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Basic Hazardous Waste Management

by: Blackman, William C. Jr.

Basic Hazardous Waste Management

by: Blackman, William C. Jr.

ISBN 13:
9781566701686
ISBN 10:
1566701686
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/01/1996
Publisher: CRC Pr
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Summary

The third edition of Basic Hazardous Waste Management provides a broad overview of hazardous waste management. It covers the roles of science and technology in the standards-setting processes. The author presents updated and expanded materials on environmental issues and impacts, hazardous waste treatment technologies, site assessment, waste minimization, emergency response, new and continuing regulatory and policy statutes, medical/biomedical and infectious waste, underground storage tank, and radioactive waste management. In short, the book has been completely revised to present valuable, timely information for anyone interested in hazardous waste management.

The Hazardous Waste Perspective	p. 1
Objectives	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Dawning of the Problem	p. 2
Early Hazardous Waste Management	p. 3
"Take It Out Back and Dump It"	p. 12
"Treatment" and Other Assorted Techniques	p. 13
Numbers and Impacts	p. 16
Early Efforts--What Worked/Didn't Work	p. 19
Legislation/Litigation	p. 19
Political	p. 25
Administrative	p. 26
Technical	p. 27
International Aspects	p. 29
Topics for Review or Discussion	p. 33
References	p. 33
Definition of Hazardous Waste	p. 37
Objectives	p. 37
Introduction	p. 37
The Chemist	p. 38
The Life Scientist/Health Professional	p. 39
The Environmentalist	p. 39
The Legislator/Lawyer/Administrator/Diplomat	p. 40
Implementing the RCRA Definition of "Hazardous Waste"	p. 41
Hazardous Waste Characteristics	p. 42
Listed Hazardous Wastes	p. 44
The "Mixture" and "Derived-From" Rules	p. 46
Hazardous Waste Identification Rule Development	p. 46
The "Contained-In Policy"	p. 48
Topics for Review or Discussion	p. 48
References	p. 49
Pathways, Fates, and Disposition of Hazardous Waste Releases	p. 51
Objectives	p. 51
Introduction	p. 51
Releases of Chemicals to the Environment	p. 52
Releases to the Atmosphere	p. 52
Releases to Surface Waters	p. 54
Releases to Land	p. 55
Movement, Fates, and Disposition	p. 56
Behavior of Waste Constituents Released to the Atmosphere	p. 56
Movement of Hazardous Waste Constituents in Surface Waters	p. 58
Pathways of Hazardous Waste Constituents Reaching Groundwater	p. 58
Chemical Transformations	p. 62
Topics for Review or Discussion	p. 64
References	p. 66
Toxicology and the Standard-Setting Processes	p. 69
Objectives	p. 69
Introduction	p. 69
Public Health Impacts	p. 70
Toxicity Hazard	p. 70
Toxic Actions	p. 74
Risk Assessment and Standards	p. 75
Other Hazards	p. 81
Regulatory Application of Health Standards and Criteria	p. 83
Technology-Based Standards	p. 83
Risk-Based Standards	p. 83
RCRA Standards	p. 84
Standards Implementing the Land Disposal Restrictions	p. 84
Topics for Review or Discussion	p. 85
References	p. 85
Hazardous Waste Sources/Generators	p. 89
Objectives	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
The Generator Defined	p. 90
The Three Classifications of Generators	p. 90
Wastes Generated	p. 91
Regulatory Requirements	p. 92
EPA ID Number	p. 94
Pretransport Regulations	p. 94
Accumulation of Waste	p. 97
The Manifest	p. 99
Biennial Reporting Requirements	p. 101
Records Retention	p. 101
Exports and Imports of Hazardous Wastes	p. 102
Generator Responsibilities for Restricted Waste Management	p. 102
Generator Requirements	p. 102
Topics for Review or Discussion	p. 103
References	p. 104
