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World History: World History to 1500, Vol. 1

by: Howard Spodek

World History: World History to 1500, Vol. 1

by: Howard Spodek

ISBN 13:
9780130643124
ISBN 10:
0130643122
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 02/01/1998
Publisher: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference
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Preface

xiv

Why History?

xiv

Why World History?

The Origins and Development of This Text

Organization and Approach

xvi

Important Special Features

xvi

Introduction

xvii

The World Through Historians' Eyes

Historiography

xvii

History and Identity

xviii

Control of Historical Records

xix

Historical Revision

World History vs. Western History

xxi

Tools

xxi

Chronology and Theme

xxiii

Comparative History and Hypothesis Testing

xxiii

Feature: Continuity vs. Change in History: Revisionist History---Feminist History

xxiv

Framing Questions for Multiple Perspectives

xxv

Finding One's Place in History

xxv

PART 1 Human Origins and Human Cultures 5 million B.C.E.--10,000 B.C.E.

Building an Interpretive Framework: What do We Know and How to We Know It?

The Dry Bones Speak 5 million B.C.E.--10,000 B.C.E.

(32)

What is Paleoanthropology and Why is it Important?

Human Origins in Myth and History

(1)

Early Myths

(2)

Akkad

(1)

India

(1)

West Asia

(1)

The Function of Creation Myths

(1)

Evolutionary Explanations of Human Origins

(2)

Piecing Together the Evolutionary Record: How Do We Know?

(8)

Neanderthals

(1)

Spotlight: Picturing Neanderthals

(2)

Homo erectus

(1)

Australopithecus africanus

(1)

Homo habilis

(1)

Australopithecus afarensis

(2)

Australopithecus ramidus

(1)

Homo sapiens

(1)

African Origin

(1)

Reading the Genetic Record

(1)

Cultural Change and Biological Change

(1)

Key Questions Remaining

(2)

The Theory of Scientific Revolutions

(3)

Feature: Gender Issues and Cultural Evolution

(1)

Humans Create Culture

(1)

How Did We Survive? How Do We Know?

(1)

Dating Archaeological Finds

(1)

Global Migration

(2)

Increased Populations and New Settlements

(1)

Changes in the Toolkit

(2)

Stone Tools

(2)

Feature: Women's Tools, Women's Work

(1)

Cave Art and Portable Art

(3)

Language and Communication

(1)

Agriculture: From Hunter-gatherer to Farmer

(4)

PART 2 Settling Down 10,000 B.C.E.--1000 C.E.

The First Cities and Why They Matter: Digs, Texts, and Interpretations

From Village Community to City State 10,000 B.C.E.-750 B.C.E.

(23)

What are Cities and Why are They Important?

Food First: The Agricultural Village

(3)

Basic Crops and Livestock

(1)

Neolithic Tools, Products, and Trade

(1)

The First Cities

(1)

The Meaning of Cities

(4)

Spotlight: Ban Po, China---Interpreting an Early Neolithic Village

(3)

Sumer

(12)

Sumer: What Do We Know?

(1)

The Birth of the City

(1)

Size

(1)

Control of the Countryside

(1)

Civic Loyalty

(1)

Leadership and the State

(1)

Religion: The Priesthood and the Cosmo-magical City

(1)

Feature: The City as Ceremonial Center

(1)

Occupational Specialization and Class Structure

(1)

Arts and Invention

(1)

Trade and Markets; Wheeled Cart and Sailboat

(1)

Monumental Architecture and Adornment

(1)

Writing and Literature

(1)

Sumer: How Do We Know?

(2)

Extract: The Epic of Gilgamesh

(2)

Extract: The Code of Hammurabi

(1)

Early Urbanization: Some Modern Critiques

(2)

Mythistory

(2)

River Valley Civilizations 7000 B.C.E.--750 B.C.E.

(23)

The Rise of Cities and States Along the Nile and Indus

Egypt: The Gift of the Nile

(13)

Earliest Egypt: How Do We Know?

(2)

Spotlight: Writing: Inventing It, Deciphering It

(3)

Earliest Egypt: What Do We Know?

(1)

The Cities

(2)

The State and its Architecture

(1)

Feature: The Legend of Isis, Osiris, and Horus

(2)

From State to Empire

(1)

Extract: The Story of Si-nuhe and the Glorification of Court an Capital

(1)

The Indus Valley Civilization and its Mysteries

(10)

Extract: The Egyptian Book of the Dead and the ``Negative Confession''

(1)

The Indus Valley: How Do We Know?

(3)

The Indus Valley: What Do We Know?

(2)

Legacies of the Indus

(3)

A Polycentric World 1700 B.C.E.--1000 C.E.

(32)

Cities and States in East Asia, West Africa, and the Americas

China: The xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties

(9)

Earliest Times: How Do We Know?

(1)

Texts

(1)

Oracle Bones

(1)

Archaeology

(1)

Earliest Times: What Do We Know?

