Rent 9780321163417 | Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, Brief Edition | Ramage, John D.; Bean, John C.; Johnson, June @knetbooks.com

Summary Table of Contents

The market leader in argumentative rhetorics, Writing Arguments has proven highly successful in teaching students to read arguments critically and to produce effective arguments of their own. With its student-friendly tone, clear explanations, high-interest readings and examples, and well-sequenced critical thinking and writing assignments, Writing Arguments offers a time-tested approach to argument that is interesting and accessible to students and eminently teachable for instructors. Throughout the book, the authors approach argument rhetoric... MORE

Color Plates

xxii

Preface

xxiii

Acknowledgments

xxxi

Part One Overview of Argument

(72)

... MORE

Argument: An Introduction

(19)

What Do We Mean by Argument?

(2)

Argument Is Not a Fight or a Quarrel

(1)

Argument Is Not Pro-Con Debate

(1)

Arguments Can Be Explicit or Implicit

(1)

``Dulce et Decorum Est''

(2)

Wilfred Owen

The Defining Features of Argument

(5)

Argument Requires Justification of Its Claims

(2)

Argument Is Both a Process and a Product

(1)

Argument Combines Truth Seeking and Persuasion

(2)

Argument and the Problem of Truth

(3)

A Successful Process of Argumentation: The Well-Functioning Committee

(2)

``Petition to Waive the University Mathematics Requirement''

(4)

Gordon Adams

Conclusion

(1)

Reading Arguments

(27)

Why Reading Arguments Is Important for Writers

(1)

Strategy 1: Reading as a Believer

(1)

``Playing with Our Food''

(3)

Lisa Turner

Summary Writing as a Way of Reading to Believe

(4)

Suspending Doubt: Willing Your Own Belief in the Writer's Views

(1)

Strategy 2: Reading as a Doubter

(2)

Strategy 3: Exploring How Rhetorical Context and Genre Shape the Argument

(4)

Understanding the Genres of Argument

(3)

Analyzing Rhetorical Context and Genre

(1)

Strategy 4: Seeking Out Alternative Views and Analyzing Sources of Disagreement

(3)

Disagreement about Facts or Their Relevance

(1)

Disagreement about Values, Beliefs, or Assumptions

(2)

``Why Biotech Labeling Can Confuse Consumers''

(3)

Writing an Analysis of a Disagreement

(1)

``An Analysis of the Sources of Disagreement between Lisa Turner and the Council for Biotechnology Information''

(2)

Strategy 5: Using Disagreement Productively to Prompt Further Investigation

(3)

Accepting Ambiguity and Uncertainty

(1)

Seeking Sources of Facts and More Complete Versions of Alternative Views

(1)

Determining What Values Are at Stake for You and Articulating Your Own Values

(1)

Considering Ways to Synthesize Alternative Views

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Writing Arguments

(24)

Who Writes Arguments and Why?

(3)

Tips for Improving Your Writing Process

(4)

Starting Point

(1)

Exploring, Researching, and Rehearsing

(1)

Writing a First Draft

(1)

Revising through Multiple Drafts

(1)

Editing for Style, Impact, and Correctness

(1)

Using Exploratory Writing to Discover Ideas and Deepen Thinking

(6)

Freewriting or Blind Writing

(1)

Idea Mapping

(1)

Playing the Believing and Doubting Game

(2)

Brainstorming for Pro and Con Because Clauses

(1)

Brainstorming a Network of Related Issues

(1)

Shaping Your Argument: Classical Argument as a Planning Tool

(5)

The Structure of Classical Argument

(3)

An Illustration of Classical Argument as a Planning Guide

(2)

Discovering Ideas: Two Sets of Exploratory Writing Tasks

(3)

Set 1: Starting Points

(2)

Set 2: Exploration and Rehearsal

(1)

Writing Assignments for Chapters 1--3

(3)

Part Two Principles of Argument

(124)

The Core of an Argument: A Claim with Reasons

(12)

The Rhetorical Triangle

(1)

Issue Questions as the Origins of Argument

(3)

Difference between an Issue Question and an Information Question

(2)

Difference between a Genuine Argument and a Pseudo-Argument

(2)

Pseudo-Arguments: Fanatical Believers and Fanatical Skeptics

(1)

Another Source of Pseudo-Arguments: Lack of Shared Assumptions

(2)

Frame of an Argument: A Claim Supported by Reasons

(3)

What Is a Reason?