Examples of Hazardous Wastes Produced by Basic Industries	p. 105
DOT Eight-Step Procedure for Preparation of Hazardous Material Shipments	p. 106
Transportation of Hazardous Wastes	p. 107
Objectives	p. 107
Introduction	p. 107
Modes and Scope of Hazardous Waste Transportation	p. 108
Highway Shipment of Hazardous Wastes	p. 109
Railway Shipment of Hazardous Wastes	p. 110
Accidents/Incidents Involving Hazardous Waste Shipments	p. 111
Regulatory Structures	p. 114
Department of Transportation Regulations	p. 114
Transportation Incidents Involving Hazardous Wastes	p. 115
RCRA Regulations for Hazardous Waste Transporters	p. 116
EPA ID Number	p. 117
The Manifest	p. 117
Handling Hazardous Waste Discharges	p. 118
Import/Export Activity	p. 118
Topics for Review or Discussion	p. 123
References	p. 124
Treatment and Disposal Methods and Processes	p. 127
Objectives	p. 127
Introduction	p. 127
Administrative and Nontechnical Requirements	p. 128
Subpart A-- Facilities That Are Subject to the Regulations	p. 129
Subpart B-- General Facility Standards	p. 129
Subpart C-- Preparedness and Prevention	p. 132
Subpart D-- Contingency Plan and Emergency Procedures	p. 133
Subpart E-- Manifest System, Record Keeping, and Reporting	p. 135
General Technical Standards for Interim Status and Permitted Facilities	p. 135
Part 265, Subpart F--Groundwater Monitoring	p. 136
Part 264, Subpart F--Releases from Solid Waste Management Units	p. 138
Subpart G-- Closure, Post-Closure	p. 140
Subpart H-- Financial Requirements	p. 141
Hazardous Waste Treatment	p. 142
Activated Carbon Adsorption	p. 146
Stripping	p. 146
Neutralization	p. 148
Precipitation	p. 150
Stabilization and Solidification	p. 153
Oxidation and Reduction	p. 155
Biological Treatment	p. 155
Subpart Q-- Chemical, Physical, and Biological Treatment	p. 156
Destruction of Hazardous Wastes by Thermal Processes	p. 158
Subpart O-- Hazardous Waste Incinerators	p. 162
Subpart P-- Thermal Treatment of Hazardous waste	p. 165
Accumulation and Storage of Hazardous Waste	p. 165
Subpart I-- Containers	p. 166
Subpart J-- Tanks	p. 169
Subpart DD--Storage in Containment Buildings	p. 173
Land Disposal of Hazardous Waste	p. 173
Landfills	p. 174
Subpart N-- Landfills	p. 176
Surface Impoundments	p. 179
Subpart K-- Surface Impoundments	p. 180
Waste Piles	p. 182
Subpart L-- Waste Piles	p. 183
Land Treatment	p. 184
Subpart M-- Land Treatment	p. 184
Underground Disposal	p. 185
Subpart R-- Underground Injection	p. 187
Other Treatment and Disposal Methods	p. 188
Ocean Dumping	p. 188
Ocean Incineration	p. 189
Land Disposal Restrictions	p. 189
Topics for Review or Discussion	p. 192
MACT Emission Standards for Hazardous Waste Combustion Units	p. 193
References	p. 194
Pollution Prevention, Waste Minimization, Reuse, and Recycling	p. 197
Objectives	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
Hazardous Waste Minimization Techniques	p. 199
Source Reduction	p. 199
Product Changes	p. 201
Source Control	p. 202
Hazardous Waste Recycling	p. 206
Use and Reuse	p. 207
Reclamation	p. 209
Multi-Conceptual Approaches	p. 210
The RCRA Hazardous Waste Minimization Program	p. 210
RCRA Regulation of Recycling	p. 212
EPA Implementation of The Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) of 1990	p. 213
Topics for Review or Discussion	p. 217
State Agency P2 Linkages and Resources	p. 218
P2 Information, Concepts, and Linkages	p. 220
References	p. 221
RCRA Permits, Compliance, and Enforcement	p. 223
Objectives	p. 223
Introduction	p. 223
Permits to Treat, Store, or Dispose of Hazardous Waste	p. 224
Facilities Permitted	p. 224
The Permitting Process	p. 225
The "Permit As a Shield"	p. 228
Closure Plans and Post-Closure Permits	p. 228
