A summary of research by scientists in the field of cognitive neuroscience from outside the United States and Western Europe, this book offers a perspective on how international studies and developments in neurotechnology are impacted by the social foundations of the human condition. While focusing on Russian research, the book also presents research from China, India, and Brazil to describe how social foundations give rise to different moral issues and legal considerations. Chapters are grouped into topical sections that describe theoretical and technical programs of research. Each section includes commentary on ethical, legal, and social considerations.