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Analyzing Social Settings : A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis

by: LOFLAND/LOFLAND

Analyzing Social Settings : A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis

by: LOFLAND/LOFLAND

ISBN 13:
9780534247805
ISBN 10:
0534247806
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 11/08/1994
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

This comprehensive guide takes a how-to approach to qualitative data collection and analysis. Drawing from a wealth of illustrative research examples and applications, the authors introduce techniques of collecting, focusing, and analyzing data in a step-by-step manner. First published in 1971, this book has become the field manual for any student doing social science fieldwork.

List of Figures

Preface to the Third Edition

xvii

Acknowledgements

xix

Introduction: The Aims and Organization of This Guide

(1)

Three Tasks: Gathering, Focusing, Analyzing

(2)

Features and Aspects of Fieldstudies

(3)

Task One, Gathering Data: Researcher as Witness and Instrument

(1)

Task Two, Focusing Data: Social Science Guidance

(1)

Task Three, Analyzing Data: Emergent Analysis

(1)

Audiences

(1)

Yet More Lables for Fieldstudies

(1)

Naturalism

(3)

PART ONE GATHERING DATA

(90)

Starting Where You Are

(5)

Current Biography

(2)

Remote Biography and Personal History

(1)

Staying Where You Are: A Word of Caution

(1)

Tradition and Justification

(2)

Evaluation Data Sites

(15)

The Overall Goal

(2)

Participant Observation and Intensive Interviewing

(1)

Detailed Assessment of Data Sites

(11)

Evaluating for Appropriateness

(3)

Evaluating for Access

(1)

Investigator Relationship to Setting

(1)

Ascriptive Categories of Researcher and Researched

(1)

Large Settings

(1)

Difficult Settings

(1)

Evaluating for Ethics

(1)

Evaluating for Immediate Risk

(1)

Evaluating for Personal Consequences

(2)

A Concluding Word of Cautin

(1)

Getting In

(15)

The Unknown Investigator

(4)

Public and Open Settings

(1)

Closed Settings

(3)

The Known Investigator

(5)

The Participant Researcher Role

(1)

The Outside Researcher Role

(1)

Connections

(2)

Accounts

(1)

Knowledge

(1)

Courtesy

(1)

Political, Legal, and Bureaucratic Barriers

(2)

The Question of Confidentiality

(3)

Getting Along

(20)

Getting Along with Self: Emotional Stresses

(7)

Deception and the Fear of Disclosure

(1)

Loathing and the Desire to Withdraw

(3)

Sympathy and the Impulse to Help

(1)

Marginality and the Temptation to Convert

(1)

Dealing with the Stresses

(1)

Getting Along with Members: The Problems of Continuing Access

(10)

Stance: Trust or Suspicion

(1)

Style: Presentation of Self

(1)

Absence of Threat

(1)

Acceptable Incompetence

(1)

Situations: Threats to Access

(1)

Factions

(2)

Trade-Offs

(1)

Closed Doors

(1)

Insider Understandings

(1)

Getting Along While Getting Out

(2)

Getting Along with Conscience and Colleagues: Ongoing Ethical Concerns

(2)

Postscript: Personal Accounts of the Field Experience

(1)

Logging Data

(33)

Data: Fact or Fiction?

(2)

The Logging Task

(9)

Data Sources

(1)

Words and Actions

(1)

Supplementary Data

(1)

``Mucking About''

Researcher Roles and Access to Data

(1)

Unknown Investigators

(1)

Known Investigators

(1)

Teams

(1)

Problems of Error and Bias

(1)

Protecting Confidentiality

(1)

The Mechanics of Logging

(2)

Data Logging in Intensive Interviewing: Guides and Write-Ups

(11)

Preparing the Interview Guide

(1)

Puzzlements and Jottings

(1)

Global Sorting and Ordering

(2)

Section Sorting and Ordering

(1)

Probes

(1)

Facesheets and Fieldnotes

(2)

Doing the Interview

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Flexible Format

(1)

Leading Questions

(1)

Attending, Thinking, Taking Notes, Taping

(1)

Separate Guides

(1)

Writing Up the Interview

(2)

Data Logging in Observation: Fieldnotes

(8)

Mental Notes

(1)

Jotted Notes

(1)

Memories

(1)