RCRA Permits As a "Virtual Elimination" Tool	p. 229
The Corrective Action Process	p. 229
Remediation Waste Management Units	p. 231
Compliance Requirements of RCRA	p. 232
Self-Monitoring	p. 233
Inspections	p. 235
Enforcement of RCRA Regulations	p. 236
Informal Administrative Actions	p. 236
Formal Administrative Orders	p. 237
Civil Actions	p. 237
Criminal Action	p. 238
Topics for Review or Discussion	p. 239
References	p. 239
Assessment Techniques for Site Remediation	p. 241
Objectives	p. 241
Introduction	p. 241
Identifying Problem Sites and Obtaining Background Information	p. 243
Purpose	p. 243
Cultural History	p. 244
Technical Information	p. 244
Regulatory History	p. 244
Background Report	p. 245
Site Assessment Procedures in the Private Sector	p. 245
Pre-Phase I	p. 246
Phase I	p. 246
Phase II	p. 246
Standardized Environmental Site Assessments	p. 247
Environmental Audits	p. 247
Environmental Management Systems	p. 249
Compliance Inspections/Investigations by Regulatory Agencies	p. 249
Purpose	p. 249
The Inspection Plan	p. 250
Conduct of the Inspection/Investigation	p. 251
Site Evaluation	p. 261
National Priorities List	p. 261
Hazard Ranking System	p. 262
Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study	p. 262
Record of Decision	p. 263
Negotiations, Enforcement	p. 263
Topics for Review or Discussion	p. 264
ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process (Appendix x2)	p. 266
References	p. 267
Site Remedial Technologies, Practices, and Regulations	p. 271
Objectives	p. 271
Introduction	p. 271
Remedial Objectives	p. 273
Programmatic Objectives	p. 273
Technical Objectives	p. 273
On-Site Remedial Techniques	p. 275
Containment Methods	p. 275
Extraction Methods	p. 277
Treatment Methods	p. 286
Destruction Methods	p. 292
Off-Site Technologies and Practices	p. 293
Excavation	p. 295
Mechanical and Hydraulic Dredging	p. 298
RCRA and Superfund Remedial Actions	p. 298
RCRA Corrective Actions	p. 298
Superfund Remedial Actions	p. 299
Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model	p. 301
Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative and Environmental Justice	p. 301
Topics for Review or Discussion	p. 302
References	p. 303
Typical Plants Used in Various Phytoremediation Applications	p. 308
Medical/Biomedical/Infectious Waste Management	p. 309
Objectives	p. 309
Introduction	p. 309
Definition and Characterization of Medical Waste	p. 312
Infectious Waste	p. 312
Medical Waste	p. 312
Infectious Waste Management	p. 314
Designation of Infectious Waste	p. 314
Segregation of Infectious Waste	p. 315
Packaging of Infectious Waste	p. 315
Storage of Infectious Waste	p. 316
Transport of Infectious Waste	p. 319
Treatment of Infectious Waste	p. 320
Steam Sterilization	p. 320
Incineration	p. 321
Chemical Disinfection	p. 323
Emerging Treatment Technologies	p. 326
Disposal of Treated Waste	p. 327
Contingency Planning	p. 327
Regulatory and Advisory Considerations	p. 329
Staff Training	p. 330
Topics for Review or Discussion	p. 331
Bloodborne Pathogens Final Standard: Summary of Key Provisions	p. 332
References	p. 334
Radioactive Waste Management	p. 335
Objectives	p. 335
Introduction	p. 335
Background	p. 337
The Nature, Effects, and Measurement of Radioactivity	p. 338
Radioactivity	p. 338
Types of Radiation	p. 339
Measurement of Radioactivity	p. 342
Human Health Effects of Exposure to Radiation	p. 343
Radiation Protection	p. 344
Permissible Dose Concepts and Applications	p. 344
The ALARA Concept	p. 345
Pathways of Dispersion and Human Exposure	p. 345
Physical Protection	p. 346
Radiological Monitoring Programs	p. 346
Regulatory Structures	p. 350
Historical Development of Policies and Statutes	p. 350
