constance Lytton, ''Paying a Price for the Right to Vote''
Domestic Policies in Central and Eastern Europe
Imperialism and International Relations
The Scramble for Colonies
The Outbreak of World War I
Early Modernism
Philosophy and Psychology
Literature
Naturalistic Literature
Decadence in Literature
Expressionist Literature
The Advance of Science
The Modernist Revolution in Art
Impressionism
Encounter: The French Impressionists Meet Ukiyo-e Art
Post-Impressionism
Fauvism, Cubism, and Expressionism
New Directions in Sculpture and Architecture
Music: From Impressionism to Jazz
The Legacy of Early Modernism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 19 Highlights

Chapter 20
THE AGE OF THE MASSES AND THE ZENITH OF MODERNISM, 1914 - 1945

The Collapse of Old Certainties and the Search for New Values
World War I and Its Aftermath
The Great Depression of the 1930s
The Rise of Totalitarianism
Russian Communism
European Fascism
World War II: Origins and Outcome
Personal Perspective: Elie Wiesel, ''Surviving in a Nazi Death Camp''
The Zenith of Modernism
Experimentation in Literature
The Novel
Poetry
Drama
Philosophy and Science: The End of Certainty
Art, Architecture, and Film
Painting
Abstraction
Primitivism and Fantasy
Expressionism
Architecture
Film
Music: Atonality, Neoclassicism, and an American Idiom
The Legacy of the Age of the Masses and High Modernism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 20 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1900 - 1945

Chapter 21
THE AGE OF ANXIETY AND BEYOND, 1945 -

From a European to a World Civilization
The Era of the Superpowers, 1945-1970
Postwar Recovery and the New World Order
The Cold War
Emergence of the Third World
Toward a New Global Order, 1970 and Beyond
National Issues and International Realignment
The Post-Cold War World
The End of Modernism and the Birth of Post-Modernism
Philosophical, Political, and Social Thought
Science and Technology
The Literature of Late Modernism: Fiction, Poetry, and Drama
The Literature of Post-Modernism
Late Modernism and the Arts
Painting
Sculpture
Architecture
Post-Modernism and the Arts
Painting
Sculpture
Installation Art
Video Art
Architecture
Personal Perspective: Yo-Yo Ma, ''A Journey of Discovery''
Late Modern and Post-Modern Music
Performance Art
Mass Culture
A Summing Up
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 21 Highlights

Windows on the World, 1945 -

APPENDIX
Writing for the Humanities: Research Papers and Essay Examinations
GLOSSARY
CREDITS
INDEX

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