9780078038440

Analyzing Moral Issuespresents a variety of timely and interesting moral issues through lively introductions and primary source selections. This text, with readings, covers a broad range of ethical perspectives, among them virtue ethics (Aristotelian and Confucian), Buddhist and feminist care ethics, and the Rawlsian and communitarian approaches. The sixth edition includes coverage of the latest current events like the Occupy Wall Street movement, the assassination of Osama bin Laden, anti-war protests at the funerals of fallen soldiers, the Great Recession and more.

Chapter 2 Moral Theory 1
Moral Philosophy 2
What Is the Purpose of Moral Theories? 2
The Types of Moral Theories 3
Relativism in Ethics 4
Moving Beyond Ethical Relativism 11
Morality and Religion 15
Universal Moral Theories 18
Ethical Egoism 19
Utilitarianism 22
Deontology: The Ethics of Duty 26
Rights-Based Ethics 32
Virtue Ethics 37
Conclusion 41
Aristotle, from Nicomachean Ethics 42
Ayn Rand, from The Fountainhead 47
Jeremy Bentham, from An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation 50
John Stuart Mill, from Utilitarianism 52
Immanuel Kant, from Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Ethics 54
John Rawls, from A Theory of Justice 59
John Locke, from Two Treatises of Civil Government 62
Nel Noddings, from Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education 65
Confucius, from The Analects 68
Thich Nhat Hanh, “The Five Mindfulness Trainings” 71
Case Studies 125
Chapter 2 Abortion 73
Background 73
The History of Abortion in the United States 74
The U.S. Supreme Court Roe v. Wade Decision 75
Abortion and Religion 78
Methods of Abortion 79
The Moral Issues 80
Conclusion 85
Judith Jarvis Thomson, “A Defense of Abortion” 86John T. Noonan Jr., “An Almost Absolute Value in History” 97
Mary Anne Warren, “The Moral Significance of Birth” 102
Don Marquis, “Why Abortion Is Immoral” 108
Serrin M. Foster, “Refuse to Choose: Women Deserve Better Than Abortion” 113
Case Studies 125
Chapter 3 Genetic Engineering, Cloning, and Stem Cell Research 131
The History of Genetic Engineering 131
The Human Genome Project 132
Genetic Engineering 132
Cloning 133
Stem Cell Research 136
The Moral Issues 137
Conclusion 143
Julian Salvulescu, “Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings” 144
Judith A. J ohnson and Erin D. W illiams, “Human Cloning: Ethical and Social Issues” 150
Leon Kass, “The Wisdom of Repugnance: Why We Should Ban the Cloning of Humans” 158
James R. Langevin, “Statement in Support of H.R. 810, the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act” 166
Case Studies 125
Chapter 4 Euthanasia 177
What Is Euthanasia? 177
The Philosophers on Euthanasia 178
The Contemporary Debate over Euthanasia 180
Euthanasia Legislation 181
Physician-Assisted Suicide 182
The Hospice Movement 184
The Moral Issues 185
Conclusion 189
James Rachels, “Active and Passive Euthanasia” 190
Margaret Pabst Battin, “The Case for Euthanasia” 195
J. Gay - Williams, “The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia” 203
John Hardwig, “Is There a Duty to Die?” 207
Susan M. Wolf, “A Feminist Critique of Physician-Assisted Suicide” 214
Case Studies 222
Chapter 5 The Death Penalty 228
History of the Death Penalty 228
The Death Penalty Today 228
The Death Penalty: Juvenile and Mentally Retarded Offenders 232
The Medicalization of Executions 232
DNA Testing 233
The Philosophers on the Death Penalty 233
The Moral Issues 235
Conclusion 239
Ernest van den Haag, “The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense of Capital Punishment” 240
Christopher W. Morris, “Punishment and Loss of Moral Standing” 245
Hugo Adam Bedau, “Capital Punishment” 251
Jeffrey Reiman, “Why the Death Penalty Should be Abolished in the United States” 261
Helen Prejean, “Would Jesus Pull the Switch?” 267
Case Studies 272
Chapter 6 Drug and Alcohol Use 278
What Is a Drug? 278
The History of Drug and Alcohol Use 279
Legal and Illegal Drugs 280
Drug and Alcohol Use Today 281
Drug and Alcohol Use Among College Students 283
Drugs in Sports 284
The Disease Model of Addiction 285
The Moral Model of Addiction 286
The Philosophers on Drug and Alcohol Abuse 286
The Moral Issues 287
Conclusion 290
Thomas Szasz, “The Ethics of Addiction” 291
James Q. Wilson, “Against the Legalization of Drugs” 299
Douglas N. Husak, “A Moral Right to Use Drugs” 307