(1)

Advantages of Expressing Reasons in Because Clauses

(2)

Application of this Chapter's Principles to Your Own Writing

(2)

Application of this Chapter's Principles to the Reading of Arguments

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

The Logical Structure of Arguments

(22)

An Overview of Logos: What Do We Mean by the ``Logical Structure'' of an Argument?

(4)

Adopting a Language for Describing Arguments: The Toulmin System

(7)

Using Toulmin's Schema to Determine a Strategy of Support

(3)

The Power of Audience-Based Reasons

101

(7)

Difference between Writer-Based and Audience-Based Reasons

102

(2)

Finding Audience-Based Reasons: Asking Questions about Your Audience

104

(4)

Conclusion

108

(1)

Using Evidence Effectively

109

(20)

General Principles for the Persuasive Use of Data

109

(2)

Apply the STAR Criteria to Data

110

(1)

Use Sources That Your Reader Trusts

111

(1)

Rhetorical Understanding of Evidence

111

(11)

Kinds of Evidence

112

(4)

Angle of Vision and the Selection and Framing of Evidence

116

(3)

Rhetorical Strategies for Framing Evidence

119

(2)

Special Strategies for Framing Statistical Evidence

121

(1)

Gathering Evidence

122

(3)

Creating a Plan for Gathering Evidence

122

(1)

Gathering Data from Interviews

123

(1)

Gathering Data from Surveys or Questionnaires

124

(1)

Conclusion

125

(1)

Writing Assignments for Chapters 4--6

125

(1)

``'Half-Criminals' or Urban Athletes? A Plea for Fair Treatment of Skateboarders''

126

(3)

David Langley

Moving Your Audience: Ethos and Pathos

129

(11)

Ethos and Pathos as Persuasive Appeals: An Overview

129

(2)

How to Create an Effective Ethos: The Appeal to Credibility

131

(1)

Be Knowledgeable about Your Issue

131

(1)

Be Fair

131

(1)

Build a Bridge to Your Audience

132

(1)

How to Create Pathos: The Appeal to Belief and Emotions

132

(5)

Use Concrete Language

133

(1)

Use Specific Examples and Illustrations

133

(1)

Use Narratives

134

(2)

Choose Words, Metaphors, and Analogies with Appropriate Connotations

136

(1)

Using Images for Emotional Appeal

137

(2)

Conclusion

139

(1)

Accommodating Your Audience: Treating Differing Views

140

(25)

One-Sided versus Multisided Arguments

140

(1)

Determining Your Audience's Resistance to Your Views

141

(2)

Appealing to a Supportive Audience: One-Sided Argument

143

(1)

Appealing to a Neutral or Undecided Audience: Classical Argument

144

(6)

Summarizing Opposing Views

144

(1)

Refuting Opposing Views

145

(3)

Strategies for Rebutting Evidence

148

(1)

Example of a Student Essay Using Refutation Strategy

149

(1)

From First Place: A Healing School for Homeless Children

150

(2)

Marybeth Hamilton

Conceding to Opposing Views

152

(1)

Appealing to a Resistant Audience: Delayed Thesis or Rogerian Argument

152

(1)

Delayed-Thesis Argument

153

(1)

``Minneapolis Pornography Ordinance''

153

(5)

Ellen Goodman

Rogerian Argument

156

(2)

``Letter to Jim''

158

(5)

Rebekah Taylor

Appealing to a Resistant Audience: Using Humor

160

(3)

Conclusion

163

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapters 7 and 8

164

(1)