Jotting Inconspicuously

(1)

Fuller Jottings

(1)

Full Fieldnotes

(1)

Mechanics

(2)

Contents

(2)

Style

(1)

Samples

(1)

Interview Write-Ups and Fieldnotes as Compulsion

(2)

PART TWO FOCUSING DATA

(80)

Thinking Topics

101

(22)

Units and Aspects Combine into Topics

101

(1)

The Contexts of Topics: Substantive Domains of Society

102

(1)

Units

103

(10)

Practices

103

(1)

Episodes

104

(1)

Encounters

105

(1)

Roles

105

(1)

Ascribed and Formal Roles

105

(1)

Informal Organizational and Occupational Roles

105

(1)

Social Types

106

(1)

Social Psychological Types

106

(1)

Relationships

106

(1)

Groups

107

(1)

Cliques

107

(1)

Adaptive Significance

108

(1)

Organizations

109

(1)

Settlements

110

(1)

Social Worlds

111

(1)

Lifestyles or Subcultures

112

(1)

Aspects and Topics

113

(8)

Cognitive Aspects of Meanings

113

(1)

Variations in Scope

113

(2)

Rules as Meanings

115

(1)

Latent Meanings

115

(1)

Reality Constructionist Stance Toward Meanings

116

(1)

Emotional Aspects or Feelings

116

(1)

Emotion and Practices

117

(1)

Emotion and Roles

117

(1)

Emotion and Organizations

118

(1)

Hierarchical Aspects or Inequalities

118

(1)

Hierarchy in Encounters

118

(2)

Hierarchy in Relationships

120

(1)

Hierarchy in Groups

120

(1)

Two or More Units or Aspects as Topics

121

(1)

Units, Aspects, and Topics Form a Mindset for Coding

122

(1)

Asking Questions

123

(26)

What Are the Topic's Types?

124

(3)

Single Types

125

(1)

Multiple Types

125

(1)

Rules of Typing

125

(1)

Typologizing

126

(1)

What Are the Topic's Frequencies?

127

(1)

What Are the Topic's Magnitudes?

128

(1)

What Are the Topic's Structures?

128

(1)

What Are the Topic's Prcesses?

129

(7)

Cycles

132

(1)

Spirals

133

(1)

Sequences

134

(1)

Tracing Back

134

(1)

Tracing Forward

134

(1)

Tracing Through

135

(1)

What Are the Topic's Causes?

136

(5)

Requirements of Causal Inference

136

(2)

The Moral

138

(1)

Causation and Conjecture

138

(1)

The Importance of Auxiliary Causal Accounts

139

(1)

Forms of Causal Accounts

140

(1)

Single Cause

140

(1)

List of Causes

140

(1)

Cumulating Causes

140

(1)

Situational Versus Dispositional Causes

140

(1)

What Are the Topic's Consequences?

141

(4)

Requirements of Inferring Consequences

141

(1)

Consequences of What, for What?

142

(1)

Consequences and System Needs: Functionalism

143

(1)

Other Wordings of the Consequences Question

144

(1)

Consequences Distinguished from Intentions

144

(1)

What Is Human Agency?

145

(4)

Passivist Versus Activist Images

145

(1)

Activist Questions

146

(3)

Arousing Interest

149

(30)

Social Science Framing

150

(18)

True

150

(1)

Theoretical Candor

150

(1)

The Ethnographer's Path

151

(1)

Fieldnote Evidence

151

(1)

New

151

(1)

Relating to Existing Work

152

(1)

First Report

152

(1)

Unusual Setting

153

(1)

Important

153

(1)

Questioning Mindset

153

(3)

Propositional Framing

156

(1)

Generic Concepts

157

(6)

Developed Treatment

163

(4)

Resonating Content

167

(1)

Social Science Value Commitments

168

(6)

Humanism and Liberal Science

169

(1)

New Perception

169

(1)

Demystification and Reform

170

(2)

Human and Moral Complexity

172

(1)

Larger, Dispassionate Understanding

172

(2)

Other Framings

174

(3)

Mainstream Improving

175

(1)

Radical Liberating

175

(1)

Villain Pillorying

176

(1)

Expressive Voicing

176

(1)

Audiences and Interests

177

(1)

Summary

177

(2)

