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Adventures in the Human Spirit

by: Bishop, Philip E.

Adventures in the Human Spirit

by: Bishop, Philip E.

ISBN 13:
9780205765379
ISBN 10:
0205765378
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/05/2010
Publisher: Pearson
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Adventures in the Human Spirit > ISBN13: 9780205765379

Summary

This single-volume text is a historical survey of the western humanities. Written to be accessible to students with little background in the arts and humanities, Adventure in the Human Spirit provides a balanced introduction to the major arts, philosophy, and religion. This text approaches the humanities by focusing on principal events, styles, movements, and figures, bringing the past to life.

1 The Humanities: An Introduction to the Adventure 12

Creating a Sense of Self 13

Tradition: Nurturing the Creative Spirit 13

Modes of Expression and Reflection 13

The Arts 14

The Pictorial Arts 14

Sculpture: The Art of Shaping 15

Architecture: The Art of Shelter 17

Music: The Art of Sound 18

Dance: The Art of Movement 20

The Art of Theater 21

A Note about Opera 22

The Literary Arts 22

An Invitation to the Adventure 22

Chapter Summary 23

2 The Ancient World 24

The First Humans 25

Mesopotamia 26

The Sumerians 26

Empires of the Near East 27

KEY CONCEPT: Myth 29

Ancient Egypt 30

Egypt: Religion and Society 30

The Arts of Egypt 32

WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: Death at an Egyptian Banquet 32

Asia and America 33

The Indus Valley 33

Bronze Age China 35

KEY CONCEPT: Civilizations and Progress 35

Ancient America 36

Chapter Summary 37

CRITICAL QUESTION 35

3 Ancient Greece: The Classical Spirit 38

Early Greece 39

The Aegean World 40

Early Greek Poetry 41

Religion and Philosophy in Early Greece 43

Art in Early Greece 44

The Classical Period 46

Athens in its Golden Age 46

WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: The Plague of Athens 47

Classical Greek Art 48

The Athenian Acropolis 48

Classical Sculpture 51

KEY CONCEPT: The Classical Ideal 53

Greek Theater and Music 56

Greek Tragedy 56

Greek Comedy 58

Greek Music and Dance 58

Classical Greek Philosophy 59

The Sophists and Socrates 60

Plato 60

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Confucius and Philosophy 61

Aristotle 61

The Hellenistic Age 62

The Hellenistic Legacy 63

Chapter Summary 66

CRITICAL QUESTION 42, 53, 61

THE WRITE IDEA 44, 54, 58, 63

4 Ancient Rome: The Spirit of Empire 67

The Drama of Roman History 68

The Rise of Republican Rome 69

KEY CONCEPT: Imperialism 70

Imperial Rome 71

The Art of an Empire 73

Sculpture as Propaganda 73

The Forum of Trajan 74

KEY CONCEPT: The World Citizen 76

The Romans as Builders 77

Roman Art and Daily Life 81

Roman Daily Life 81

WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: A Marriage Contract of the Roman Era 82

Roman Theater and Music 85

The Romans as Poets and Thinkers 87

Early Roman Poets 88

Roman Epic and Satire 88

Philosophy in the Roman World 89

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Rise of Buddhism 90

Rome’s Division and Decline 93

Chapter Summary 94

CRITICAL QUESTION 76, 88

THE WRITE IDEA 72, 83

5 The Spirit of Monotheism: Judaism, Christianity, Islam 95

The Judaic Tradition 96

History and the Israelites 96

The Hebrew Bible 98

KEY CONCEPT: Monotheism 99

Job and the Trials of Israel 100

The Rise of Christianity 101

Jesus of Nazareth 101

The Growth of Christianity 102

WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: The Siege of Jerusalem 104

Christianity in the Late Roman Empire 105

Philosophy: Classical and Christian 107

From Classical to Christian 107

Augustine of Hippo 107

KEY CONCEPT: Original Sin and Human Nature 108

The Christian Empires: Rome and Byzantium 109

St. Peter’s and the Pope 110

Justinian and the Byzantine World 110

Ravenna: Showcase of the Christian Arts 114

Christianity and the Arts 118

Early Christian Music 118

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Teotihuacán: Sacred City of Mesoamerica 119

Christianity Against the Arts 120

The Rise of Islam 121

The Foundations of Islam 122

Islamic Arts and Science 123

Dawn of The Middle Ages 126

Chapter Summary 127

CRITICAL QUESTION 99, 104, 108, 126

THE WRITE IDEA 100, 109

6 The Early Middle Ages: The Feudal Spirit 128

The Age of Charlemagne 129

Northern Edge of the Early Middle Ages 129

Charlemagne’s Empire 130

Carolingian Arts 130

Feudal Europe 133

Feudalism 133

WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: Work in Charlemagne’s World 134