Conducting Visual Arguments

165

(32)

Understanding Design Elements in Visual Argument

166

(4)

Use of Type

166

(2)

Use of Space or Layout

168

(1)

An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Type and Spatial Elements

169

(1)

``A Single Hit of Ecstasy...'' (advocacy advertisement)---Drug Enforcement Administration

170

(4)

Use of Color

172

(1)

Use of Images and Graphics

172

(1)

An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using All the Design Components

173

(1)

The Compositional Features of Photographs and Drawings

174

(5)

An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Images

176

(3)

The Genres of Visual Argument

179

(7)

Posters and Fliers

180

(1)

Public Affairs Advocacy Advertisements

180

(3)

Cartoons

183

(3)

Web Pages

186

(1)

Constructing Your Own Visual Argument

186

(2)

``Drink and Then Drive? Jeopardize My Future?'' (poster)

188

(1)

Leah Johnson

Using Graphics as Visual Arguments

189

(5)

How Tables Contain a Variety of Stories

189

(2)

Using a Graph to Tell a Story

191

(1)

Bar Graphs

191

(1)

Pie Charts

192

(1)

Line Graphs

193

(1)

Incorporating Graphics into Your Argument

194

(2)

Designing the Graphic

194

(1)

Numbering, Labeling, and Titling the Graphic

194

(1)

Referencing the Graphic in Your Text

195

(1)

Conclusion

196

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapters 9

196

(1)

Part Three Arguments in Depth: Six Types of Claims

197

(158)

An Introduction to the Types of Claims

199

(9)

An Overview of the Types of Claims

199

(5)

Type 1: Simple Categorical Arguments (Is X a Y?, Where You and Your Audience Agree on the Meaning of Y)

200

(1)

Type 2: Definitional Arguments (Is X a Y?, Where the Definition of Y Is Contested)

201

(1)

Type 3: Cause/Consequence Arguments (Does X Cause Y? Is Y a Consequence of X?)

201

(1)

Type 4: Resemblance Arguments (Is X Like Y?)

202

(1)

Type 5: Evaluation Arguments (Is X Good or Bad? Is X a Good or Bad Y?)

202

(1)

Type 6: Proposal Arguments (Should We Do X?)

203

(1)

What Is the Value of Studying Claim Types?

204

(4)

Help in Focusing an Argument and Generating Ideas

204

(3)

Help in Organizing and Developing an Argument

207

(1)

Categorical and Definitional Arguments: X Is (Is Not) a Y

208

(33)

An Overview of the Categorical Arguments

209

(1)

Simple Categorical Arguments

210

(4)

Difference between Facts and Simple Categorical Claims

210

(1)

Variations in the Wording of Simple Categorical Claims

211

(1)

Supporting Simple Categorical Claims: Supply Examples

212

(1)

Refuting Simple Categorical Claims

213

(1)

An Overview of Definitional Arguments

214

(1)

The Criteria-Match Structure of Definitional Arguments

214

(3)

Conceptual Problems of Definition

217

(2)

Why Can't We Just Look in the Dictionary?

217

(1)

Definitions and the Rule of Justice: At What Point Does X Quit Being a Y?

217

(2)

Kinds of Definitions

219

(3)

Aristotelian Definition

219

(2)

Effect of Rhetorical Context on Aristotelian Definitions

221

(1)

Operational Definitions

222

(1)

Strategies for Defining the Contested Term in a Definitional Argument

222

(4)

Reportive Approach: Research How Others Have Used the Term

223

(1)

Stipulative Approach: Create Your Own Definition

224

(2)

Conducting the Match Part of a Definitional Argument

226

(1)

Writing a Definitional Argument

227

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapter 11

227

(3)

Exploring Ideas

227

(1)

Organizing a Definitional Argument

228

(1)

Revising Your Draft

229

(1)

Questioning and Critiquing a Definitional Argument

230

(1)

Questioning the Criteria

230

(1)

Questioning the Match

231

(1)

Readings

231

(1)

``Why Not Taiwan?''

