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Biological Science Vol. 2 : Evolution, Diversity, and Ecology

by: Freeman, Scott

Biological Science Vol. 2 : Evolution, Diversity, and Ecology

by: Freeman, Scott

ISBN 13:
9780131502956
ISBN 10:
0131502956
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2008
Publisher: Benjamin Cummings
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Summary

For courses in general biology for majors. Biological Science is a dynamic reference that involves students in the process of scientific discovery. Infused with the spirit of inquiry, Biological Science teaches students to think like biologists and prepares them for success in their upper division courses.

Biology and the Tree of Life

(18)

The Cell Theory

(2)

Are All Organisms Made of Cells?

(1)

Where Do Cells Come From?

(2)

The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

(1)

What Is Evolution?

(1)

What Is Natural Selection?

(1)

The Tree of Life

(5)

Linnaean Taxonomy

(1)

Scientific Names and Terms

(2)

Using Molecules to Understand the Tree of Life

(2)

Doing Biology

(9)

Why Do Giraffes Have Long Necks? An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

(2)

Why Are Chili Peppers Hot? An Introduction to Experimental Design

(3)

Where Do Humans Fit on the Tree of Life?

(1)

Chapter Review

(3)

UNIT 1 The Origin and Early Evolution of Life

(108)

The Atoms and Molecules of Ancient Earth

(26)

The Ancient Earth

(4)

Studying the Formation of Planets

(1)

When Did Chemical Evolution Take Place?

(3)

The Building Blocks of Chemical Evolution

(5)

What Atoms Are Found in Organisms?

(1)

How Does Covalent Bonding Hold Molecules Together?

(2)

How Does Ionic Bonding Hold Molecules Together?

(1)

Some Simple Molecules Formed from H, C, N, and O

(2)

Chemical Reactions, Chemical Evolution, and Chemical Energy

(6)

How Do Chemical Reactions Happen?

(1)

What Is Energy?

(2)

Chemical Evolution: A Model System

(2)

How Did Chemical Energy Change during Chemical Evolution?

(1)

The Composition of the Early Atmosphere: Redox Reactions and the Importance of Carbon

(4)

What Is a Redox Reaction?

(1)

Some Other Approaches to Understanding Redox Reactions

(1)

What Happens When Carbon Is Reduced?

(3)

The Early Oceans and the Properties of Water

(7)

Why Is Water Such an Efficient Solvent?

(1)

How Does Water's Structure Correlate with Its Properties?

(1)

Acid-Base Reactions and pH

(1)

What Was Water's Role in Chemical Evolution?

(1)

Essay The Search for Extraterrestrial Life

(1)

Chapter Review

(2)

Protein Structure and Function

(28)

Early Origin-of-Life Experiments

(1)

Was Miller Correct about Conditions on Ancient Earth?

(1)

Amino Acids and Polymerization

(8)

The Structure of Amino Acids

(4)

How Do Amino Acids Link to Form Proteins?

(3)

What Do Proteins Look Like?

(6)

Primary Structure

(1)

Secondary Structure

(1)

Tertiary Structure

(1)

Quaternary Structure

(1)

Folding and Function

(2)

Prions

(1)

What Do Proteins Do?

(12)

Proteins Have Diverse Functions in Cells

(1)

An Introduction to Catalysis

(1)

How Do Enzymes Work?

(6)

Was the First Living Entity a Protein?

(1)

Molecular Handedness and the Thalidomide Tragedy

(1)

Chapter Review

(3)

Nucleic Acids and the RNA World

(16)

What Is a Nucleic Acid?

(4)

Could Chemical Evolution Result in the Production of Nucleotides?

(1)

How Do Nucleotides Polymerize to Form Nucleic Acids?

(2)

Gel Electrophoresis and Autoradiography

(1)

DNA Structure and Function

(4)

An Introduction to X-Ray Crystallography

(2)

DNA Is an Information-Containing Molecule

(1)

Is DNA a Catalytic Molecule?

(1)

RNA Structure and Function

(2)

RNA as an Information-Containing Molecule

(1)

Is RNA a Catalytic Molecule?

(1)

The First Life-Form

(5)

The Human Side of Research

(1)

Chapter Review

(2)

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

(13)

Sugars as Monomers

(1)

The Structure of Polysaccharides

(5)

Lactose Intolerance and Galactosemia

(1)

Starch: A Storage Polysaccharide in Plants

(1)

Glycogen: A Highly Branched Storage Polysaccharide in Animals

(1)

Cellulose: A Structural Polysaccharide in Plants

(1)

Chitin: A Structural Polysaccharide in Animals

(1)

Peptidoglycan: A Structural Polysaccharide in Bacteria

(1)

Polysaccharides and Chemical Evolution

(1)

How Do the Penicillins and Cephalosporins Kill Bacteria?

(1)

What Do Carbohydrates Do?

(6)

The Role of Carbohydrates in Cell Identity

(1)

The Role of Carbohydrates in Energy Production and Storage

(1)

Carbohydrates as Structural Molecules

(2)

Why Do We Have a Sweet Tooth?

101

(1)

Chapter Review

101

(2)

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

103

(24)

Lipids

104

(5)

Electron Microscopy

104

(2)

What Is a Lipid?

106

(1)

A Look at Three Types of Lipids Found in Cells

106

(2)

The Structures of Membrane Lipids

108

(1)

Phospholipid Bilayers

109

(4)

Artificial Membranes as an Experimental System

109

(1)

Selective Permeability of Lipid Bilayers

110

(1)

Does the Type of Lipid in a Membrane Affect Its Permeability?

111

(1)

Why Does Temperature Affect the Fluidity and Permeability of Membranes?

112

(1)

Why Molecules Move across Lipid Bilayers: Diffusion and Osmosis

113

(3)

Membrane Proteins

116

(11)

Systems for Studying Membrane Proteins

118

(1)

How Do Membrane Proteins Affect Ions and Molecules?

118

(5)

The Molecular Basis of Cystic Fibrosis

123

(2)

Chapter Review

125

(2)

UNIT 2 Cell Structure and Function

127

(120)

Inside the Cell

128

(31)

What's Inside the Cell?

129

(13)

Prokaryotic Cells

129

(2)

Eukaryotic Cells

131

(7)

How Does Cell Structure Correlate with Function?

138

(1)

The Dynamic Cell

139

(1)

How Does a Centrifuge Work?

140

(1)

Techniques for Studying the Dynamic Cell

141

(1)

The Nuclear Envelope: Transport Into and Out of the Nucleus

142

(3)

How Are Molecules Imported into the Nucleus?

143

(1)

How Are Molecules Exported from the Nucleus?

144

(1)

The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Shipping Proteins

145

(4)

Entering the Endomembrane System: The Signal Hypothesis

146

(1)

Getting from the ER to the Golgi

147

(1)

What Happens Inside the Golgi Apparatus?

147

(1)

How Are Products Shipped from the Golgi?

148

(1)

The Dynamic Cytoskeleton

149

(10)

Action Filaments

150

(1)

Intermediate Filaments

151

(1)

Microtubules

152

(2)

Cilia and Flagella: Moving the Entire Cell

154

(2)

Organelles and Human Disease

156

(1)

Chapter Review

156

(3)

Cell-Cell Interactions

159

(18)

The Cell Surface

160

(3)

The Structure and Function of an Extracellular Layer

160

(1)

The Plant Cell Wall

160

(2)

The Extracellular Matrix in Animals

162

(1)

What Happens When the Extracellular Matrix Is Defective?

163

(1)

How Do Adjacent Cells Connect and Communicate?