The Arts of Feudalism 134

The Bayeux Tapestry 135

The Flowering of Muslim Spain 136

Monasticism 138

The Monastic Ideal 138

Hrotsvit and the Classical Tradition 140

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Blood of Maya Kings 140

The Romanesque Style 141

Imperial Revival and the Romanesque Style 141

The Romanesque Church: Monks and Pilgrims 142

Romanesque Sculpture 143

KEY CONCEPT: Pilgrimage 146

Early Medieval Music and Drama 147

Musical Notation 147

Hildegard of Bingen: Musical Mystic 149

Drama in the Medieval Church 150

KEY CONCEPT: Mysticism 151

The Medieval Philosopher 151

Early Medieval Philosophy 151

Abelard 153

The Medieval Spirit and the First Crusade 154

Chapter Summary 155

CRITICAL QUESTION 138, 151

THE WRITE IDEA 131, 136, 146, 154

7 The Late Middle Ages: The Gothic Awakening 156

The Gothic Awakening 157

The Crusades and the Decline of Feudalism 158

The Rise of Towns and Cities 159

The Gothic Style 160

The Gothic Style and Divine Light 160

The Cathedral at Chartres 161

Gothic Sculpture 164

Music and Theater in the Gothic Age 166

The Evolution of Organum 166

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Buddhism in Asia 168

Gothic Theater: From Church to Town 169

The New Learning 171

The Universities 171

KEY CONCEPT: Scholasticism 171

Thomas Aquinas 172

Court and City in the Late Middle Ages 173

Courtly Love and Medieval Romance 173

KEY CONCEPT: Chivalry 176

Music in the Late Middle Ages 177

Dante’s Divine Comedy 177

Chaucer’s Canterbury Pilgrims 179

WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: The Plague and Prosperity 179

The Late Gothic 180

Reclaiming the Classical Past 180

Giotto and the International Gothic 181

Chapter Summary 184

CRITICAL QUESTION 171, 176, 177

8 The Renaissance Spirit in Italy 185

The Renaissance in Italy 186

The Italian City-States 186

KEY CONCEPT: Renaissance Humanism 187

Patronage of the Arts and Learning 188

WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: The Violence of Renaissance Youth 191

