Rent 9780321163387 | Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, Concise Edition | Ramage, John D.; Bean, John C.; Johnson, June @knetbooks.com

Summary Table of Contents

The market leader in argumentative rhetorics, Writing Arguments has proven highly successful in teaching students to read arguments critically and to produce effective arguments of their own. With its student-friendly tone, clear explanations, high-interest readings and examples, and well-sequenced critical thinking and writing assignments, Writing Arguments offers a time-tested approach to argument that is interesting and accessible to students and eminently teachable for instructors. Throughout the book, the authors approach argument rhetoric... MORE

Color Plates

xvi

Preface

xvii

Part One Overview of Argument

(62)

1 Argument: An Introduction

(16)

... MORE

What Do We Mean by Argument?

(3)

Argument Is Not a Fight or a Quarrel

(1)

Argument Is Not Pro-Con Debate

(1)

Arguments Can Be Explicit or Implicit

(2)

Argument Requires Justification of Its Claims

(2)

Argument Is Both a Process and a Product

(1)

Argument Combines Truth Seeking and Persuasion

(2)

Argument and the Problem of Truth

(3)

A Successful Process of Argumentation: The Well-Functioning Committee

(1)

Gordon Adams (student), "Petition to Waive the University Mathematics Requirement"

(5)

Conclusion

(2)

2 Reading Arguments

(24)

Why Reading Arguments Is Important for Writers

(1)

Strategy 1: Reading as a Believer

(2)

Lisa Turner, "Playing with Our Food"

(14)

Summary Writing as a Way of Reading to Believe

(3)

Suspending Doubt: Willing Your Own Belief in the Writer's Views

(1)

Strategy 2: Reading as a Doubter

(1)

Strategy 3: Exploring How Rhetorical Context and Genre Shape the Argument

(5)

Understanding the Genres of Argument

(3)

Analyzing Rhetorical Context and Genre

(1)

Strategy 4: Seeking Alternative Views and Analyzing Sources of Disagreement

(5)

Disagreement About Facts or Their Relevance

(1)

Disagreements About Values, Beliefs, or Assumptions

(1)

Council for Biotechnology Information, "Why Biotech Labeling Can Confuse Consumers"

(3)

Writing an Analysis of a Disagreement

(1)

"An Analysis of the Sources of Disagreement Between Lisa Turner and the Council for Biotechnology Information"

(5)

Strategy 5: Using Disagreement Productively to Prompt Further Investigation

(2)

Accepting Ambiguity and Uncertainty

(1)

Seeking Sources of Facts and More Complete Versions of Alternative Views

(1)

Determining What Values Are at Stake for You and Articulating Your Own Values

(1)

Considering Ways to Synthesize Alternative Views

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

3 Writing Arguments

(20)

Who Writes Arguments and Why?

(1)

Tips for Improving Your Writing Process

(4)

Starting Point

(1)

Exploring, Researching, and Rehearsing

(1)

Writing a First Draft

(1)

Revising Through Multiple Drafts

(1)

Editing for Style, Impact, and Correctness

(1)

Using Exploratory Writing to Discover Ideas and Deepen Thinking

(7)

Freewriting or Blind Writing

(2)

Idea Mapping

(1)

Playing the Believing and Doubting Game

(1)

Brainstorming for Pro and Con Because Clauses

(2)

Brainstorming a Network of Related Issues

(1)

Shaping Your Argument: Using Classical Structure as an Initial Guide

(2)

Using Exploratory Writing to Discover Ideas and Deepen Thinking: Two Sets of Exploratory Tasks

(4)

Set 1: Starting Points

(2)

Set 2: Exploration and Rehearsal

(2)

Writing Assignments for Chapters 1-3

(2)

Part Two Principles of Argument

(100)

4 The Core of an Argument: A Claim with Reasons

(11)

The Rhetorical Triangle

(1)

Issue Questions as the Origins of Argument

(2)

Difference Between an Issue Question and an Information Question

(1)

Difference Between a Genuine Argument and a Pseudo-Argument

(2)

Pseudo-Arguments: Fanatical Believers and Fanatical Skeptics

(1)

Another Source of Pseudo-Arguments: Lack of Shared Assumptions

(1)

Frame of an Argument: A Claim Supported by Reasons

(3)

What Is a Reason?