163

(7)

Cell-Cell Attachments

165

(4)

Cell-Cell Gaps

169

(1)

How Do Distant Cells Communicate?

170

(7)

Signal Reception

170

(1)

Signal Processing

171

(1)

Signal Response

172

(2)

Signal Deactivation

174

(1)

How Do Viagra®, Levitra®, and Cialis® Work?

175

Chapter Review

174

(3)

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

177

(25)

An Overview of Cellular Respiration

178

(5)

The Nature of Chemical Energy and Redox Reactions

179

(1)

Using Redox Reactions to Produce ATP

180

(1)

Processing Glucose: Glycolysis

180

(1)

The Krebs Cycle

180

(2)

Electron Transport

182

(1)

Methods of Producing ATP

182

(1)

Glycolysis

183

(3)

A Closer Look at the Glycolytic Reactions

183

(1)

How Is Glycolysis Regulated?

184

(2)

The Krebs Cycle

186

(4)

Converting Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

187

(1)

How Is the Krebs Cycle Regulated?

188

(2)

What Happens to the NADH and FADH2?

190

(1)

Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis

190

(6)

Components of the Electron Transport Chain

191

(1)

The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

192

(1)

How Is the Electron Transport Chain Organized?

193

(1)

The Discovery of ATP Synthase

194

(1)

Oxidative Phosphorylation

194

(2)

Fermentation

196

(1)

How Does Cellular Respiration Interact with Other Metabolic Pathways?

197

(5)

Processing Proteins and Fats as Fuel

197

(1)

Anabolic Pathways Synthesize Key Molecules

198

(1)

ATP Production during Exercise

199

(1)

Chapter Review

199

(3)

Photosynthesis

202

(25)

An Overview of Photosynthesis

203

(3)

Photosynthesis: Two Distinct Sets of Reactions

203

(1)

The Structure of the Chloroplast

204

(1)

Types of Plastids

205

(1)

How Does Chlorophyll Capture Light Energy?

206

(5)

Photosynthetic Pigments Absorb Light

206

(1)

How Do Researchers Measure Absorption Spectra?

207

(2)

When Light Is Absorbed, Electrons Enter an Excited State

209

(2)

The Discovery of Photosystems I and II

211

(6)

How Does Photosystem II Work?

212

(2)

How Does Photosystem I Work?

214

(1)

The Z Scheme: Photosystems I and II Work Together

215

(2)

How Is Carbon Dioxide Reduced to Produce Glucose?

217

(10)

The Calvin Cycle

217

(2)

The Discovery of Rubisco

219

(1)

How Is Carbon Dioxide Delivered to Rubisco?

220

(2)

What Happens to the Sugar That Is Produced by Photosynthesis?

222

(2)

Are Rising CO2 Levels in the Atmosphere Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis?

224

(1)

Chapter Review

225

(2)

The Cell Cycle

227

(20)

Mitosis and the Cell Cycle

228

(4)

The Cell Cycle

229

(1)

When Does Chromosome Replication Occur?

229

(1)

Discovery of the Gap Phases

230

(1)

Cell-Culture Methods

231

(1)

How Do Bacteria Divide?

232

(1)

How Does Mitosis Take Place?

232

(6)

Events in Mitosis

232

(3)

Cytokinesis

235

(2)

How Do Chromosomes Move during Mitosis?

237

(1)

Control of the Cell Cycle

238

(3)

The Discovery of Cell-Cycle Regulatory Molecules

238

(2)

Cell-Cycle Checkpoints

240

(1)

Cancer: Out-of-Control Cell Division

241

(6)

Properties of Cancer Cells

242

(1)

Cancer Involves Loss of Cell-Cycle Control

242

(2)

Cancer Chemotherapy

244

(1)

Chapter Review

245

(2)

UNIT 3 Gene Structure and Expression

247

(198)

Meiosis

248

(21)

How Does Meiosis Occur?

249

(9)

Karyotyping Techniques

250

(2)

An Overview of Meiosis

252

(1)

The Phases of Meiosis I

253

(2)

The Phases of Meiosis II

255

(2)

A Closer Look at Key Events in Prophase of Meiosis I

257

(1)

The Consequences of Meiosis

258

(2)

Chromosomes and Heredity

258

(1)

How Does the Separation and Distribution of Homologous Chromosomes Produce Genetic Variation?

258

(1)

The Role of Crossing Over

259

(1)

How Does Fertilization Affect Genetic Variation?

259

(1)

Why Does Meiosis Exist? Why Sex?

260

(4)

The Paradox of Sex

261

(2)

When Do Meiosis and Fertilization Occur during the Life of an Organism?

263

(1)

Mistakes in Meiosis

264

(5)

How Do Mistakes Occur?

264

(1)

Why Do Mistakes Occur?

265

(1)

Seedless Fruits

266

(1)

Chapter Review

267

(2)

Mendel and the Gene

269

(34)

Mendel's Experiments with a Single Trait

270

(6)

What Questions Was Mendel Trying to Answer?

270

(1)

Garden Peas Serve as the First Model Organism in Genetics

270

(2)

Inheritance of a Single Trait

272

(1)

The Nature and Behavior of the Hereditary Determinants

273

(2)

Why Do Punnett Squares Work?

275

(1)

Testing the Model

275

(1)

Mendel's Experiments with Two Traits

276

(3)

Sample Size and Chance Fluctuations

278

(1)

Using a Testcross to Confirm Predictions

278

(1)

Mendel's Contributions to the Study of Heredity

279

(1)

The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

279

(2)

Testing and Extending the Chromosome Theory

281

(6)

The Discovery of Sex-Linked Traits

281

(1)

The Discovery of Sex Chromosomes

281

(1)

X-Linked Inheritance and the Chromosome Theory

282

(1)

What Happens When Genes Are Located on the Same Chromosome?

283

(4)

Extending Mendel's Rules

287

(7)

Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

288

(1)

Multiple Alleles and Polymorphic Traits

289

(1)

Pleiotropy

289

(1)

Genes Are Affected by the Physical Environment and Genetic Environment

290

(1)

Organelle Genomes

291

(1)

Quantitative Traits

291

(3)

Applying Mendel's Rules to Humans

294

(9)

Are Alleles Recessive or Dominant?

294

(1)

Is the Trait Autosomal or Sex-Linked?

295

(2)

Does ``Genetic Determinism'' Exist?

297

(1)

Chapter Review

298

(5)

DNA Synthesis

303

(22)

DNA as the Hereditary Material

304

(3)

Is DNA the Genetic Material?

305

(2)

Testing Early Hypotheses about DNA Replication

307

(4)

The Meselson-Stahl Experiment

308

(2)

The Discovery of DNA Polymerase

310

(1)

A Comprehensive Model for DNA Synthesis

311

(5)

Opening the Helix

312

(1)

Synthesis of the Leading Strand

313

(1)

Synthesis of the Lagging Strand

313

(3)

Replicating the Ends of Linear Chromosomes

316

(2)

Repairing Mistakes in DNA Synthesis

318

(2)

How Is DNA Polymerase Proofread?

318

(1)

Mismatch Repair

319

(1)

Repairing Damaged DNA

320

(5)

DNA Nucleotide Excision Repair: An Overview

320

(1)

Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A Case Study

321

(1)

Essay DNA Mismatch Repair and Cancer

322

(1)

Chapter Review

323

(2)

How Genes Work

325

(13)

What Do Genes Do?

326

(2)

The Molecular Basis of Hereditary Diseases

326

(1)

Genes and Enzymes

326

(2)

The Genetic Code

328

(6)

RNA as the Intermediary between Genes and Proteins

329

(1)

How Long Is a Word in the Genetic Code?

330

(2)

How Did Researchers Crack the Code?

