Preface

Introduction

Prelude: Basic Properties of Musical Sound

The Elements of Music

Rhythm

Meter

Melody

Harmony

Timbre

Form

Music Notation

Elements of an American Sound

How to Improve Your Listening Skills

Listening Example 1. trad.: "John Henry"

Terms to Review

PART 1 Music in Early North America

The Early Years: Historical and Cultural Perspective

The Beginnings of Music in America

Native Americans

European Emigrants

Puritan Society

The African Experience in Early America

Revolution, in Classical Style

Painting in Eighteenth-Century America

Chapter 1. North American Indian Music

Songs

Texture

Texts

Listening Example 2. Yeibichai Chant Song (excerpt)

Sioux Grass Dance

Listening Example 3. Sioux Grass Dance (excerpt)

Sound Instruments

Contemporary Indian Song

Professional Musicians

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 2. Early Folk Music

Spanish Traditions

Alabados

Corridos

Listening Example 4: Anonymous, "El corrido de Gregorio Cortez"

Encore

British Traditions

Folk Ballads

Listening Example 5: Anonymous, "Barbara Allen"

Early American Folk Music

Listening Example 6: Anonymous, "Shenandoah"

African Traditions

Field Hollers

Ring Shouts

Listening Example 7: Field Holler

Listening Example 8: Father's Field Call

Work Songs

Listening Example 9:Jesse Bradley, "Hammer, Ring" (excerpt)

Freedom Songs

Musical Instruments

Listening Example 10: "No More Auction Block for Me"

What of African Music Survives Today?

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 3. Religious Music in the Colonial, Revolutionary, and Federal Periods

Music at the Spanish Missions

Psalm Tunes

Psalters

Listening Example 11. Louis Bourgeois, "Old Hundred" (excerpt)

Other Protestant Music

Listening Example 12. Joseph Brackett, Jr., "'Tis the Gift to Be Simple"

German-Speaking Protestant Sects

The Great Awakening

Early Efforts at Musical Reform

The Singing School Movement

William Billings (1746-1800)

Listening Example 13. William Billings, "Chester"

Canons

Listening Example 14. William Billings, "When Jesus Wept"

Fuging Tunes

Listening Example 15. Daniel Read, "Sherburne"

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 4. Secular Music in the Colonial, Revolutionary, and Federal Periods

Music in Everyday Experience

Prestigious Musical Amateurs

Early American Theater

Early Bands

Listening Example 16: Anonymous, "Yankee Doodle" (excerpt)

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Part 1. Summary

Part 2. The Tumultuous Nineteenth Century

Romanticism in America: Historical and Cultural Perspective

The Emergence of Characteristically American Art

Independence

The Unknown

Love of Nature

Fusion of the Arts

The Civil War Era

Music

Chapter 5. Religious Music in the Early Nineteenth Century

The Great Revival

Shape-Note Notation

Spiritual Songs

"Amazing Grace"

Black Spirituals

Listening Example 17: James Macdermid. "There'll Be Joy, Joy, Joy" (excerpt)

Listening Example 18: Anonymous, "Amazing Grace"

Listening Example 19: Anonymous, "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen" (excerpt)

Spirituals As Concert Music

Singing Conventions

Further Movements to Reform Music

Lowell Mason (1792-1872)

Listening Example 20: Lowell Mason, "Nearer, My God, to Thee"

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 6. Popular Music of the Civil War Era

Minstrelsy

Listening Example 21: Daniel Decatur Emmett, "I Wish I Was in Dixie's Land"

James A. Bland (1854-1911)

The Heritage of Minstrelsy

Stephen Foster (1826-1864)

Listening Example 22: Stephen Foster, "I Dream of Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair"

Listening Example 23: Stephen Foster, "Oh! Susanna"

Patriotic Songs

Listening Example 24: John Stafford Smith, "The Anacreontick Song"

Civil War Songs

Singing Families

Listening Example 25: Anonymous, "Get Off the Track"

Concert Bands

Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore (1829-1892)

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 7. Concert Music

Orchestral Music

Theodore Thomas (1835-1905)

Romantic Virtuosos

Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829-1869)

Piano Music

Listening Example 26: Louis Moreau Gottschalk, "Le bananier"

Rise of Nationalism in Music

Second New England School

John Knowles Paine (1839-1906)

Listening Example 27: John Knowles Paine, Fuga giocosa, op. 41, no. 3

Fugue

Amy Marcy Cheney Beach (1867-1944)

Listening Example 28: Amy Marcy Cheney Beach, Symphony in E minor (Gaelic), 2nd movement

Edward MacDowell (1860-1908)

Terms to Review

Key Figures

PART 2 Summary

PART 3. The Growth of Vernacular Traditions

Music in the Vernacular: Historical and Cultural Perspective

Vernacular Art and Literature

Vernacular Music

Chapter 8. The Rise of Popular Culture

John Philip Sousa (1854-1932)

Marches

Listening Example 29. John Philip Sousa, "The Stars and Stripes Forever"

Ragtime

Scott Joplin (1868-1917)