231

(2)

Jack K. C. Chiang

Critiquing ``Why Not Taiwan?''

232

(1)

``Oncore, Obscenity, and the Liquor Control Board''

233

(2)

Kathy Sullivan

Critiquing ``Oncore, Obscenity, and the Liquor Control Board''

235

(1)

``This Isn't a `Legal' Matter, This Is War''

235

(3)

Charles Krauthammer

Critiquing ``This Isn't a `Legal' Matter, This Is War''

237

(1)

``Court Win for Martin Not a Defeat for Pro Sports''

238

(3)

Blaine Newnham

Critiquing ``Court Win for Martin Not a Defeat for Pro Sports''

239

(2)

Causal Arguments: X Causes (Does Not Cause)Y

241

(28)

An Overview of Causal Arguments

242

(1)

The Nature of Causal Arguing

242

(2)

Describing a Causal Argument in Toulmin Terms

244

(2)

Three Methods for Arguing That One Event Causes Another

246

(6)

First Method: Explain the Causal Mechanism Directly

246

(2)

Second Method: Use Various Inductive Methods to Establish a High Probability of a Causal Link

248

(3)

Third Method: Argue by Analogy or Precedent

251

(1)

Glossary of Terms Encountered in Causal Arguments

252

(2)

Writing Your Causal Argument

254

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapter 12

254

(3)

Exploring Ideas

255

(1)

Organizing a Causal Argument

256

(1)

Questioning and Critiquing a Causal Argument

257

(2)

Readings

259

(1)

``The Monster That Is High School''

259

(3)

Daeha Ko

Critiquing ``The Monster That Is High School''

261

(1)

``Kids Who Do Not Participate...'' (advocacy advertisement)

262

(1)

Critiquing the United Way advocacy ad

262

(1)

``When Mothers on Welfare Go to Work''

263

(2)

Richard Rothstein

Critiquing ``When Mothers on Welfare Go to Work''

264

(1)

``The Causes of Teen Sexual Behavior''

265

(4)

Holly Miller

Critiquing ``The Causes of Teen Sexual Behavior''

268

(1)

Resemblance Arguments: X Is (Is Not) like Y

269

(20)

An Overview of Resemblance Arguments

270

(2)

Arguments by Analogy

272

(3)

Using Undeveloped Analogies

273

(1)

Using Extended Analogies

273

(2)

Arguments by Precedent

275

(3)

Writing a Resemblance Argument

278

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapter 13

278

(1)

Exploring Ideas

278

(1)

Organizing a Resemblance Argument

278

(1)

Questioning and Critiquing a Resemblance Argument

279

(1)

Readings

280

(1)

``Whales Need Silence''

280

(1)

Megan Matthews

Critiquing ``Whales Need Silence''

281

(1)

``Iraq War Plans''

281

(1)

Jean Arbeiter

Critiquing ``Iraq War Plans''

282

(1)

``The Long Haul''

282

(3)

Paul Klugman

Critiquing ``The Long Haul''

284

(1)

``Knock! Knock!'' (political cartoon)

285

(1)

Sven Van Assche

Critiquing the Internet Chat Room Cartoon

285

(1)

from Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape

285

(4)

Susan Brownmiller

Critiquing the Passage from Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape

288

(1)

Evaluation and Ethical Arguments: X Is (Is Not) a Good Y; X Is Right (Wrong)

289

(30)

An Overview of Evaluation Arguments

289

(1)

Criteria-Match Structure of Categorical Evaluations

290

(1)

Conducting a Categorical Evaluation Argument

291

(5)

Determining Criteria for a Categorical Evaluation Argument

292

(2)

Determining Whether X Meets the Criteria

294

(2)

An Overview of Ethical Arguments

296

(1)

Two Major Ethical Systems

297

(1)

Consequences as the Base of Ethics

297

(1)

Principles as the Base of Ethics

298

(1)