332

(1)

The Evolution of the Genetic Code

333

(1)

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

334

(4)

Exceptions to the Central Dogma

335

(1)

Chapter Review

336

(2)

Transcription and Translation

338

(24)

Transcription in Bacteria

339

(3)

RNA Polymerase Structure and Function

340

(1)

Initiation: How Does Transcription Begin in Bacteria?

340

(1)

Elongation and Termination

341

(1)

Transcription in Eukaryotes

342

(3)

The Startling Discovery of Eukaryotic Genes in Pieces

342

(1)

Toxins and Transcription

343

(1)

Exons, Introns, and RNA Splicing

344

(1)

Other Aspects of Transcript Processing: Caps and Tails

345

(1)

An Introduction to Translation

345

(2)

Ribosomes Are the Site of Protein Synthesis

346

(1)

How Does an mRNA Triplet Specify an Amino Acid?

347

(1)

The Role of Transfer RNA

347

(3)

Connecting Structure with Function

348

(1)

How Many tRNAs Are There?

349

(1)

Ribosomes and the Mechanism of Translation

350

(5)

Initiation

351

(1)

Elongation

352

(1)

Termination

353

(2)

The Molecular Basis of Mutation

355

(7)

Antibiotics That Poison the Ribosome

358

(1)

Chapter Review

359

(3)

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

362

(20)

Gene Regulation and Information Flow

363

(2)

Mechanisms of Regulation---an Overview

363

(1)

Metabolizing Lactose---A Model System

364

(1)

Identifying the Genes Involved in Lactose Metabolism

365

(3)

Screening Mutants---Replica Plating and Indicator Plates

365

(1)

Different Classes of Lactose Metabolism Mutants

366

(1)

Several Genes Are Involved in Metabolizing Lactose

367

(1)

The Discovery of the Repressor

368

(3)

The lac Operon

369

(1)

Testing the lac Operon Model

369

(1)

Almost Parallel Worlds: Similarities and Contrasts in Control of the trp and lac Operons

370

(1)

The Impact of the lac Operon Model

370

(1)

Catabolite Repression and Positive Control

371

(3)

How Does Glucose Influence Formation of the CAP-cAMP Complex?

372

(2)

The Operator and the Repressor---an Introduction to DNA-Binding Proteins

374

(8)

Finding the Operator

374

(1)

DNA Footprinting

374

(2)

DNA Binding via the Helix-Turn-Helix Motif

376

(2)

How Does the Inducer Change the Repressor's Affinity for DNA?

378

(1)

Future Directions

378

(1)

Control of Gene Expression in Bacterial Pathogens

378

(2)

Chapter Review

380

(2)

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

382

(19)

Mechanisms of Gene Regulation---an Overview

383

(1)

Eukaryotic DNA and the Regulation of Gene Expression

383

(3)

Chromatin Structure

384

(1)

Evidence that Chromatin Structure Is Altered in Active Genes

384

(1)

How Is Chromatin Altered?

385

(1)

Regulatory Sequences and Regulatory Proteins

386

(4)

Promoter-Proximal Elements

386

(1)

Enhancers

386

(2)

How Do Enhancers Work?

388

(2)

Transcription Initiation

390

(2)

Post-Transcriptional Control

392

(3)

Alternative Splicing of mRNAs

392

(1)

Translational Control

393

(1)

Post-Translational Control

393

(1)

A 50-Year Retrospective: How Does Gene Expression in Bacteria and in Eukaryotes Compare?

394

(1)

Linking Cancer with Defects in Gene Regulation

395

(6)

p53---Guardian of the Genome

395

(2)

STAT Mutations in Cancer

397

(1)

Fly Eyes and Other Strange Tales of Gene Regulation

398

(1)

Chapter Review

399

(2)

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

401

(25)

Using Recombinant DNA Techniques to Manufacture Proteins: The Effort to Cure Pituitary Dwarfism

402

(5)

Why Did Early Efforts to Treat the Disease Fail?

402

(1)

Using Recombinant DNA Technology to Produce a Safe Supply of Growth Hormone

402

(2)

How Do Plasmids Move between Cells Naturally?

404

(3)

Ethical Concerns over Recombinant Growth Hormone

407

(1)

Analyzing DNA: Did Our Ancestors Mate with Neanderthals?

407

(4)

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

408

(1)

Dideoxy Sequencing

409

(2)

Gene Hunting Based on Pedigree Analysis: The Huntington's Disease Story

411

(6)

How Was the Huntington's Disease Gene Found?

411

(1)

Southern Blotting

412

(4)

Genetic Testing

416

(1)

Ethical Concerns over Genetic Testing

417

(1)

Can Gene Therapy Cure Inherited Diseases in Humans? Research on Severe Immune Disorders

417

(3)

How Can Novel Alleles Be Introduced into Human Cells?

417

(1)

Using Gene Therapy to Treat X-Linked Immune Deficiency

418

(2)

Ethical Concerns over Gene Therapy

420

(1)

Biotechnology in Agriculture: The Development of Golden Rice

420

(6)

Rice as a Target Crop

421

(1)

Synthesizing β-Carotene in Rice

421

(1)

The Agrobacterium Transformation System

421

(1)

Golden Rice

422

(1)

Controversies over Genetically Modified Foods

423

(1)

Chapter Review

424

(2)

Genomics

426

(19)

Whole-Genome Sequencing

426

(5)

Recent Technological Advances

427

(1)

Which Sequences Are Genes?

428

(1)

Shotgun Sequencing and Bioinformatics

428

(3)

Bacterial and Archaeal Genomes

431

(2)

The Natural History of Prokaryotic Genomes

431

(1)

Evidence for Lateral Gene Transfer

432

(1)

Eukaryotic Genomes

433

(4)

Natural History: Types of Sequences

433

(3)

What Is a Gene Family?

436

(1)

Comparative Genomics

437

(2)

Understanding Virulence

437

(1)

Studying Adaptation

437

(1)

Gene Number and Alternative Splicing

438

(1)

Sequence Similarity and the Importance of Regulatory Sequences

439

(1)

Future Prospects

439

(6)

Functional Genomics and Proteomics

439

(2)

Medical Implications

441

(1)

Genomics and Genetic Discrimination

442

(1)

Chapter Review

443

(2)

UNIT 4 Developmental Biology

445

(48)

Early Development

446

(23)

Gametogenesis

447

(2)

Sperm Structure and Function

447

(1)

Egg Structure and Function

448

(1)

Fertilization

449

(4)

Fertilization in Sea Urchins

449

(3)

Fertilization in Mammals

452

(1)

Fertilization in Flowering Plants

452

(1)

Cleavage and Gastrulation

453

(8)

Controlling Cleavage Patterns

454

(2)

Activating the Zygotic Genome

456

(1)

Visualizing mRNAs by in Situ Hybridization

457

(1)

Gastrulation

458

(1)

Organizing the Major Body Axes

458

(1)

The Spemann-Mangold Experiments

459

(2)

Patterns of Development

461

(8)

Embryonic Development in Arabidopsis thaliana

462

(1)

An Invertebrate Model: Drosophila melanogaster

463

(1)

A Vertebrate Model: The Frog

464

(1)

Early Development in Humans

464

(1)

Making Sense of Developmental Variation and Similarity

465

(1)

Treating Human Infertility

466

(1)

Chapter Review

467

(2)

Pattern Formation and Cell Differentiation

469

(24)

Pattern Formation in Drosophila

470

(8)

The Discovery of bicoid

470

(1)

Maternal Effect Inheritance

471

(2)

The Discovery of Segmentation Genes

473

(3)

The Discovery of Homeotic Genes

476

(1)

Drosophila as a Model Organism

477

(1)

Pattern Formation in Arabidopsis

478

(3)

The Root-to-Shoot Axis of Embryos

478

(1)

Flower Development in Adults

479

(2)

Does the Genetic Makeup of Cells Change as Development Proceeds?