(2)

Advantages of Expressing Reasons in Because Clauses

(1)

Applying This Chapter's Principles to Your Own Writing

(2)

Applying This Chapter's Principles to Reading Arguments

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

5 The Logical Structure of Arguments

(16)

An Overview of Logos; What Do We Mean by the"Logical Structure" of an Argument?

(3)

Adopting a Language for Describing Arguments: The Toulmin System

(5)

Using Toulmin's Schema to Determine a Strategy of Support

(2)

The Power of Audience-Based Reasons

(5)

Difference Between Writer-Based and Audience-Based Reasons

(3)

Finding Audience-Based Reasons: Asking Questions About Your Audience

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

6 Using Evidence Effectively

(18)

General Principles for the Persuasive Use of Data

(2)

Apply the STAR Criteria to Data

(2)

Use Sources That Your Reader Trusts

(1)

Rhetorical Understanding of Evidence

(10)

Kinds of Evidence

(5)

Angle of Vision and the Selection and Framing of Evidence

(2)

Rhetorical Strategies for Framing Evidence

101

(2)

Special Strategies for Framing Statistical Evidence

103

(1)

Gathering Evidence

104

(2)

Creating a Plan for Gathering Evidence

104

(1)

Gathering Data from Interviews

105

(1)

Gathering Data from Surveys or Questionnaires

105

(1)

Conclusion

106

(1)

Writing Assignments for Chapters 4-6

106

(1)

David Langley (student), "Half Criminals or Urban Athletes? A Plea for Fair Treatment of Skateboarders"

107

(3)

7 Moving Your Audience: Ethos and Pathos

110

(9)

Ethos and Pathos as Persuasive Appeals: An Overview

110

(2)

How to Create an Effective Ethos: The Appeal to Credibility

112

(1)

Be Knowledgeable About Your Issue

112

(1)

Be Fair

112

(1)

Build a Bridge to Your Audience

112

(1)

How to Create Pathos: The Appeal to Beliefs and Emotions

112

(6)

Use Concrete Language

113

(1)

Use Specific Examples and Illustrations

113

(1)

Use Narratives

114

(1)

Choose Words, Metaphors, and Analogies with Appropriate Connotations

115

(1)

Use Visual Arguments for Emotional Appeal

115

(3)

Conclusion

118

(1)

8 Accommodating Your Audience: Treating Differing Views

119

(18)

One-Sided versus Multisided Arguments

119

(1)

Determining Your Audience's Resistance to Your Views

120

(1)

Appealing to a Supportive Audience: One-Sided Argument

121

(1)

Appealing to a Neutral or Undecided Audience: Classical Argument

122

(6)

Summarizing Opposing Views

122

(1)

Refuting Opposing Views

123

(3)

Strategies for Rebutting Evidence

126

(1)

Conceding to Opposing Views

127

(1)

Appealing to a Resistant Audience: Delayed-Thesis or Rogerian Argument

128

(5)

Delayed-Thesis Argument

128

(1)

Ellen Goodman, "Minneapolis Pornography Ordinance"

128

(1)

Rogerian Argument

131

(2)

Rebekah Taylor (student), "Letter to Jim"

133

(3)

Conclusion

135

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapters 7 and 8

136

(1)

9 Conducting Visual Arguments

137

(26)

Understanding Design Elements in Visual Argument

138

(2)

The Components of Visual Design

138

(1)

Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Type and Spatial Elements

138

(2)

Drug Enforcement Administration, "A Single Hit of Ecstasy ..." (advocacy advertisement)

140

(13)

The Compositional Features of Photographs and Drawings

141

(5)

An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Images

143

(3)

The Genres of Visual Arguments

146

(6)

Posters and Fliers

147

(1)

Public Affairs Advocacy Advertisements

148

(2)

Cartoons

150

(1)

Web Pages

151

(1)

Constructing Your Own Visual Argument

152

(1)

Leah Johnson (student), "Drink and Then Drive? Jeopardize My Future?" (poster)

153

(8)

Using Graphics as Visual Arguments

154

(6)

How Tables Contain a Variety of Stories

154

(3)

Using a Graphic to Tell a Story

157

(2)

Incorporating Graphics into Your Argument

159

(1)

Conclusion

160

(1)

Writing Assignments for Chapter 9

161

(2)

Part Three Claim Types in Argument

163

(109)

10 An Introduction to the Types of Claims

165

(9)

An Overview of the Types of Claims

165

(5)

Type 1: Simple Categorical Arguments (Is X a Y?, Where You and Your Audience Agree on the Meaning of Y)

166

(1)

Type 2: Definitional Arguments (Is X a Y?, Where the Definition of Y Is Contested)

167

(1)

Type 3: Cause/Consequence Arguments (Does X Cause Y? Is Y a Consequence of X?)

