Preface

Part One: Invention

Chapter 1: Ancient Rhetorics: Their Differences and the Differences They Make

Ancient Rhetorics: The Beginnings

Comparing Ancient and Contemporary Rhetorics

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Proofs

        That's Just Your Opinion

On Ideology and the Commonplaces

Language as Power; Language as Action

Practice, Practice, Practice

Progymnasmata

Progymnasmata I: Fable

        Composing Fables

Progymnasmata II: Tale

        Composing Tales

Notes

Works Cited

Chapter 2: Kairos and the Rhetorical Situation: Seizing the Moment

Ancient Depictions of Kairos

Kairos, Change, and Rhetorical Situations

Kairos as a Means of Invention

        How Urgent or Immediate is the Issue?

        Arguments and Interests

        The trigger and the damage done

        Freedom, yes, but which one?

        Power Dynamics in a Rhetorical Situation

        A Web of Related Issues

Rhetorical Activities

Progymnasmata II: Chreia

Progymnasmata: Chreia

Works Cited

Chapter 3: Achieving Stasis by Asking the Right Questions

On Inventing: How to Proceed

The Importance of Achieving Stasis

Theoretical Versus Practical Questions

The Four Questions

        A Simple Example

Expanding the Questions

        Questions of Quality: Simple or Complex

        Questions of Policy

Using the Stases

Rhetorical Activities

        Pro-life Arguments

        Pro-choice Arguments

Progymnasmata III: Proverb

Proverb

Rhetorical Exercises: Proverb

Notes

Works Cited

Chapter 4: The Common Topics and the Commonplaces: Finding the Available Means

Aristotle's Topical System

The Common Topics

        The Common Topic of Past and Future Fact (Conjecture)

        The Common Topic of Greater/Lesser (Degree)

        The Common Topic of Possible/Impossible

Commonplaces and Ideology

Commonplaces in American Political Rhetoric

Using Common Topics and Commonplaces to Invent Arguments

Rhetorical Activities

Progymnasmata IV: Common-place

Rhetorical Activities for Progymnasmata: Common-place

Notes

Works Cited

Chapter 5: Logical Proof: Reasoning in Rhetoric

Probabilities

Aristotle on Reasoning in Rhetoric

        Deduction

        Induction

        Enthymemes

        Rhetorical Examples

        Historical Examples - Brief and Extended

        Fictional Example

        Analogy

        Similar and Contrary Examples

        Using Examples

        Maxims

        Signs

Rhetorical Activities

Progymnasmata V: Confirmation and Refutation

Exercises in Progymnasmata: Confirmation and Refutation

Works Cited

Chapter 6: Ethical Proof: Arguments from Character

Ethos in Ancient Rhetorics

Invented Ethos

        Demonstrating Intelligence by Doing the Homework

        Establishing Good Character

        Securing Good Will

        Situated Ethos

Rhetorical Activities

Progymnasmata VI: Character

Progymnasmata: Character

Works Cited

Chapter 7: Pathetic Proof: Passionate Appeals

        Ancient Teachers on the Emotions

        Emotions as Rhetorical Proofs

        The Characters of Audiences and Rhetors

        Composing Passionate Proofs

        Enargeia

        Honorific and Pejorative Language

Rhetorical Activities

Progymnasmata VII: Encomium and Invective, Description

Exercises: Encomium and Invective

Description

Exercises: Description

Works Cited

Chapter 8: Extrinsic Proofs: Arguments Waiting to Be Used

Extrinsic Proofs in Ancient Rhetorics

Testimony

        Community Authorities

        Evaluating Community Authorities

        Proximate Authorities

Data

        Evaluating Data

Rhetorical Activities

Notes

Progymnasmata VIII: Introduction of Law

An Opposition of a Law That Permits Assault Weapons

Rhetorical Activities: Introduction of Law

Works Cited

Part Two: Arrangement

Chapter 9: Arrangement: Getting It Together

Ancient Teachings about Arrangement

The Exordium, or Beginning

        Introductions

        Topics for Making Audiences Attentive and Receptive

        Insinuations

The Narrative (Statement of the Case)

The Partition

The Arguments: Confirmation and Refutation

The Peroration (Conclusion)

        Composing a Summary

Exciting Indignation Toward an Opponent Or the Opposing Position

        Enhancing Ethos

An Extended Example

Rhetorical Activities

Progymnasmata IX: Thesis

Rhetorical Activities: Thesis

Notes

Works Cited

Part Three: Style, Memory, and Delivery

Chapter 10: Style: Composition and Ornament

Correctness

Clarity

Appropriateness: Kairos and Style

Ornament

        Sentence Composition

        Paratactic and Periodic Styles

        Figurative Language

        Figures that Interrupt Normal Word Order

        Figures of Repetition

        Figures of Thought

        Figures of Thought That Enhance Ethos

        Figures of Thought That Involve Audience

        Figures of Thought That Arouse Emotion

        Figures of Thought Borrowed from Invention and Arrangement

        Onomatopoeia

        Antonomasia

        Metonomy

        Periphrasis

        Hyperbaton

        Hyperbole

        Synecdoche

        Catachresis

        Metaphor

        Allegory

Voice and Rhetorical Distance

Rhetorical Exercises

Notes

Works Cited

Chapter 11: Imitation

Imitation I: Reading Aloud and Copying

Imitation Exercise I: Reading Aloud and Copying

Imitation II: Inhabiting through Practice

Imitation Exercises II: Imitation

Imitation III: Translation and Paraphrase

        Translation

Paraphrase

        Paraphrasing Poetry

        Examples of Paraphrase

Paraphrase Exercises

Works Cited

Chapter 12: Delivery and Memory: Attending to Eyes and Ears

Ancient Commentary on Delivery

Delivery of Oral Discourse

Ancient Memory

Ancient Memory Systems

Delivery of Written Discourse

        Correctness

        Correctness: Traditional Grammar and Usage

        Visual Rhetoric

        Ocular Demonstration

        Textual Presentation

        Klavika: A sans for the 21^st century

        Picture Theory

        Digital Rhetors

Rhetorical Activities

Notes

Works Cited

Glossary

Appendix: Signposts in Ancient Rhetorics

Bibliography

Suggestions for Further Readings

Credits

Index

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