Listening Example 30. Scott Joplin, "Maple Leaf Rag"

Influence of Ragtime

Tin Pan Alley

The Songs

Barbershop Singing

Listening Example 31. George M. Cohan, "Rose" ("A Ring to the Name of Rose")

Irving Berlin (1888-1989)

Listening Example 32. Irving Berlin, "Alexander's Ragtime Band"

Jerome Kern (1885-1945)

Cole Porter (1892-1964)

Listening Example 33. Cole Porter, "Night and Day"

George Gershwin (1898-1937)

Decline of Tin Pan Alley

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 9. The Jazz Age

Blues

Rural or Country Blues

Listening Example 34. Robert Johnson, "Hellhound on My Trail"

Classic Blues

Listening Example 35. Bessie Smith, "Lost Your Head Blues"

Urban Blues

Listening Example 36. W. C. Handy, St. Louis Blues

New Orleans Jazz

Louis Armstrong (1901-1971)

Listening Example 37. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, "Hotter Than That" (excerpt)

Chicago Jazz

Jazz Piano

Boogie-Woogie

Stride Piano

Listening Example 38. James P. Johnson, "Carolina Shout"

Sweet Jazz

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 10. Jazz 1930-1960

Big Band Swing

Art of Arranging

Listening Example 39. Count Basie, Lester Young, arr., "Taxi War Dance" (excerpt)

Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (1899-1974)

Listening Example 40. Duke Ellington, "Mood Indigo"

Women in Jazz

Rise of Big Band Vocalists

Billie Holiday (1915-1959)

Bebop

Charlie "Bird" Parker (1920-1955)

John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie (1917-1993)

Listening Example 42. Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, "KoKo"

Jazz As Concert Music

Jazz Composition

Listening Example 43. Duke Ellington, Concerto for Cootie

Encore

Progressive Jazz

Listening Example 44. Paul Desmond, "Take Five" (excerpt)

Cool Jazz

Listening Example 45. Miles Davis, "Boplicity"

Hard Bop

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 11. Country Music

From Country to City

Jimmie Rodgers (1897-1933)

Listening Example 46. Jimmie Rodgers, "Blue Yodel No. 9"

The Carter Family

Styles of Country Music

American Folk Ballads

Listening Example 47. Anonymous, "The Ballad of Casey Jones"

Bluegrass

Listening Example 48. Earl Scruggs, "Earl's Breakdown"

Country Pop and the Nashville Sound

Western Swing

Honky-Tonk

Cowboy Songs

Hawaiian Music

Listening Example 49: Danny Ku, "Mele of My Tutu E"

Cajun Music

Listening Example 50. Anonymous, Cajun Two-Step (excerpt)

Zydeco

Women in Country

Recent Country

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 12. Latin Popular Musics

The Caribbean

Santeria: The Way of the Saints

Bomba

Rumba

Cu-bop

Mambo

Salsa

Listening Example 51. Ruben Blades and Willie Colon, "Ojos" (Eyes)

Brazil

Samba and Bossa Nova

Listening Example 52. Antonio Carlos Jobim, "Desafinado" ("Off Key")

Mexico

Tejano and Norteño Music

Conjunto

Mariachis

Latin Music Today

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Part 3 Summary

Part 4. Vernacular Musics Since Rock and Roll

Vernacular Art

Vernacular Music

Chapter 13. Rock and Roll

The Generation Gap

Rhythm and Blues

Country Music Meets R&B

Birth of Rock and Roll

Bill Haley (1925-1981)

Elvis Presley (1935-1977)

Early Characteristics

Listening Example 53. Chuck Berry, "School Days"

End of the First Era

Surfing Music

Motown

Listening Example 54. Holland, Dozier, and Holland, "Stop! In the Name of Love"

The British Invasion

Back to Black Rock

Gospel

Listening Example 55. Anonymous: "Down by the Riverside"

Soul

Listening Example 56. James Brown, "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag"

Funk

From Rock and Roll to Rock

Psychedelic Rock

Psychedelic Blues

Heavy Metal

A Future Unassured

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 14. Rock Flirts with Country

Urban Folk Music

Woody Guthrie (1914-1967)

The Urban Folk Revival

Bob Dylan (b. 1941)

Folk Rock

Listening Example 57. Bob Dylan, "Mr. Tambourine Man"

Newport Folk Festival, 1965

Alternative Country

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 15. Jazz Since 1960

Free Jazz

Listening Example 58. John Coltrane, A Love Supreme-Part I, "Acknowledgement" (excerpt)

The 1970s

Fusion (Jazz-Rock)

Integration of Foreign Sounds

The 1980s and Beyond

Crossover Music

Traditionalism

The 1990s and Beyond

Henry Threadgill (b. 1944)

Anthony Braxton (b. 1945)

Wynton Marsalis (b. 1961)

Jazz Today and Tomorrow

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 16. Popular Music since 1970