Laura Dean - Mooney and John McCardell, “Two Takes on the 21 Drinking Age” 314
Thomas H. Murray, “Drugs, Sports, and Ethics” 317
Case Studies 324
Chapter 7 Sexual Intimacy and Marriage 330
Religious and Cultural Attitudes Toward Sexuality and Marriage 330
Sexual Intimacy and Love 331
Marriage 332
Homosexuality and Same-Sex Marriages 333
Cohabitation and Premarital Sex 334
The Philosophers on Sexuality and Marriage 335
Adultery and Infidelity 336
Sex and Violence 336
Prostitution and the Sex Trade 338
The Moral Issues 338
Conclusion 341
The Vatican, “Declaration on Sexual Ethics” 341
Sara Ruddick, “Better Sex” 346
Michael Ruse, “Is Homosexuality Bad Sexuality?” 353
Margaret H. Marshall and Robert J. Cordy, Goodridge v. Department of Public Health (2003) 361
Richard W asserstrom, “Is Adultery Immoral?” 370
Lois Pineau, “Date Rape: A Feminist Analysis” 377
Case Studies 383
Chapter 8 Feminism, Motherhood, and the Workplace 390
Feminism 390
The Philosophers on Women 394
Motherhood 395
Women in the Workplace 397
Sexual Harassment 399
The Moral Issues 400
Conclusion 401
Simone de Beauvoir, “The Second Sex” 402
Ruth Groenhout, “Essentialist Challenges to Liberal Feminism” 406
Linda Hirshman, “Homeward Bound” 415
Gloria Steinem, “Women Are Never Front-Runners” 424
Steven Goldberg, “The Logic of Patriarchy” 426
Katie Roiphe, “Reckless Eyeballing: Sexual Harassmenton Campus” 432
Case Studies 439
Chapter 9 Freedom of Speech 445
What Is “Freedom of Speech”? 445
Limitations on Freedom of Speech 446
The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 447
Freedom of Speech in Cyberspace 448
Pornography 449
Hate Speech as Protected Speech 450
Speech Codes and Free Speech Zones on College Campuses 452
The Philosophers on Freedom of Speech 454
The Moral Issues 455
Conclusion 459
John S tuart Mill, from On Liberty 459
Catharine A. MacKinnon, “Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech” 467
Charles R. Lawrence III, “If He Hollers Let Him Go: Regulating Racist Speech on Campus” 475
Nadine Strossen, “Hate Speech and Pornography: Do We Have to Choose Between Freedom of Speech and Equality?” 484
Stanley Fish, “There’s No Such Thing as Free Speech,and It’s a Good Thing, Too” 493
Alan M. Dershowitz, “Political Correctness, Speech Codes, and Diversity” 499
Cass R. Sunstein, “The First Amendment in Cyberspace” 502
Case Studies 507
Chapter 10 Racial Discrimination and Global Justice 514
Defining the Key Terms 514
The Philosophers on Racism 516
The Roots of American Racism 517
Racism Today 521
Globalization, Immigration, and Racism 524
The Moral Issues 525
Conclusion 527
Lyndon B. Johnson, “To Fulfill These Rights” 528
Bernard R. Boxill, “The Color-Blind Principle” 540
Michael Levin, “Race, Biology, and Justice” 546
Joseph H. Carens, The Rights of Irregular Migrants
Thomas Pogge, “World Poverty and Human Rights” 559
Case Studies 565
Chapter 11 War and Terrorism 571
Background 571
The Philosophers on War and Terrorism 572
The Just-War Tradition 575
Weapons of Mass Destruction 578
Pacifism and Conscription 579
The Moral Issues 580
Conclusion 584
Elizabeth Anscombe, “War and Murder” 585
C.A.J. Coady, “War and Terrorism” 591
Sohail H. Hashmi, “Interpreting the Islamic Ethics of War and Peace” 599
Jonathan Granoff, “Nuclear Weapons, Ethics, Morals and Law” 608
David Luban, “The War on Terrorism and the End of Human Rights” 613
Stephen Joel Trachtenberg, “Sharing the Burden” 620
Case Studies 630
Chapter 12 Animal Rights and Environmental Ethics 637
The Legal and Moral Status of Nonhuman Animals 637
The Legal and Moral Status of the Environment 639
The Philosophers on the Moral Value of Nonhuman Animals and the Environment 639
Animal Farming, Environmental Degradation, and Vegetarianism 641
Global Warming and Climate Change 643
Animal Experimentation 644
The Moral Issues 645
Conclusion 648
Tom R egan, “The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism” 649
Jan Narveson, “Animal Rights Revisited” 655
Peter Singer, from Animal Liberation 660
Carl Cohen, “Do Animals Have Rights?” 669
Aldo Leopold, “The Land Ethic” 676
Bill Devall and George Sessions, “Deep Ecology” 680
James Garvey, Climate Change and Moral Outrage
Karen J. W arren, “The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism, Revisited” 687
Case Studies 694
Glossary G-1
Endnotes N-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1