481

(3)

Are Differentiated Animal Cells Genetically Equivalent?

481

(1)

Regulatory Evolution

482

(2)

Human Cloning?

484

(1)

Differentiation: Becoming a Specialized Cell

484

(9)

Organizing Mesoderm into Somites

485

(1)

Apoptosis: Programmed Cell Death

486

(2)

Determination of Muscle Cells

488

(1)

Human Stem Cells

489

(1)

Chapter Review

490

(3)

UNIT 5 Evolutionary Processes and Patterns

493

(88)

Evolution by Natural Selection

494

(22)

Why Darwin Gets Most of the Credit

495

(1)

The Pattern of Evolution: Have Species Changed through Time?

496

(7)

Evidence for Change through Time

496

(2)

Evidence That Species Are Related

498

(3)

How Do Biologists Distinguish Homology from Analogy?

501

(1)

Darwinism and the Pattern Component of Evolution

502

(1)

The Process of Evolution: How Does Natural Selection Work?

503

(1)

Evolutionary Theory before Darwin

503

(1)

Evolution in Action: Recent Research on Natural Selection

504

(6)

How Did Mycobacterium tuberculosis Become Resistant to Antibiotics?

504

(2)

Why Are Beak Size, Beak Shape, and Body Size Changing in Galapagos Finches?

506

(2)

Can Natural Selection Be Studied Experimentally?

508

(2)

The Nature of Natural Selection and Adaptation

510

(6)

Selection Acts on Individuals, but Evolutionary Change Occurs in Populations

510

(1)

Evolution Is Not Progressive

510

(1)

Not All Traits Are Adaptive

511

(1)

The Debate over ``Scientific Creationism''

512

(1)

Chapter Review

513

(3)

Evolutionary Processes

516

(22)

Analyzing Change in Allele Frequencies: The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

517

(3)

The Hardy-Weinberg Model Makes Important Assumptions

518

(1)

How Does the Hardy-Weinberg Principle Serve as a Null Hypothesis?

518

(2)

Natural Selection and Sexual Selection

520

(7)

Directional Selection

521

(1)

Stabilizing Selection

522

(1)

Disruptive Selection

522

(1)

Sexual Selection

523

(4)

Genetic Drift

527

(3)

Experimental Studies of Genetic Drift

528

(1)

Genetic Drift in Natural Populations

529

(1)

Gene Flow

530

(1)

Mutation

531

(2)

Mutation as an Evolutionary Mechanism

531

(1)

What Role Does Mutation Play in Evolutionary Change?

532

(1)

Inbreeding

533

(5)

Evolutionary Theory and Human Health

535

(1)

Chapter Review

536

(2)

Speciation

538

(18)

Defining and Identifying Species

539

(4)

The Biological Species Concept

539

(1)

The Morphospecies Concept

539

(1)

The Phylogenetic Species Concept

540

(1)

Species Definitions in Action: The Case of the Dusky Seaside Sparrow

541

(2)

Isolation and Divergence in Allopatry

543

(2)

Dispersal and Colonization Isolate Populations

543

(1)

Vicariance Isolates Populations

544

(1)

Isolation and Divergence in Sympatry

545

(4)

Can Natural Selection Cause Speciation Even When Gene Flow Is Possible?

546

(1)

How Can Polyploidy Lead to Speciation?

547

(2)

What Happens When Isolated Populations Come into Contact?

549

(7)

Reinforcement

549

(1)

Hybrid Zones

550

(1)

New Species through Hybridization

550

(3)

Human Races

553

(1)

Chapter Review

554

(2)

Phylogenies and the History of Life

556

(25)

Tools for Studying History: Phylogenies and the Fossil Record

556

(10)

Using Phylogenies

557

(4)

Using the Fossil Record

561

(5)

The Molecular Clock

566

(1)

The Cambrian Explosion

566

(3)

Cambrian Fossils: An Overview

567

(1)

The Doushantuo Microfossils

568

(1)

The Ediacaran Faunas

569

(1)

The Burgess Shale Faunas

569

(1)

The Genetic Mechanisms of Change

569

(4)

Gene Duplications and the Cambrian Explosion

569

(2)

Changes in Gene Expression: The Origin of the Foot

571

(2)

Adaptive Radiations

573

(2)

Colonization Events as a Trigger

574

(1)

The Role of Morphological Innovation

575

(1)

Mass Extinctions

575

(6)

How Do Background and Mass Extinctions Differ?

576

(1)

What Killed the Dinosaurs?

576

(2)

Is a Mass Extinction Event Under Way Now?

578

(1)

Chapter Review

579

(2)

UNIT 6 The Diversification of Life

581

(222)

Bacteria and Archaea

582

(25)

Why Do Biologists Study Bacteria and Archaea?

583

(5)

Bacterial Diseases

583

(1)

Bioremediation

584

(1)

Extremophiles

585

(1)

Global Change

586

(2)

How Do Biologists Study Bacteria and Archaea?

588

(4)

A Model Organism: Escherichia coli

588

(1)

Using Enrichment Cultures

589

(1)

Using Direct Sequencing

590

(1)

Evaluating Molecular Phylogenies

590

(2)

What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Bacteria and Archaea?

592

(6)

Morphological Diversity

592

(2)

Metabolic Diversity

594

(4)

Key Lineages of Bacteria and Archaea

598

(9)

Bacteria

599

(1)

Spirochaeles (Spirochetes)

599

(1)

Chlamydiales

599

(1)

High-GC Gram Positives

600

(1)

Cyanobacteria

600

(1)

Low-GC Gram Positives

601

(1)

Proteobacteria

601

(1)

Lateral Gene Transfer and Metabolic Diversity in Bacteria

602

(1)

Archaea

602

(1)

Crenarchaeota

603

(1)

Euryarchaeota

603

(1)

Antibiotics and the Evolution of Drug Resistance

604

(1)

Chapter Review

605

(2)

Protists

607

(30)

Why Do Biologists Study Protists?

608

(4)

Impacts on Human Health and Welfare

608

(2)

Ecological Importance of Protists

610

(2)

How Do Biologists Study Protists?

612

(5)

Microscopy: Studying Cell Structure

612

(1)

Evaluating Molecular Phylogenies

612

(2)

How Should We Name the Major Branches on the Tree of Life?

614

(1)

Combining Data from Microscopy and Phylogenies: Understanding the Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

615

(2)

Discovering New Lineages via Direct Sequencing

617

(1)

What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Protists?

617

(10)

A Model Organism: Dictyostelium discoideum

618

(1)

Morphological Diversity

619

(2)

How Do Protists Find Food?

621

(2)

How Do Protists Move?

623

(1)

How Do Protists Reproduce?

624

(3)

Key Lineages of Protists

627

(10)

Excavata

627

(1)

Excavata Diplomonadida

627

(1)

Excavata Parabasalida

628

(1)

Discristata

628

(1)

Discristata Euglenida

628

(1)

Alveolata

629

(1)

Alveolata Ciliata

629

(1)

Alveolata Dinoflagellata

629

(1)

Alveolata Apicomplexa

630

(1)

Stramenopila (Heterokonta)

630

(1)

Stramenopila Oomycota

630

(1)

Stramenopila Diatoms

631

(1)

Stramenopila Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)

631

(1)

Cercozoa

632

(1)

Cercozoa Foraminifera

632

(1)

Plantae

632

(1)

Rhodophyta (Red Algae)

633

(1)

Amoebozoa

633

(1)

Myxogastrida (Plasmodial Slime Molds)

633

(1)

Revolutions in Science

634

(1)

Chapter Review

634

(3)

Green Plants

637

(37)

Why Do Biologists Study the Green Plants?