The Arts in Early Renaissance Italy 191

Florence 1401—A Renaissance Begins 191

Brunelleschi’s Domes 195

Florentine Painting: A Refined Classicism 195

Italian Renaissance Music 198

Early Renaissance Sculpture 198

KEY CONCEPT: The Science of Perspective 200

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Great Zimbabwe 203

The Decline of Florence 204

Renaissance Genius 204

Machiavelli and Humanist Politics 204

Leonardo da Vinci 205

KEY CONCEPT: The Renaissance Man …and Woman 208

The High Renaissance in Rome 209

Josquin des Préz 209

Raphael 211

Michelangelo in Rome 214

The New St. Peter’s 215

An Age of Giants 216

Chapter Summary 218

CRITICAL QUESTION 191, 209, 214

THE WRITE IDEA 190, 203, 205, 215

9 Reformation and Late Renaissance 219

The Reformation 220

Luther’s Challenge 220

The Appeal of the Reformation 221

Calvinism 222

The Rise of Northern Europe 222

KEY CONCEPT: The “Protestant Ethic”: God, Work, and Wealth 223

Kings, Commerce, and Columbus 224

The Northern Renaissance Courts 225

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Ottoman Empire 228

WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: A Midwife’s Advice 229

Art and Humanism in Northern Europe 229

Faith and Humanism in Northern Art 229

Erasmus and Humanism 234

Utopians and Skeptics 236

The Elizabethan Age 236

KEY CONCEPT: Skepticism 237

The Reformation in England 237

Theater in the Elizabethan Age 237

The Genius of Shakespeare 240

Elizabethan Music 241

The Late Renaissance in Italy and Spain 242

Palestrina and the Counter-Reformation 243

Renaissance Theater in Italy 243

The Renaissance in Venice 245

Late Renaissance Painting and Mannerism 248

Chapter Summary 253

CRITICAL QUESTION 222, 224, 237, 240

THE WRITE IDEA 220, 223, 235

10 The Spirit of Baroque 254

The Baroque in Italy 255

Bernini and Counter-Reformation Rome 255

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Taj Mahal 257

Italian Baroque Painting 262

The Birth of Opera 263

KEY CONCEPT: Absolutism 265

The Baroque in Spain 265

Spanish Baroque Architecture 265

Velázquez and Cervantes—Masters of Illusion 267

The Baroque In France 270

The Palace of Versailles 270

Theater and Dance at Versailles 273

Painting in Baroque France 274

The Protestant Baroque 277

J. S. Bach—Baroque Genius 277

Bach’s “Well-tempered Clavier” 278

Rembrandt and Dutch Baroque Painting 278

KEY CONCEPT: Empiricism 282

The New Science 283

Tools of the New Science 283

Descartes and Newton 284

The English Compromise 285

English Baroque Poetry 285

Christopher Wren’s London 286

WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: The Fire of London 286

Handel and Music in England 288

Politics and Philosophy in England 288

Chapter Summary 290

CRITICAL QUESTION 265, 269, 274

THE WRITE IDEA 282

11 The Spirit of Enlightenment 291

The Rococo Style 292

The Rococo in France 292

The Rococo in Germany and Britain 297

The Enlightenment 301

The Philosophes 301

Enlightenment and Freedom 302

KEY CONCEPT: Enlightenment 303

The Bourgeois Response 304

The Bourgeois Style in Painting 304

The Rise of the Novel 305

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Kabuki Theater 307

The Bourgeois Theater in Germany 307

Music in the Age of Enlightenment 308

Mozart and Opera 308

The Classical Symphony 310

The Neoclassical Style 311

Neoclassical Architecture 311

KEY CONCEPT: Neoclassicism 313

Neoclassical Painting 314

The Age of Satire 316

Swift 316

WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: Women Gladiators 316

Satire and Society in Art 317

Voltaire 318

Chapter Summary 319

CRITICAL QUESTION 303, 310, 317

THE WRITE IDEA 301

12 Revolution and Romanticism 320

Revolutions and Rights 321

The Revolutionary Wave—1776 and 1789 321

The Napoleonic Era 323

KEY CONCEPT: Freedom 326

The Industrial Revolution 327

Revolution and Philosophy 328

The Romantic Hero 328

Faust and the Romantics 329

Delacroix and the Byronic Hero 330

Music and Dance in the Romantic Age 331

Beethoven: From Classical to Romantic 332

Age of the Virtuoso 333

Berlioz’s Fantastic Symphony 334

Elements of Romanticism 335

Romantic Social Protest 335

The Romantics and Nature 337

KEY CONCEPT: Imagination 337

Romantic Escapes 340

WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: Native Storytellers 341

Evil and the Gothic Novel 343

Chapter Summary 345

CRITICAL QUESTION 326, 330

THE WRITE IDEA 322, 338, 344

13 The Industrial Age: The Spirit of Materialism 346

Materialism and Progress 347

The Victorians 347

Realism in Pictorial Art 349

The Realist Novel 353

The Modern City 354

Music and Modernity 358

Verdi’s Operas 358

Wagner’s Musical Revolution 358

KEY CONCEPT: Modernity 360

Late Romantic Music and Dance 362

Late Romantics and Early Moderns 362

Symbolism and Art Nouveau 362

WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: A Musical Career 363

Debussy and Rodin–The Break with Tradition 364

Impressionism 368

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Japanese Color Print 370

Beyond Impressionism 372

The Dark Side of Progress 376

The Realist Theater 377

The Novel and Modern Philosophy 377

KEY CONCEPT: Human Will 378

Chapter Summary 380

CRITICAL QUESTION 354, 361, 365

THE WRITE IDEA 350, 379

14 The Spirit of Modernism 381

A Turbulent Century 382

A New Science 382

The Great War 383

Fascism and the Rise of Mass Society 384

Modernism in Art 385

WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: War, Fashion, and Feminism 385

Picasso and the Revolution in Art 385

KEY CONCEPT: Primitivism 388

Toward Formal Abstraction 389

Expressionism and Dada 391

The Modern Mind 395

Freud and Surrealism 395

KEY CONCEPT: The Unconscious 397

Modernism in Literature 398

Modernist Music and Architecture 399

Stravinsky and Schoenberg—The New Music 399

Modernist Building and Design 401

Art and Politics 403

Brecht’s Epic Theater 403

Painting and Politics 404

Politics and the Cinema 405

In the American Grain 407

Regionalism and Renaissance 407

The American Scene 409

The Age of Jazz 409

World War and Holocaust 410

Chapter Summary 412

CRITICAL QUESTION 383, 385, 398

THE WRITE IDEA 399, 406

15 The Contemporary Spirit 413

The Age of Anxiety 414

Post-war America 414

Exploring the Absurd 414

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Gandhi and

Colonial Liberation 415

KEY CONCEPT: Existentialism 416

The Theater of the Absurd 417

The Existential Hero 417

Art in the Post-war Era 418

The New York School 418

Pop, Minimalism, and the Avant-garde 419

KEY CONCEPT: The Avant-garde 421

Sculpture in the Post-war Era 422

The Trials of Modern Architecture 425

Triumph of the International Style 425

Building as Sculpture 426

Post-1945 Music 428

The Avant-garde in Music 428

The Pop Rebellion 429

The Post-modern Styles 429

Post-modern Architecture 430

Minimalism in Music 431

The Contemporary Visual Arts 433

The New Fiction 436

The Global Culture 436

Liberated Voices 437

AIDS and the Arts 440

WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: Living and Dying with AIDS 440

A New Century–Promise and Challenge 441

Chapter Summary 444

CRITICAL QUESTION 422, 436

THE WRITE IDEA 416, 424, 439

Notes 445

Glossary 449

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