167

(1)

Type 4: Resemblance Arguments (Is X Like Y?)

168

(1)

Type 5: Evaluation Arguments (Is X Good or Bad? Is X a Good or Bad Y?)

168

(1)

Type 6: Proposal Arguments (Should We Do X?)

169

(1)

What Is the Value of Studying Claim Types?

170

(4)

Help in Focusing an Argument and Generating Ideas

170

(3)

Help in Organizing and Developing an Argument

173

(1)

11 Categorical and Definitional Arguments: X Is (Is Not) a Y

174

(20)

An Overview of Categorical Arguments

174

(1)

Simple Categorical Arguments

175

(3)

Difference Between Facts and Simple Categorical Claims

175

(1)

Variations in the Wording of Simple Categorical Claims

176

(1)

Supporting Simple Categorical Claims: Supply Examples

177

(1)

Refuting Simple Categorical Claims

177

(1)

An Overview of Definitional Arguments

178

(1)

The Criteria-Match Structure of Definitional Arguments

179

(2)

Conceptual Problems of Definition

181

(1)

Why Can't We Just Look in the Dictionary?

181

(1)

Definitions and the Rule of Justice: At What Point Does X Stop Being a Y?

181

(1)

Kinds of Definitions

182

(2)

Aristotelian Definition

183

(1)

Operational Definition

183

(1)

Strategies for Defining the Contested Term in a Definitional Argument

184

(4)

Reportive Approach: Research How Others Have Used the Term

184

(1)

Stipulative Approach: Create Your Own Definition

185

(3)

Conducting the Match Part of a Definitional Argument

188

(1)

Organizing a Definitional Argument

188

(1)

Questioning and Critiquing a Definitional Argument

189

(1)

Questioning the Criteria

189

(1)

Questioning the Match

189

(1)

Readings

190

(1)

Jack K.C. Chiang, "Why Not Taiwan?"

190

(1)

Kathy Sullivan (student), "Oncore, Obscenity, and the Liquor Control Board"

191

(2)

Writing Assignment for Chapter 11

193

(1)

12 Causal Arguments: X Causes (Does Not Cause) Y

194

(19)

An Overview of Causal Arguments

194

(1)

The Nature of Causal Arguing

195

(2)

Describing a Causal Argument in Toulmin Terms

197

(1)

Three Methods for Arguing That One Event Causes Another

198

(6)

First Method: Explain the Causal Mechanism Directly

199

(1)

Second Method: Use Various Inductive Methods to Establish a High Probability of a Causal Link

200

(3)

Third Method: Argue by Analogy or Precedent

203

(1)

Glossary of Terms Encountered in Causal Arguments

204

(3)

Organizing a Causal Argument

207

(2)

Questioning and Critiquing a Causal Argument 208 Readings

209

(1)

Daeha Ko (student), "The Monster That Is High School"

210

(2)

United Way, "Kids Who Do Not Participate ..." (advocacy advertisement)

212

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapter 12

212

(1)

13 Resemblance Arguments: X Is (Is Not) Like Y

213

(13)

An Overview of Resemblance Arguments

213

(3)

Arguments by Analogy

216

(3)

Using Undeveloped Analogies

217

(1)

Using Extended Analogies

217

(2)

Arguments by Precedent

219

(3)

Organizing a Resemblance Argument

222

(1)

Questioning and Critiquing a Resemblance Argument

222

(1)

Readings

223

(1)

Megan Matthews (student), "Whales Need Silence"

223

(1)

Jean Arbeiter, "Iraq War Plans "

224

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapter 13

225

(1)