638

(5)

Plants Provide Ecosystem Services

638

(1)

Agricultural Research: Domestication and Selective Breeding

639

(1)

Plant-Based Fuels and Fibers

640

(2)

Bioprospecting

642

(1)

How Do Biologists Study Green Plants?

643

(5)

A Model Organism: Arabidopsis thaliana

643

(2)

Using the Fossil Record

645

(2)

Evaluating Molecular Phylogenies

647

(1)

What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Green Plants?

648

(13)

The Transition to Land, I: How Did Plants Adapt to Dry Conditions?

648

(3)

The Transition to Land, II: How Do Plants Reproduce in Dry Conditions?

651

(7)

The Angiosperm Radiation

658

(3)

Key Lineages of Green Plants

661

(13)

Green Algae

661

(1)

Ulvobionta

662

(1)

Coleochaetales

662

(1)

Charales (Stoneworts)

663

(1)

Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes)

663

(1)

Hepaticophyta (Liverworts)

663

(1)

Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)

664

(1)

Bryophyta (Mosses)

664

(1)

Seedless Vascular Plants

665

(1)

Lycophyta (Lycophytes, or Club Mosses)

665

(1)

Psilotophyta (Whisk Ferns)

666

(1)

Sphenophyta (or Equisetophyta) (Horsetails)

666

(1)

Pteridophyta (Ferns)

667

(1)

Seed Plants

667

(1)

Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes)

668

(1)

Cycadophyta (Cycads)

668

(1)

Ginkgophyta (Ginkgoes)

669

(1)

Coniferophyta (Conifers)

669

(1)

Anthophyta (Angiosperms)

670

(1)

Genetic Diversity in Crop Plants

671

(1)

Chapter Review

672

(2)

Fungi

674

(24)

Why Do Biologists Study Fungi?

675

(2)

Fungi Feed Land Plants

675

(1)

Fungi Speed the Carbon Cycle on Land

675

(1)

Fungi Have Important Economic Impacts

676

(1)

How Do Biologists Study Fungi?

677

(7)

Analyzing Morphological Traits

678

(1)

A Model Organism: Saccharomyces cerevisiae

679

(1)

Evaluating Molecular Phylogenies

680

(2)

Experimental Studies of Mutualism

682

(2)

What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Fungi?

684

(6)

Fungi Participate in Several Types of Mutualisms

684

(2)

Adaptations That Make Fungi Effective Decomposers

686

(1)

Variation in Life Cycles

687

(3)

Key Lineages of Fungi

690

(8)

Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)

691

(1)

Zygomycota Mucorales and Other Basal Lineages

691

(1)

Glomeromycota (AMF)

692

(1)

Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)

693

(1)

Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)

693

(1)

Ascomycota Lichen-Formers

693

(1)

Ascomycota Non-Lichen-Formers

694

(1)

Why Are Frogs Dying?

695

(1)

Chapter Review

695

(3)

An Introduction to Animals

698

(26)

Why Do Biologists Study Animals?

699

(1)

How Do Biologists Study Animals?

700

(10)

Analyzing Comparative Morphology

700

(2)

A Model Organism: Hydra

702

(6)

Using the Fossil Record

708

(1)

Evaluating Molecular Phylogenies

708

(2)

What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Animals?

710

(8)

Feeding

710

(3)

Movement

713

(2)

Reproduction and Life Cycles

715

(3)

Key Lineages of Animals

718

(6)

Choanoflagellates (Collar Flagellates)

718

(1)

Porifera (Sponges)

719

(1)

Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Corals, Anemones, Hydroids, Sea Fans)

719

(1)

Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)

720

(1)

Acoelomorpha

721

(1)

Coral Bleaching

721

(1)

Chapter Review

722

(2)

Protostome Animals

724

(25)

Why Do Biologists Study Protostomes?

725

(3)

Model Organisms: Caenorhabditis and Drosophila

725

(1)

Crustaceans and Mollusks Are Important Animals in Marine Ecosystems

726

(1)

Insects, Spiders, and Mites Are Important Animals in Terrestrial Ecosystems

726

(2)

How Do Biologists Study Protostomes?

728

(3)

Analyzing Morphological Traits

728

(2)

Using the Fossil Record

730

(1)

Evaluating Molecular Phylogenies

730

(1)

What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Protostomes?

731

(3)

Feeding

732

(1)

Movement

733

(1)

Reproduction and Life Cycles

734

(1)

Key Lineages: Lophotrochozoans

734

(6)

Rotifera (Rotifers)

735

(1)

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

736

(1)

Annelida (Segmented Worms)

737

(1)

Mollusca (Mollusks)

738

(1)

Mollusca Bivalvia (Clams, Mussels, Scallops, Oysters)

738

(1)

Mollusca Gastropoda (Snails, Slugs, Nudibranchs)

739

(1)

Mollusca Polyplacophora (Chitons)

739

(1)

Mollusca Cephalopoda (Squid, Nautilus, Octopuses)

740

(1)

Key Lineages: Ecdysozoans

740

(9)

Nematoda (Roundworms)

741

(1)

Arthropoda (Arthropods)

742

(1)

Arthropoda Myriapods (Millipedes, Centipedes)

742

(1)

Arthropoda Chelicerata (Spiders, Ticks, Mites, Horseshoe Crabs, Daddy Longlegs, Scorpions)

743

(1)

Arthropoda Insecta (Insects)

744

(1)

Arthropoda Crustaceans (Shrimp, Lobster, Crabs, Barnacles, Isopods, Copepods)

744

(1)

The Role of Natural History in Biological Science

745

(1)

Chapter Review

746

(3)

Deuterostome Animals

749

(31)

Why Do Biologists Study Deuterostome Animals?

750

(1)

How Do Biologists Study Deuterostomes?

751

(5)

Analyzing Morphological Traits

751

(2)

Using the Fossil Record

753

(2)

Evaluating Molecular Phylogenies

755

(1)

What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Deuterostomes?

756

(7)

Feeding

756

(1)

Model Organisms: Sea Urchins, Zebrafish, and Mice

757

(1)

Movement

758

(2)

The Evolution of Flight in Birds

760

(1)

Reproduction

761

(2)

Key Lineages: Echinodermata

763

(2)

Echinodermata Asteroidea (Sea Stars)

764

(1)

Echinodermata Echinoidea (Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars)

764

(1)

Key Lineages: Chordata

765

(8)

Chordata Myxinoidea (Hagfish) and Petromyzontoidea (Lampreys)

765

(1)

Chordata Chondrichthyes (Sharks, Rays, Skates)

766

(1)

Chordata Actinopterygii (Ray-Finned Fishes)

766

(1)

Chordata Actinistia (Coelacanths) and Dipnoi (Lungfish)

767

(1)

Chordata Amphibia (Frogs, Salamanders, Caecilians)

768

(1)

Chordata: Mammalia (Mammals)

768

(1)

Chordata Mammalia Monotremata (Platypuses, Echidnas)

769

(1)

Chordata Mammalia Marsupiala (Marsupials)

769

(1)

Chordata Mammalia Eutheria (Placental Mammals)

770

(1)

Chordata: Reptilia (Turtles, Snakes and Lizards, Crocodiles, Birds)

770

(1)

Chordata Reptilia Testudinia (Turtles, Tortoises)

771

(1)

Chordata Reptilia Lepidosauria (Lizards, Snakes)

771

(1)

Chordata Reptilia Crocodilia (Crocodiles, Alligators)

772

(1)

Chordata Reptilia Aves (Birds)

772

(1)

Key Lineages: The Hominin Radiation

773

(7)

The Primates

773

(1)

Fossil Humans

774

(2)

The Out-of-Africa Hypothesis

776

(1)

So Human an Animal

777

(1)

Chapter Review

778

(2)

Viruses

780

(23)

Why Do Biologists Study Viruses?