Statutory and Regulatory Framework	p. 351
Department of Energy Management of Cleanup Programs	p. 352
High-Level Radioactive Waste Management	p. 352
HLW Defined and Described	p. 352
HLW Treatment and Disposal	p. 352
Transuranic Waste Management	p. 357
TRU Defined and Described	p. 357
TRU Disposal	p. 358
Low-Level Waste Management	p. 359
LLW Defined and Classified	p. 359
Treatment and Disposal of LLW	p. 359
Mixed Waste Management	p. 364
Mixed Waste Defined and Described	p. 364
Uranium Mine and Mill Tailings Management	p. 365
Tailings Defined, Described, and Characterized	p. 365
Treatment and Control	p. 366
Topics for Review of Discussion	p. 367
Commercial and Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Options	p. 369
References	p. 371
Underground Storage Tank Management	p. 375
Objectives	p. 375
Introduction	p. 375
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks--Problems and Causes	p. 376
Galvanic Corrosion	p. 377
Faulty Installation	p. 378
Piping Failures	p. 378
Spills and Overfills	p. 379
Compatibility of UST and Contents	p. 379
Mobility of Leaked Hydrocarbon Fuels	p. 380
Protection of Tanks and Piping from Corrosion	p. 382
Protection by Sacrificial Anode	p. 382
Protection by Impressed Current	p. 382
Protection by Cladding or Dielectric Coating	p. 383
Protection of Piping	p. 383
Detection of Leaks from Underground Storage Tank Systems	p. 384
Detection of Leaks in Pressurized Underground Piping	p. 385
Detection of Leaks in Underground Suction Piping	p. 385
RCRA Subtitle I Regulations and Requirements	p. 386
Background	p. 386
Implementation Schedule	p. 386
Requirements for New Petroleum UST Systems	p. 387
Requirements for Existing UST Systems	p. 387
Corrective Action Requirements	p. 388
Financial Responsibility Requirements	p. 389
The LUST Trust Fund	p. 390
Closure of Underground Storage Tank Facilities	p. 390
Permanent Closure	p. 390
Exceptions to Permanent Closure	p. 391
Temporary Closure	p. 391
Compliance Summary	p. 391
Compliance Status As of September 30, 1999	p. 391
Topics for Review or Discussion	p. 392
References	p. 393
Hazardous Waste Worker Health and Safety	p. 395
Objectives	p. 395
Introduction	p. 395
Hazards Encountered on Hazardous Waste Sites	p. 397
Chemical Exposure	p. 397
Explosion and Fire	p. 398
Oxygen Deficiency	p. 399
Ionizing Radiation	p. 399
Biologic Hazards	p. 400
Bloodborne Pathogens	p. 400
Safety Hazards	p. 400
Electrical Hazards	p. 401
Heat Stress	p. 401
Cold Exposure	p. 402
Noise Hazard	p. 402
Other Physical Hazards	p. 402
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response	p. 403
Background	p. 403
The HAZWOPER Summarized	p. 404
Standards Applicable to Clean-up Sites	p. 404
Standards Applicable to Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Sites	p. 411
Standards Applicable to Emergency Response Teams	p. 412
Other Important Topics and Compliance Issues	p. 413
Respirator Selection Criteria	p. 414
Applicable Air Contaminant Standards	p. 415
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders	p. 416
Bloodborne Pathogens Standard	p. 416
Chemical Hazard Communication	p. 417
Workplace Violence	p. 417
The OSHA Unified Agenda	p. 418
OSHA Workplace Standards That May Apply to Hazardous Waste Sites	p. 419
References	p. 425
Glossary	p. 427
Index	p. 451
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Basic Hazardous Waste Management

Basic Hazardous Waste Management

9781566701686

1566701686

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Basic Hazardous Waste Management

Basic Hazardous Waste Management

9781566701686

1566701686

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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