(1)

The Earliest Villages

(1)

Historical Evidence of the Xia Dynasty

(1)

Similarities among the Three Dynasties

(1)

City and State under the Shang

(1)

Feature: The Cosmo-magical City

(2)

Anyang, the Last Shang Capital

(1)

West Africa: The Niger River Valley

(6)

West Africa before Urbanization

(1)

Spotlight: Shang Dynasty Tombs

(2)

Jenne-jeno: How Do We Know?

(1)

State Formation

(1)

Later Cities, States, and Empires

(2)

The Western Hemisphere: Mesoamerica and South America

(17)

Origins: Migration and Agriculture

(1)

Mesoamerican Urbanization

(2)

Olmec Civilization along the Gulf Coast

(1)

Zapotec Civilization in the Oaxaca Valley

(1)

Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico

(3)

Toltec Civilization in the Valley of Mexico

100

(1)

Aztec Civilization in the Valley of Mexico

100

(1)

Maya Civilization: How Do We Know?

100

(2)

Extract: The Popul Vuh

102

(1)

Feature: Agricultural Towns of North America

103

(1)

Maya Civilization: What Do We Know?

104

(1)

Urbanization in South America

105

(1)

Coastal Settlements and Networks

106

(1)

The Moche

106

(1)

The Chimu

107

(1)

Urbanization in the Andes Mountains

108

(1)

The Chavin

108

(1)

Tiwanaku, Huari, and Nazca

108

(1)

The Inca

108

(4)

PART 3 Empire and Imperialism 2300 B.C.E.--1100 C.E.

What are Empires and why are They Important?

Dawn of the Empires 2300 B.C.E.--300 B.C.E.

112

(36)

Empire-Building in West Africa, West Asia, and the Mediterranean

The Meaning of Empire

112

(3)

The Earliest Empires

115

(7)

Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent

115

(2)

Egypt and International Conquest

117

(4)

The Assyrians

121

(1)

Egypt Under Occupation

122

(1)

Persia

122

(6)

Imperial Policies

123

(1)

Cyrus II

123

(1)

Cambyses II

123

(2)

Darius I

125

(1)

Spotlight: The Ancient City of Persepolis

126

(2)

Greek City-states: Reality and Image

128

(11)

Feature: Minoans and Mycenaeans: The Earliest City-states of the Aegean

128

(2)

Extract: Homer and the Value System of Early Greece

130

(3)

Extract: Herodotus Describes Darius Preparations for War against Greece

133

(2)

Athens: From City-state to Mini-empire

135

(1)

The Historical Background to Athenian democracy

136

(1)

The Greek City-state in Art, Literature, and Philosophy

137

(1)

Extract: Two Views of Athenian Democracy

138

(1)

The Limits of City-state Democracy: How Do We Know? What Do We Know?

139

(3)

Athens Becomes an Imperial Power

141

(1)

The Empire of Alexander the Great

142

(6)

The Legacy of Alexander: The Hellenistic Ecumene

144

(4)

Rome and the Barbarians 750 B.C.E.--480 C.E.

148

(37)

From Conquest, Colonization, and Alliance to Revolt, Bankruptcy, and Dismemberment

The Extent and Legacy of the Roman Empire

148

(4)

Extent

148

(3)

Legacies of Rome

151

(1)

The Geographical Spread of Republic and Empire

152

(6)

The Conquest of Italy

153

(1)

The Conquest of Carthage and the Western Mediterranean

153

(1)

Expansion into Southwestern Europe

154

(1)

The Conquest of the Greeks: The Eastern Mediterranean

154

(1)

The Conquest of Northwestern Europe and Britain

155

(1)

Feature: ``New Wisdom''---Rome's Policy of Brute Force

155

(1)

Completing the Conquests: The Empire at its Zenith

156

(1)

Political Adjustments: From Republic to Empire

156

(1)

Imperial Rome: How Do We Know?

157

(1)

The Institutions of Empire

158

(14)

Military Power

158

(2)

Spotlight: Pompeii---A Roman Town

160

(3)

The Political Institutions

163

(1)

Feature: Revolt and Suppression

164

(1)

Extract: Rome's Code of Laws: Two Constracting Perspectives

165

(1)

Cultural Politics and Empire

165

(1)

Belief Systems and Religion

166

(1)

Stoicism

166

(2)

Christianity

168

(1)

Urban Life

168

(1)

Economic Policies

168

(4)

The Effects of the Empire on Rome

172

(4)

Patriarchs, Patrons, and Clients

172

(1)

Class and Class Conflict

172

(1)

Urban Splendor and Squalor

172

(1)

Feature: Gender Relationships

173

(1)

Attempts at Reform

174

(2)

Rome's Ideology of Empire

176

(1)

The Barbarians and the Fall of the Roman Empire

176

(9)

Celts

176

(2)

Goths(Germans)

178

(1)

Huns

178

(1)

The Barbarians: How Do We Know?