781

(2)

Recent Viral Epidemics in Humans

781

(1)

Current Viral Epidemics in Humans: HIV

782

(1)

How Do Biologists Study Viruses?

783

(10)

Analyzing Morphological Traits

784

(1)

How Are Vaccines Developed?

785

(3)

Analyzing the Phases of the Lytic Cycle

788

(4)

HIV Drug Cocktails and the Evolution of Drug Resistance

792

(1)

What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Viruses?

793

(3)

The Nature of the Viral Genetic Material

793

(1)

Where Did Viruses Come From?

794

(1)

Emerging Viruses, Emerging Diseases

794

(1)

Where Did HIV Originate?

795

(1)

Key Lineages of Viruses

796

(7)

Double-Stranded DNA (dsDNA) Viruses

797

(1)

RNA Reverse-Transcribing Viruses (Retroviruses)

797

(1)

Double-Stranded RNA (dsRNA) Viruses

798

(1)

Negative-Sense Single-Stranded RNA ([--]ssRNA) Viruses

798

(1)

Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA ([+]ssRNA) Viruses

799

(1)

The SARS Outbreak

799

(1)

Chapter Review

800

(3)

UNIT 7 How Plants Work

803

(130)

Plant Form and Function

804

(24)

The Diversity of Plant Form

805

(6)

The Diversity of Roots: North American Prairie Plants

806

(1)

The Diversity of Shoots: Hawaiian Silverswords

807

(4)

Plant Cells and Tissues

811

(7)

The Diversity of Plant Cells

812

(1)

Plant Poisons and the Cost of Defense

813

(2)

The Diversity of Plant Tissues

815

(3)

The Anatomy of Plant Growth

818

(10)

Primary Growth: The Root System

819

(1)

Primary Growth: The Shoot System

820

(1)

Secondary Growth

821

(3)

Tree-Ring Studies

824

(1)

Wood as a Structural Material

825

(1)

Chapter Review

825

(3)

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

828

(24)

Water Potential and Cell-to-Cell Movement

829

(5)

What Factors Affect Water Potential?

829

(1)

Calculating Water Potential

830

(1)

Water Potentials in Soils, Plants, and the Atmosphere

830

(2)

How Do Plants Adapt to Dry Soils?

832

(1)

How Do Plants Adapt to Salty Soils?

833

(1)

Root Pressure and Short-Distance Transport

834

(1)

Transpiration and Long-Distance Water Transport

835

(7)

The Cohesion-Tension Theory

836

(5)

Water Absorption and Water Loss

841

(1)

Translocation

842

(10)

The Anatomy of Phloem

843

(1)

The Pressure-Flow Hypothesis

844

(1)

Phloem Loading

845

(1)

How Are Solutes Transported across Membranes?

845

(3)

Phloem Unloading

848

(1)

Irrigated Agriculture

849

(1)

Chapter Review

849

(3)

Plant Nutrition

852

(19)

Nutritional Requirements

853

(3)

Essential Nutrients

853

(2)

Nutrient Deficiencies

855

(1)

Soil

856

(3)

Soil Conservation

856

(2)

Nutrient Availability

858

(1)

Nutrient Uptake

859

(4)

Mechanisms of Nutrient Uptake

859

(2)

Mechanisms of Ion Exclusion

861

(1)

Can Phytoremediation Help Clean Up Contaminated Soils?

862

(1)

Nitrogen Fixation

863

(1)

How Do Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Colonize Plant Roots?

863

(1)

How Do Host Plants Respond to Contact from a Symbiotic Bacterium?

863

(1)

Nutritional Adaptations of Plants

864

(7)

Epiphytic Plants

865

(1)

Parasitic Plants

865

(2)

Carnivorous Plants

867

(1)

Why Are Bogs So Nutrient Poor?

867

(1)

Tropical Soils

868

(1)

Chapter Review

869

(2)

Sensory Systems in Plants

871

(17)

Sensing Light

872

(6)

What Do Plants See?

872

(3)

How Do Plants See?

875

(2)

From Perception to Response: Signal Transduction

877

(1)

Gravity Perception

878

(1)

The Statolith Hypothesis

878

(1)

Is the Gravity Sensor a Transmembrane Protein?

879

(1)

How Do Plants Respond to Wind and Touch?

879

(3)

An Introduction to Electrical Signaling

880

(1)

Action Potentials

881

(1)

How Does the Venus Flytrap Close?

881

(1)

How Do Plants Sense Attacks by Parasites?

882

(6)

The Gene-for-Gene Hypothesis

882

(1)

Why Do So Many Resistance Genes and Alleles Exist?

883

(2)

Can Plants Tell Time?

885

(1)

Chapter Review

886

(2)

Communication: Chemical Signals

888

(22)

Plant Hormones---An Overview

888

(3)

Auxin and Phototropism

891

(3)

The Cholodny-Went Hypothesis

891

(1)

Isolating and Characterizing Auxin

892

(1)

How Does Auxin Produce the Phototropic Response?

893

(1)

Auxin and Apical Dominance

894

(2)

Polar Transport of Auxin

895

(1)

An Overview of Auxin Action

896

(1)

Cytokinins and Cell Division

896

(2)

The Use of Hormones to Grow Plant Cells in Culture

897

(1)

Gibberellins and ABA: Growth and Dormancy

898

(4)

Gibberellins Stimulate Shoot Elongation

898

(1)

Gibberellins and ABA Interact during Seed Dormancy and Germination

899

(2)

ABA Closes Guard Cells in Stomata

901

(1)

Ethylene and Senescence

902

(2)

Salicylic Acid, Systemin, and Pheromones: Defense Signals

904

(6)

Salicylic Acid Extends the Hypersensitive Response to Pathogens

904

(1)

Systemin Leads to the Production of Insecticides

905

(1)

Pheromones Released from Wounds Recruit Help from Wasps

906

(1)

Hormones as Herbicides

907

(1)

Chapter Review

907

(3)

Plant Reproduction

910

(23)

An Introduction to Plant Reproduction

911

(3)

Sexual Reproduction

911

(1)

Plant Life Cycles

912

(1)

Asexual Reproduction

912

(2)

Reproductive Structures

914

(5)

When Does Flowering Occur?

915

(1)

Is There a Flowering Hormone?

915

(1)

The General Structure of the Flower

916

(1)

Producing the Female Gametophyte

917

(1)

Producing the Male Gametophyte

918

(1)

Pollination and Fertilization

919

(4)

Pollination

919

(1)

Selfing, Outcrossing, and Self-Incompatibility

920

(2)

Fertilization

922

(1)

The Seed

923

(10)

Embryogenesis

923

(1)

The Role of Drying in Seed Maturation

924

(1)

Pure and Applied Science

924

(1)

Fruit Development and Seed Dispersal

925

(1)

Seed Dormancy

925

(2)

Seed Germination

927

(2)

Why Do Wasps Try to Mate with Hammer Orchids?

929

(1)

Chapter Review

930

(3)

UNIT 8 How Animals Work

933

(210)

Animal Form and Function

934

(21)

Form, Function, and Adaptation

935

(2)

Trade-Offs

935

(2)

Adaptation and Acclimatization

937

(1)

Tissues, Organs, and Systems: How Does Structure Correlate with Function?