Conducting an Ethical Argument

298

(2)

Constructing a Principles-Based Argument

298

(1)

Constructing a Consequences-Based Argument

299

(1)

Common Problems in Making Evaluation Arguments

300

(2)

Writing an Evaluation Argument

302

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapter 14

302

(3)

Exploring Ideas

302

(1)

Organizing an Evaluation Argument

303

(1)

Revising Your Draft

304

(1)

Questioning and Critiquing an Evaluation Argument

305

(2)

Critiquing a Categorical Evaluation Argument

305

(1)

Critiquing an Ethical Argument

306

(1)

Readings

307

(1)

``Would Legalization of Gay Marriage Be Good for the Gay Community?''

307

(3)

Sam Isaacson

Critiquing ``Would Legalization of Gay Marriage Be Good for the Gay Community?''

310

(1)

``A Woman's View of Hip-Hop''

310

(4)

Tiffany Anderson

Critiquing ``A Woman's View of Hip-Hop''

313

(1)

``Public Schools U.S.A. 2001'' (political cartoon)

314

(1)

Ann Cleaves

Critiquing the Education/Testing Cartoon

314

(1)

``Eight Is Too Many: The Case against Octuplets''

315

(4)

Dr. Ezekiel J. Emanuel

Critiquing ``Eight Is Too Many: The Case against Octuplets''

318

(1)

Proposal Arguments: We Should (Should Not) Do X

319

(36)

An Overview of Proposal Arguments

320

(1)

The Structure of Proposal Arguments

320

(1)

Special Concerns for Proposal Arguments

321

(2)

The Need for Presence

321

(1)

The Need to Overcome People's Natural Conservatism

322

(1)

The Difficulty of Predicting Future Consequences

322

(1)

The Problem of Evaluating Consequences

322

(1)

Developing a Proposal Argument

323

(2)

Convincing Your Readers That a Problem Exists

323

(1)

Showing the Specifics of Your Proposal

324

(1)

The Justification: Convincing Your Readers That Your Proposal Should Be Enacted

324

(1)

Proposal Arguments as Advocacy Posters or Advertisements

325

(2)

Using the Claim-Type Strategy to Develop a Proposal Argument

327

(3)

Using the ``Stock Issues'' Strategy to Develop a Proposal Argument

330

(2)

Writing a Proposal Argument

332

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapter 15

332

(5)

Exploring Ideas

334

(1)

Organizing a Proposal Argument

335

(1)

Revising Your Draft

335

(2)

Designing a One-Page Advocacy Advertisement

337

(1)

Questioning and Critiquing a Proposal Argument

337

(2)

Readings

339

(1)

``A Proposal to Provide Tips for Hosts at Stone's End''

340

(4)

Laurel Wilson

Critiquing ``A Proposal to Provide Tips for Hosts at Stone's End''

343

(1)

``A Proposal for Universal Health Insurance in the United States'' (MLA-style research paper)

344

(7)

Mark Bonicillo

Critiquing ``A Proposal for Universal Health Insurance in the United States''

351

(1)

``The Supreme Court's Unfree Speech''

351

(3)

Akhil Reed Amar

Steven G. Calabresi

Critiquing ``The Supreme Court's Unfree Speech''

352

(2)

``She's the Test Subject for Thousands of Toxic Chemicals. Why?'' (advocacy advertisement)

354

(1)

Critiquing the Advocacy Ad from the Center for Children's Health and the Environment

354

(1)

Part Four The Researched Argument

355

(69)

Finding and Evaluating Sources

357

(27)

Formulating a Research Question

358

(2)

Understanding Differences in the Kinds of Sources

360

(5)

Books Versus Periodicals Versus Web Sites

360

(3)

Scholarly Books Versus Trade Books

363

(1)

Scholarly Journals Versus Magazines

364

(1)

Print Sources Versus Cyberspace Sources

364

(1)

Finding Books: Searching Your Library's Online Catalog

365

(1)

Finding Print Articles: Searching a Licensed Database

365

(4)

What Is a Licensed Database?