Singer-Songwriters

Art Rock

Disco

Punk

New Wave

Grunge

Electronic Dance Music

Pop Music and Politics

Looking Forward, Backward, and Abroad

Hip-Hop and Rap

Reggae

The Rise of Hip-Hop

Rap

Social Concerns

Listening Example 59. "Rapper's Delight" (excerpt)

Back to the Roots

Music Business

Sharing Music

Marketing Music

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Part 4 Summary

Part 5 Music for Theater and Film

Music and Theater: Historical and Cultural Perspective

Musical Theater in America

Broadway Musicals

Operas

Films

Chapter 17 Musical Theater

Variety Shows

Vaudeville

Burlesque

Revues

Operetta

Gilbert and Sullivan

American Operettas

Musical Comedies

George M. Cohan (1878-1942)

Listening Example 60. George M. Cohan, "Give My Regards to Broadway" (from Little Johnny Jones)

Black Musical Theater

Jerome Kern's Show Boat

Listening Example 61: Jerome Kern, "Ol' Man River" (from Show Boat)

Golden Age of Broadway Musicals (1930-1955)

Rodgers and Hart

Rodgers and Hammerstein

Expansion of the Broadway Musical

Lerner and Loewe

Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990)

Listening Example 62: Leonard Bernstein, "Tonight" (from Westside Story)

Stephen Sondheim (b. 1930)

Listening Example 63. Stephen Sondheim, "Every Day a Little Death" (from A Little Night Music)

More Black Musicals

The Music of Musicals

Current Trends

From Film to Broadway

Effects Other than Music

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 18. Music for Films

Functions of Music in Film

Source Versus Functional Music

History of Music in Films

Silent Films

Early Sound Films

The Hollywood Sound

Bernard Herrmann (1911-1975)

Listening Example 64: Bernard Herrmann, "The Murder" (from Psycho)

John Williams (b. 1932)

Listening Example 65. John Williams, Star Wars Main Title

Pop Scores

Electronic Music

Movie Musicals Revived

Current Trends

The Composer's Perspective

Techniques

Film Score Performances and Recordings

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 19. American Opera

Opera

Solo and Ensemble Singing Opera in America

Virgil Thomson (1896-1989)

George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess

Listening Example 66: George Gershwin, "Bess, You Is My Woman Now" (from Porgy and Bess)

Gian-Carlo Menotti (1911-2007)

The Trend toward Realism

Listening Example 67: Philip Glass, "Spaceship" (from Einstein on the Beach)

Opera or Musical: Which Is It?

American Opera Today

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Part 5 Summary

Part 6 Tradition and Innovation in Concert Music

Music for the Concert Hall: Historical and Cultural Perspective

Interaction between the Arts

The Value of Chance

American Concert Music

Chapter 20. Experimental Music: Revolution

Charles Ives (1874-1954)

Philosophy of Music

Instrumental Compositions

Listening Example 68. Charles Ives, "General Putnam's Camp" from Three Places in New England

Songs

Listening Example 69. Charles Ives, "At the River"

Other Characteristics of Ives's Music

Ives's Place in History

Henry Cowell (1897-1965)

Early Compositions

Piano Experiments

Listening Example 70. Henry Cowell, "The Banshee" (excerpt)

Sources of Inspiration

Writings

Concrete Music

John Cage (1912-1992)

Gamelan Music

Listening Example 71: Anonymous, Gamelan Gong Kebjar: "Hudjan Mas" (Golden Rain) (excerpt)

Prepared Piano

Listening Example 72: John Cage, Sonata V (from Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano)

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 21 Early Twentieth-Century Mainstream Concert Music: Evolution

The Parisian Scene

Aaron Copland (1900-1990)

Depression and War Years

Listening Example 73. Aaron Copland, Fanfare for the Common Man

Music for Dance

Listening Example 74. Aaron Copland, "Hoedown" (from Rodeo)

Later Works

Samuel Barber (1910-1981)

Listening Example 75. Samuel Barber, Adagio for Strings

Harlem Renaissance

William Grand Still (1895-1978)

Listening Example 76. William Grant Still, Afro-American Symphony, third movement ("Humor")

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 22. The Avant-Garde, Continued

Rhythm and Timbre

Harry Partch (1901-1974)

Tape Music and the Electronic Synthesizer

Milton Babbitt (b. 1916)

Robert Ceely

Listening Example 77: Robert Creely, "Vonce"

John Cage and Chance Music

Silence

Other Composers of Chance Music

Notation

Pauline Oliveros (b.1932)

Listening Example 78. Pauline Oliveros, Sound Patterns

Terms to Review

Key Figures

Chapter 23. The Recent Mainstream

The Elements of Music

New Concepts of Form

William Schuman (1910-1992)

Listening Example 79. William Schuman, New England Triptych, third movement, "Chester"

Minimalism

Terry Riley (b. 1935)

Philip Glass (b. 1937)

Gwyneth Walker (b. 1947)

Listening Example 80. Gwyneth Walker, "Maggie and Millie and Molly and May" (from Though Love Be a Day)

A Promise of New Sounds

Terms to Review

Key Figures

PART 6 Summary

The Charge

Glossary

Credits

Index