14 Evaluation and Ethical Arguments: X Is (Is Not) a Good Y; X Is Right (Wrong)

226

(23)

An Overview of Evaluation Arguments

226

(1)

Criteria-Match Structure of Categorical Evaluations

227

(1)

Conducting a Categorical Evaluation Argument

228

(4)

Determining Criteria for a Categorical Evaluation Argument

228

(2)

Determining Whether X Meets the Criteria

230

(2)

An Overview of Ethical Arguments

232

(1)

Major Ethical Systems

233

(2)

Consequences as the Base of Ethics

234

(1)

Principles as the Base of Ethics

234

(1)

Constructing an Ethical Argument

235

(2)

Constructing a Principles-Based Argument

235

(1)

Constructing a Consequences-Based Argument

236

(1)

Common Problems in Making Evaluation Arguments

237

(2)

Organizing an Evaluation Argument

239

(1)

Critiquing a Categorical Evaluation

240

(1)

Critiquing an Ethical Evaluation

241

(1)

Readings

242

(1)

Tiffany Anderson (student), "A Woman's View of Hip-Hop"

242

(3)

Dr. Ezekiel J. Emanuel, "Eight Is Too Many; The Case Against Octuplets"

245

(3)

Writing Assignment for Chapter 14

248

(1)

15 Proposal Arguments: We Should (Should Not) Do X

249

(23)

The Nature of Proposal Arguments

249

(1)

The Structure of Proposal Arguments

250

(1)

Special Concerns of Proposal Arguments

250

(2)

The Need for Presence

250

(1)

The Need to Overcome People's Natural Conservatism

250

(1)

The Difficulty of Predicting Future Consequences

251

(1)

The Problem of Evaluating Consequences

251

(1)

Developing a Proposal Argument

252

(2)

Convincing Your Readers That a Problem Exists

252

(1)

Showing the Specifics of Your Proposal

253

(1)

The Justification: Convincing Your Reader That Your Proposal Should Be Enacted

253

(1)

Proposal Arguments as Advocacy Posters or Advertisements

254

(2)

Using the Claim-Type Strategy to Develop a Proposal Argument

256

(3)

Using the Stock-Issues Strategy to Develop a Proposal Argument

259

(2)

Organizing a Proposal Argument

261

(1)

Questioning and Critiquing a Proposal Argument

262

(1)

Reading

263

(1)

Mark Bonicillo (student), "A Proposal for Universal Health Insurance in the United States" (MLA-style research paper)

264

(6)

Writing Assignments for Chapter 15

270

(2)

Appendixes

272

(35)

Appendix One Informal Fallacies

272

(6)

Fallacies of Pathos

272

(1)

Fallacies of Ethos

273

(1)

Fallacies of Logos

274

(4)

Appendix Two A Concise Guide to Finding, Evaluating, and Documenting Sources

278

(29)

Finding Print Articles: Searching a Licensed Database

278

(3)

What Is a Licensed Database?

278

(1)

Illustration of a Database Search

279

(2)

Finding Cyberspace Sources: Searching the World Wide Web

281

(1)

Evaluating Sources

282

(2)

Angle of Vision

282

(1)

Degree of Advocacy

283

(1)

Reliability

283

(1)

Credibility

284

(1)

Evaluating Web Sites

284

(4)

Analyzing the Purpose of a Site and Your Own Research Purpose

284

(1)

Sorting Sites by Domain Type

284

(1)

Making an Evaluation of a Web Site

285

(3)

Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism

288

(3)

Using Sources for Your Own Purposes

288

(2)

Avoiding Plagiarism

290

(1)

Citing Sources in MLA Style

291

(2)

Documenting Sources in a "Works Cited"List (MLA)

293

(1)

MLA Quick Reference Guide for the Most Common Citations

293

(2)

Formatting an Academic Paper in MLA Style

295

(1)

Student Example of an MLA-Style Research Paper

295

(1)

Citing Sources in APA Style

295

(1)

Documenting Sources in a "References" List (APA)

296

(1)

APA Quick Reference Guide for the Most Common Citations

296

(2)

Student Example of an APA-Style Research Paper

298

(1)

Megan Matthews (student), "Sounding the Alarm: Navy Sonar and the Survival of Whales"

299

(8)

Credits

307

(1)

Index

308

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