PART THREE ANALYZING DATA

179

(52)

Developing Analysis

181

(23)

Social Science Framing

182

(2)

Eight Forms of Propositions

182

(1)

A Third Way to Contrast Propositional with Other Writing

183

(1)

Number of Propositions in a Single Fieldstudy

184

(1)

Socializing Anxiety

184

(2)

Coding

186

(7)

Two Physical Methods of Coding

187

(1)

Filing

188

(1)

PC Databasing

188

(1)

Types of Coding

189

(1)

Housekeeping

189

(1)

Analytic

190

(1)

Fieldwork and Analysis

191

(1)

Maintaining a Chronological Record

192

(1)

Stages of Analytic Coding

192

(1)

Initial Coding

192

(1)

Focused Coding

192

(1)

Memoing

193

(4)

Diagramming

197

(4)

Typologizing

197

(1)

Matrix Making

198

(1)

Concept Charting

198

(1)

Flow Charting

199

(2)

Thiking Flexibly

201

(3)

Writing Reports

204

(27)

Writing Practices

204

(14)

Have Something You Want to Say About Something

205

(1)

Write on Any Project Aspect, But Wirte

205

(2)

Trust in Discovery and Surprise in Writing

207

(2)

Admit Aversion and Write Regularly Anyway

209

(2)

Do Not Seek Perfection or the One Right Way

211

(1)

Prepare to Omit Cherished Writing

212

(1)

Have a Secluded and Indulging Place to Write

212

(1)

Reread and Revise

213

(2)

Choose Labels Carefully

215

(1)

Let the Ego Drain Out

215

(1)

Find Your Own Working Style

216

(1)

Find Your Own Prose Stlye

217

(1)

Desirable Features of Reports: A Checklist

218

(10)

Basic Organization?

219

(1)

Tile?

219

(1)

Abstract?

220

(1)

First Paragraphs?

220

(1)

Early Overview?

221

(1)

Literature Review?

221

(1)

Data Sources?

221

(1)

Subdivided Main Body?

221

(1)

Summary and Conclusion?

222

(1)

Bibliography?

222

(1)

Stylistic Conventions?

222

(1)

Writing Conventions?

222

(1)

Methodological Reporting and Caution?

222

(1)

Reporting?

222

(3)

Caution?

225

(1)

Research Effort and Success?

225

(1)

Effort?

225

(1)

Success?

225

(1)

Data Quality, Quantity, Pertinence?

225

(1)

Data Quality and Quantity?

225

(1)

Pertinence?

225

(1)

Clarity, Logical Order, Social Science Framing?

226

(1)

Clarity and Logical Order?

226

(1)

Social Science Framing?

226

(1)

Analytic Thoroughness?

226

(1)

Elaboration?

226

(1)

Data-Analysis Interpenetration?

226

(1)

Serious Lables?

226

(1)

Balance?

226

(1)

Descriptive-Analytic Balance?

226

(1)

Section Balance?

226

(1)

Truth and Plausibility?

227

(1)

True?

227

(1)

Data-Analysis Consistency?

227

(1)

Internal_External Consistency?

227

(1)

Originality?

227

(1)

Newness?

227

(1)

Importance?

227

(1)

Concluding Observations

228

(3)

The Fieldstudies Approach as a System Parts

228

(1)

The Similarity of All Scholarship

229

(1)

Technique and Impotence

229

(2)

Appendix Dissecting Fieldstudy Reports

231

(6)

Task and Purpose

231

(2)

Format

231

(1)

Articles Versus Books

231

(1)

Research Reports

231

(1)

Locating Research Reports

232

(1)

Questions About Fieldstudy Reports

233

(4)

A. Identification

233

(1)

B. Social and Personal Matters

233

(1)

C. Data Matters

234

(1)

D. Topics Addressed

234

(1)

E. Questions Addressed

234

(1)

F. Analysis Propounded

235

(1)

G. Literature Context

235

(1)

H. Data Presentation

235

(1)

I. Overall

236

(1)

References

237

(24)

Index

261

(7)

Credits

268

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Analyzing Social Settings : A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis

Analyzing Social Settings : A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis

9780534247805

0534247806

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Analyzing Social Settings : A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis

Analyzing Social Settings : A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis

9780534247805

0534247806

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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