365

(2)

Keyword Searching

367

(1)

Illustration of a Database Search

368

(1)

Finding Cyberspace Sources: Searching the World Wide Web

369

(4)

The Logic of the Internet

370

(1)

Using Web Search Engines

371

(1)

Determining Where You Are on the Web

372

(1)

Reading Your Sources Rhetorically

373

(1)

Reading with Your Own Goals in Mind

373

(1)

Reading with Rhetorical Awareness

373

(1)

Taking Effective Notes

374

(2)

Evaluating Sources

376

(2)

Angle of Vision

376

(1)

Degree of Advocacy

377

(1)

Reliability

378

(1)

Credibility

378

(1)

Understanding the Rhetoric of Web Sites

378

(4)

The Web as a Unique Rhetorical Environment

378

(1)

Analyzing the Purpose of a Site and Your Own Research Purpose

378

(1)

Sorting Sites by Domain Type

379

(1)

Evaluating a Web Site

380

(2)

``Spread of Active Sonar Threatens Whales'' (web page)

382

(1)

Conclusion

383

(1)

Using, Citing, and Documenting Sources

384

(40)

Using Sources for Your Own Purposes

384

(3)

Creating Rhetorically Effective Attributive Tags

387

(1)

Using Attributive Tags to Separate Your Ideas from Your Source's

387

(1)

Creating Attributive Tags to Shape Reader Response

387

(1)

Working Sources into Your Own Prose

388

(4)

Summarizing

388

(1)

Paraphrasing

389

(1)

Quoting

389

(3)

Avoiding Plagiarism

392

(1)

Understanding Parenthetical Citation Systems with Bibliographies

393

(1)

Understanding MLA Style

394

(12)

The MLA Method of In-Text Citation

394

(1)

MLA Format for the ``Works Cited'' List

395

(1)

MLA Quick Reference Guide for the Most Common Citations

395

(2)

MLA Citations

397

(8)

Formatting an Academic Paper in MLA Style

405

(1)

Student Example of an MLA-Style Research Paper

405

(1)

Understanding APA Style

406

(9)

APA Method of In-Text Citation

406

(1)

APA Format for the ``References'' List

407

(1)

APA Quick Reference Guide for the Most Common Citations

407

(2)

APA Citations

409

(6)

Conclusion

415

(1)

Student Example of an APA-Style Research Paper

415

(1)

``Sounding the Alarm: Navy Sonar and the Survival of Whales''

416

(8)

Megan Matthews

Appendixes

424

(1)

One Informal Fallacies

424

(14)

The Problem of Conclusiveness in an Argument

424

(1)

An Overview of Informal Fallacies

425

(13)

Fallacies of Pathos

426

(1)

Fallacies of Ethos

427

(3)

Fallacies of Logos

430

(8)

Two The Writing Community: Working in Groups

438

(19)

From Conflict to Consensus: How to Get the Most Out of the Writing Community

438

(2)

Avoiding Bad Habits of Group Behavior

439

(1)

The Value of Group Work for Writers

439

(1)

Forming Writing Communities: Skills and Roles

440

(5)

Working on Groups of Five to Seven People

441

(2)

Working in Pairs

443

(2)

A Several-Day's Group Project: Defining ``Good Argumentative Writing''

445

(1)

``Good Writing and Computers for Today's Modern American Youth of America''

446

(2)

``Bloody Ice''

448

(1)

``RSS Should Not Provide Dorm Room Carpets''

449

(2)

``Sterling Hall Dorm Food''

451

(1)

``ROTC Courses Should Not Get College Credit''

451

(2)

``Legalization of Prostitution''

453

(1)

A Classroom Debate

454

(3)

Credits

457

(2)

Index

459

RENT TEXTBOOKS

Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, Brief Edition

Why Rent from Knetbooks?

Top 5 reasons to order all your textbooks from Knetbooks:

Related Products