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Analyzing Moral Issues

Analyzing Moral Issues

0078038448

Summary

Table of Contents

Moral Philosophy 2

What Is the Purpose of Moral Theories? 2

The Types of Moral Theories 3

Relativism in Ethics 4

Moving Beyond Ethical Relativism 11

Morality and Religion 15

Universal Moral Theories 18

Ethical Egoism 19

Utilitarianism 22

Deontology: The Ethics of Duty 26

Rights-Based Ethics 32

Virtue Ethics 37

Conclusion 41

Aristotle, from Nicomachean Ethics 42

Ayn Rand, from The Fountainhead 47

Jeremy Bentham, from An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation 50

John Stuart Mill, from Utilitarianism 52

Immanuel Kant, from Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Ethics 54

John Rawls, from A Theory of Justice 59

John Locke, from Two Treatises of Civil Government 62

Nel Noddings, from Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education 65

Confucius, from The Analects 68

Thich Nhat Hanh, “The Five Mindfulness Trainings” 71

Case Studies 125

Chapter 2 Abortion 73

Background 73

The History of Abortion in the United States 74

The U.S. Supreme Court Roe v. Wade Decision 75

Abortion and Religion 78

Methods of Abortion 79

The Moral Issues 80

Conclusion 85

Judith Jarvis Thomson, “A Defense of Abortion” 86John T. Noonan Jr., “An Almost Absolute Value in History” 97

Mary Anne Warren, “The Moral Significance of Birth” 102

Don Marquis, “Why Abortion Is Immoral” 108

Serrin M. Foster, “Refuse to Choose: Women Deserve Better Than Abortion” 113

Case Studies 125

Chapter 3 Genetic Engineering, Cloning, and Stem Cell Research 131

The History of Genetic Engineering 131

The Human Genome Project 132

Genetic Engineering 132

Cloning 133

Stem Cell Research 136

The Moral Issues 137

Conclusion 143

Julian Salvulescu, “Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings” 144

Judith A. J ohnson and Erin D. W illiams, “Human Cloning: Ethical and Social Issues” 150

Leon Kass, “The Wisdom of Repugnance: Why We Should Ban the Cloning of Humans” 158

James R. Langevin, “Statement in Support of H.R. 810, the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act” 166

Case Studies 125

Chapter 4 Euthanasia 177

What Is Euthanasia? 177

The Philosophers on Euthanasia 178

The Contemporary Debate over Euthanasia 180

Euthanasia Legislation 181

Physician-Assisted Suicide 182

The Hospice Movement 184

The Moral Issues 185

Conclusion 189

James Rachels, “Active and Passive Euthanasia” 190

Margaret Pabst Battin, “The Case for Euthanasia” 195

J. Gay - Williams, “The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia” 203

John Hardwig, “Is There a Duty to Die?” 207

Susan M. Wolf, “A Feminist Critique of Physician-Assisted Suicide” 214

Case Studies 222

Chapter 5 The Death Penalty 228

History of the Death Penalty 228

The Death Penalty Today 228

The Death Penalty: Juvenile and Mentally Retarded Offenders 232

The Medicalization of Executions 232

DNA Testing 233

The Philosophers on the Death Penalty 233

The Moral Issues 235