937

(4)

Tissues

937

(2)

Organs and Systems

939

(2)

How Does Body Size Affect Animal Physiology?

941

(4)

Surface Area/Volume Relationships

941

(3)

Do All Aspects of an Animal's Body Increase in Size Proportionately?

944

(1)

Homeostasis

945

(1)

Regulation and Feedback

946

(1)

How Do Animals Regulate Body Temperature?

946

(9)

Gaining and Losing Heat

947

(2)

A Closer Look at Torpor and Hibernation

949

(2)

Ectothermy Versus Endothermy

951

(1)

Is Fever Adaptive?

952

(1)

Chapter Review

952

(3)

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

955

(22)

Osmoregulation and Osmotic Stress

956

(2)

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Aquatic Environments

958

(4)

How Do Sharks Osmoregulate?

958

(2)

Passive and Active Transport: A Quick Review

960

(1)

How Do Salmon Osmoregulate?

960

(2)

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Terrestrial Insects

962

(3)

How Do Insects Minimize Water Loss from the Body Surface?

962

(1)

Types of Nitrogenous Wastes: Impact on Water Balance

963

(1)

Maintaining Homeostasis: The Excretory System

963

(2)

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Terrestrial Vertebrates

965

(12)

The Structure of the Kidney

966

(1)

Filtration: The Renal Corpuscle

966

(2)

Reabsorption: The Proximal Tubule

968

(1)

Creating an Osmotic Gradient: The Loop of Henle

969

(3)

Regulating Water and Electrolyte Balance: The Distal Tubule and the Collecting Duct

972

(1)

Life in the Desert

973

(2)

Chapter Review

975

(2)

Animal Nutrition

977

(22)

Nutritional Requirements

978

(3)

Meeting Basic Needs

978

(1)

Nutrition and Athletic Performance

979

(2)

Obtaining Food: The Structure and Function of Mouthparts

981

(3)

How Are Nutrients Digested and Absorbed?

984

(9)

The Mouth and Esophagus

986

(1)

The Stomach

986

(3)

The Small Intestine

989

(4)

The Large Intestine

993

(1)

Nutritional Homeostasis---Glucose as a Case Study

993

(6)

Insulin's Role in Homeostasis

994

(1)

The Type II Diabetes Mellitus Epidemic

995

(1)

Cholesterol, Diet, and Disease

996

(1)

Chapter Review

997

(2)

Gas Exchange and Circulation

999

(27)

Air and Water as Respiratory Media

999

(3)

How Do Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Behave in Air?

1000

(1)

How Do Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Behave in Water?

1001

(1)

Organs of Gas Exchange

1002

(7)

Design Parameters: The Law of Diffusion

1002

(1)

How Do Gills Work?

1003

(1)

How Do Tracheae Work?

1004

(1)

How Do Lungs Work?

1005

(3)

Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Premature Infants

1008

(1)

Homeostatic Control of Ventilation

1009

(1)

Blood

1009

(4)

Oxygen Delivery: The Bohr Effect

1010

(1)

CO2 Transport and the Buffering of Blood pH

1011

(1)

Homeostatic Control of Oxygen-Carrying Capacity

1012

(1)

Blood Doping and Erythropoeitin Abuse by Athletes

1013

(1)

The Circulatory System

1013

(13)

Open Circulatory Systems

1014

(1)

Closed Circulatory Systems

1014

(2)

The Heart

1016

(4)

Hypertension and the Measurement of Blood Pressure

1020

(1)

Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow

1021

(2)

Smoking and Lung Function

1023

(1)

Chapter Review

1024

(2)

Electrical Signals in Animals

1026

(26)

Principles of Electrical Signaling

1027

(6)

The Anatomy of a Neuron

1027

(1)

An Introduction to Membrane Potentials

1028

(1)

The Resting Potential

1029

(1)

Using the Nernst and Goldman Equations

1030

(1)

Using Microelectrodes to Measure Membrane Potentials

1031

(1)

What Is an Action Potential?

1032

(1)

Dissecting the Action Potential

1033

(5)

Distinct Ion Currents Are Responsible for Depolarization and Repolarization

1033

(1)

Voltage-Gated Channels

1033

(3)

The Role of the Sodium-Potassium Pump

1036

(1)

How Is the Action Potential Propagated?

1036

(2)

The Synapse

1038

(6)

What Do Neurotransmitters Do?

1040

(1)

Postsynaptic Potentials and Summation

1041

(1)

What Happens When Ligand-Gated Channels Are Defective?

1042

(2)

The Vertebrate Nervous System

1044

(8)

A Closer Look at the Peripheral Nervous System

1044

(1)

Functional Anatomy of the CNS

1044

(2)

How Does Memory Work?

1046

(3)

Can Brain Tissue Transplants Help People with Parkinson's Disease?

1049

(1)

Chapter Review

1050

(2)

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

1052

(24)

How Do Sensory Organs Convey Information to the Brain?

1053

(2)

Senses That Humans Don't Have

1054

(1)

Sensory Transduction

1054

(1)

Transmitting Information to the Brain

1055

(1)

Hearing

1055

(4)

How Do Sensory Cells Respond to Sound Waves and Other Forms of Pressure?

1055

(2)

The Mammalian Ear

1057

(1)

Sensory Worlds: What Do Other Animals Hear?

1058

(1)

Vision

1059

(5)

The Vertebrate Eye

1060

(1)

Vertebrate versus Cephalopod Eyes

1061

(2)

Sensory Worlds: Do Other Animals See Color?

1063

(1)

Taste and Smell

1064

(2)

Taste: Detecting Molecules in the Mouth

1064

(1)

Olfaction: Detecting Molecules in the Air

1065

(1)

Movement

1066

(10)

Skeletons

1067

(1)

How Do Muscles Contract?

1068

(5)

Sprinters and Marathoners---Born or Made?

1073

(1)

Chapter Review

1074

(2)

Chemical Signals in Animals

1076

(23)

Cataloging Hormone Structure and Function

1077

(4)

How Do Researchers Identify a Hormone?

1078

(1)

Chemical Characteristics of Hormones

1079

(1)

The Human Endocrine System---An Overview

1080

(1)

What Do Hormones Do?

1081

(7)

A Closer Look at Thyroxine and the Thyroid Gland

1082

(1)

How Do Hormones Coordinate Responses to Environmental Change?

1082

(2)

How Do Hormones Direct Developmental Processes?

1084

(1)

How Are Hormones Involved in Homeostasis?

1084

(3)

Is Human Obesity Caused by Leptin Deficiency?

1087

(1)

How Is the Production of Hormones Regulated?

1088

(3)

The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

1088

(3)

Control of Epinephrine by Sympathetic Nerves

1091

(1)

How Do Hormones Act on Target Cells?

1091

(8)

Steroid Hormones and Intracellular Receptors

1091

(2)

Hormones That Bind to Cell-Surface Receptors

1093

(3)

Do Humans Produce Pheromones?

1096

(1)

Chapter Review

1097

(2)

Animal Reproduction

1099

(21)

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

1100

(2)

Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

1100

(1)

Switching Reproductive Modes: A Case History

1100

(1)

Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction: Gametogenesis

1101

(1)

Fertilization and Egg Development

1102

(4)

External Fertilization

1102

(1)

Internal Fertilization and Sperm Competition

1103

(1)

Unusual Aspects of Fertilization

1103

(2)

Oviparity and Viviparity

1105

(1)

Reproductive Structures and Their Functions

1106

(3)

The Male Reproductive System

1106

(2)

The Female Reproductive System

1108

(1)

The Role of Sex Hormones in Mammalian Reproduction

1109

(4)

Puberty

1109

(1)

Abuse of Synthetic Steroids

1110

(1)

Female Sex Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle

1111

(2)

Human Pregnancy and Birth

1113

(7)

Major Events during Pregnancy

1114

(1)

How Does the Mother Nourish the Fetus?

1115

(1)

Birth

1116

(1)

Contraception

1117

(1)

Chapter Review

1118

(2)

The Immune System in Animals

1120

(23)

Innate Immunity

1121

(3)

Barriers to Entry

1121

(1)

The Innate Immune Response

1122

(2)

The Acquired Immune Response: Recognition

1124

(8)

An Introduction to Lymphocytes and the Immune System

1124

(1)

The Discovery of B Cells and T Cells

1125

(1)

Antigen Recognition and Clonal Selection

1125

(3)

How Are Monoclonal Antibodies Produced?

1128

(4)

How Does the Immune System Distinguish Self from Nonself?

1132

(1)

The Acquired Immune Response: Activation

1132

(3)

Antigen Presentation by MHC Proteins: Activating T Cells

1133

(1)

B-Cell Activation and Antibody Secretion

1134

(1)

Antigen Presentation by Infected Cells: A Signal for Action by CD8+T Cells

1135

(1)

The Acquired Immune Response: Culmination

1135

(8)

Killing Bacteria

1135

(1)

Destroying Viruses

1135

(1)

Why Does the Immune System Reject Foreign Tissues and Organs?

1136

(1)

Responding to Future Infections: Immunological Memory

1137

(1)

The ELISA Test

1138

(1)

Allergies

1139

(1)

Chapter Review

1140

(3)

UNIT 9 Ecology

1143

An Introduction to Ecology

1144

(22)

Areas of Ecological Study

1145

(1)

Organismal Ecology

1145

(1)

Population Ecology

1145

(1)

Community Ecology

1146

(1)

Ecosystem Ecology

1146

(1)

How Do Ecology and Conservation Efforts Interact?

1146

(1)

The Nature of the Environment

1146

(3)

Climate

1147

(2)

Types of Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems

1149

(11)

Terrestrial Biomes

1150

(5)

Aquatic Environments

1155

(2)

Thermoclines and Lake Turnover

1157

(3)

Deep-Sea Life

1160

(1)

Biogeography

1160

(6)

The Role of History

1161

(1)

Biotic Factors

1161

(1)

Abiotic Factors

1162

(2)

Battling Invasive Species

1164

(1)

Chapter Review

1164

(2)

Behavior

1166

(26)

Types of Behavior---An Overview

1167

(5)

Fixed Action Patterns

1168

(1)

A Closer Look at Behavior Genetics

1169

(2)

Conditional Strategies

1171

(1)

Learning

1172

(5)

Simple Types of Learning: Classical Conditioning and Imprinting

1172

(1)

More Complex Types of Learning: Birdsong

1173

(1)

Can Animals Think?

1174

(1)

What Is the Adaptive Significance of Learning?

1175

(2)

How Animals Act: Hormonal Control

1177

(1)

Communication

1178

(5)

Modes of Communication

1179

(1)

A Case History: The Honeybee Dance

1180

(1)

Honesty and Deceit in Communication

1181

(2)

Orientation, Navigation, and Migration

1183

(2)

Migration: Why Do Animals Move with a Change of Seasons?

1184

(1)

Navigation: How Do Animals Find Their Way?

1184

(1)

The Evolution of Self-Sacrificing Behavior

1185

(7)

Do Organisms Act for the Good of the Species?

1186

(1)

Kin Selection

1186

(1)

Calculating the Coefficient of Relatedness

1187

(1)

Reciprocal Altruism

1188

(1)

Children at Risk

1189

(1)

Chapter Review

1190

(2)

Population Ecology

1192

(22)

Demography

1193

(3)

Life Tables

1193

(2)

The Role of Life History

1195

(1)

Using Life Tables to Calculate Population Growth Rates

1196

(1)

Population Growth

1196

(5)

Exponential Growth

1196

(1)

Logistic Growth

1197

(1)

Developing and Applying Population Growth Equations: A Closer Look

1197

(3)

What Limits Growth Rates and Population Sizes?

1200

(1)

Population Dynamics

1201

(5)

Population Cycles: The Case of the Red Grouse

1201

(2)

Age Structure

1203

(2)

Analyzing Change in the Growth Rate of Human Populations

1205

(1)

How Can Population Ecology Help Endangered Species?

1206

(8)

Preserving Metapopulations

1206

(1)

Using Life-Table Data to Make Population Projections

1207

(1)

Mark-Recapture Studies

1208

(2)

Population Viability Analysis

1210

(1)

What Limits Human Population Growth?

1211

(1)

Chapter Review

1211

(3)

Community Ecology

1214

(29)

Species Interactions

1214

(15)

Competition

1215

(5)

Consumption

1220

(7)

Mutualism

1227

(2)

Community Structure

1229

(7)

Clements and Gleason: Two Views of Community Dynamics

1229

(2)

Disturbance and Change in Ecological Communities

1231

(1)

What Disturbances Occur, and How Frequent and Severe Are They?

1232

(1)

Succession: The Development of Communities after Disturbance

1232

(4)

Species Diversity in Ecological Communities

1236

(7)

Global Patterns in Species Diversity

1236

(1)

Measuring Species Diversity

1237

(1)

The Role of Diversity in Ecological Communities

1238

(1)

Let-It-Burn Policies

1239

(2)

Chapter Review

1241

(2)

Ecosystems

1243

(22)

Energy Flow and Trophic Structure

1244

(8)

Global Patterns in Productivity

1244

(3)

How Does Energy Flow through an Ecosystem?

1247

(4)

Analyzing Energy Flow: A Case History

1251

(1)

Biogeochemical Cycles

1252

(7)

Biogeochemical Cycles in Ecosystems

1253

(1)

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

1254

(5)

Human Impacts on Ecosystems

1259

(6)

Global Warming

1259

(2)

Phosphate Pollution, Acid Rain, and the Ozone Hole: Hope for Ecosystem Recovery?

1261

(2)

Chapter Review

1263

(2)

Biodiversity and Conservation

1265

What Is Biodiversity?

1266

(2)

Biodiversity Can Be Measured and Analyzed at Several Levels

1266

(1)

Why Is Biodiversity Important?

1267

(1)

How Do Biologists Study Biodiversity?

1268

(4)

Quantifying Genetic Diversity

1268

(1)

Estimating the Total Number of Species Living Today

1269

(1)

Steps in Understanding Biodiversity

1269

(1)

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function

1270

(2)

Threats to Biodiversity

1272

(5)

Humans Have Affected Biodiversity throughout History

1272

(1)

Current Threats to Biodiversity

1273

(2)

How Can Biologists Predict Future Extinction Rates?

1275

(2)

Conserving Biodiversity: Biology, Sociology, Economics, and Politics

1277

The Role of Governmental and Private Agencies

1278

(1)

Conservation Strategies

1279

(1)

Looking to the Future

1279

(1)

Models for the Future: The Malpai Borderlands and Guanacaste

1280

(1)

Chapter Review

1281

Appendix

(1)

Glossary

(1)

Image Credits

(1)

Index

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Biological Science Vol. 2 : Evolution, Diversity, and Ecology

Biological Science Vol. 2 : Evolution, Diversity, and Ecology

9780131502956

0131502956

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Biological Science Vol. 2 : Evolution, Diversity, and Ecology

Biological Science Vol. 2 : Evolution, Diversity, and Ecology

9780131502956

0131502956

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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