178

(1)

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

179

(2)

Dismemberment of the Empire

181

(1)

Causes of the Decline and Fall

181

(2)

The Persistence of Empire in the East

183

(2)

China 220 B.C.E.--910 C.E.

185

(35)

Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties

The Chinese Empire: How Do We Know?

186

(2)

The Qin Dynasty: What Do We Know?

188

(4)

Military Power and Mobilization

189

(2)

Economic Power

191

(1)

Administrative Power

191

(1)

The Fall of the Qin Dynasty

191

(1)

Ideologies of Empire

192

(4)

Legalism

193

(1)

Daoism

193

(1)

Confucianism

194

(1)

Extract: Selections from The Analects of Confucius

195

(1)

Qin Shi Huangdi, the Legalists, and the Confucianists

195

(1)

The Han Dynasty

196

(8)

Military Power

198

(1)

Economic Power

199

(1)

Spotlight: A Han Dynasty Code of Conduct

200

(2)

Administrative Power

202

(2)

The ``Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties'' Period

204

(1)

Reunification under the Sui and Tang Dynasties

205

(6)

Greater China

211

(5)

Processes of Assimilation

211

(1)

The North and the Northwest

212

(1)

The South and the Southwest

212

(1)

Vietnam

213

(1)

Korea

213

(1)

Japan

214

(2)

China and Rome: Differences and Similarities

216

(4)

Differences

216

(1)

Geopolitical

216

(1)

Ideological

216

(1)

Longevity and Persistence

216

(1)

Policy and Powers of Assimilation

216

(1)

Language Policy

217

(1)

Ideology and Cultural Cohesion

217

(1)

Influence on Neighbors

217

(1)

Similarities

217

(1)

Relations with Barbarians

217

(1)

Religious Policies

217

(1)

The Role of the Emperor

217

(1)

Gender Relationships

217

(1)

The Significance of Imperial Armies

218

(1)

The Deployment of Armies of Colonization

218

(1)

Overextension

218

(1)

Public Works Projects

218

(1)

The Concentration of Wealth

218

(1)

Policies For and Against Individual Mobility

218

(1)

Revolts

218

(1)

Peasant Flight

218

(2)

Indian Empires 1500 B.C.E.--1100C.E.

220

(25)

Cultural Cohesion in a Divided Subcontinent

Settlement in South Asia

221

(3)

Familial, Social, Economic, and Religious Institutions

224

(1)

The Indian Empires: How Do We Know?

224

(3)

Archaeology and Philology

224

(1)

Written Texts

224

(2)

The Mahabharata and the Ramayana

226

(1)

Statecraft under the Mauryas and Guptas: What Do We Know?

227

(8)

The Mauryan Empire

227

(2)

Extract: The Ashoka Pillar and Rock Inscriptions

229

(1)

Spotlight: Gandharan Art

230

(2)

The Gupta Empire

232

(3)

Huna Invasions and the End of the North Indian Empire

235

(1)

Legacies of the Hunas

235

(1)

Regional Diversity and Power

235

(2)

Sea Trade and Cultural Influence: From Rome to Southeast Asia

237

(2)

Extract: Tamil Culture in Southeast India

237

(1)

Southeast Asia: ``Greater India''

238

(1)

India, China, and Rome: Empires and Intermediate Institutions

239

(6)

PART 4 The Rise of World Religions 600 B.C.E.--1500 C.E.

Not by Bread Alone: How do Historians Understand Religion in World History?

Hinduism and Buddhism 300 B.C.E.--1200 C.E.

245

(36)

The Sacred Subcontinent: The Spread of Religion in India and Beyond

The Historian and Religious Belief: How Do We Know?

245

(3)

Hinduism

248

(13)

The Origins of Hinduism: How Do We Know?

248

(1)

Sacred Geography and Pilgrimage

249

(1)

The Central Beliefs of Hinduism

250

(1)

The Rigveda

250

(2)

The Brahmanas and Upnishads

252

(1)

Extract: The Bhagvadgita from the Mahabharata

253

(2)

The Puranas

255

(1)

Feature: Bhakti: The Path of Mystical Devotion

256

(1)

Temples and Shrines

257

(1)

Religion and Rule

258

(1)

Hinduism in Southeast Asia

259

(1)

Hinduism in Southeast Asia: How Do We Know?

260

(1)

Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia

261

(1)

Buddhism

261

(17)

Siddhartha Gautama: The Buddha

261

(1)

Mythistory: How Do We Know?

261

(1)

Extract: The Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path

262

(1)

The Sangha and the Doctrine

262

(2)

Extract: The Address to Sigala: Buddhism in Everyday Life

264

(1)

Mahayana Buddhism

265

(1)

The Decline of Buddhism in India

265

(2)

Feature: Jainism

267

(1)

Buddhism in China and Japan

268

(1)

Early Buddhism Outside India: How Do We Know?

268

(1)

Arrival in China: The Silk Route

268

(1)

Buddhism under the Tang Dynasty

269

(2)

Extract: The Transience of Life: A Woman's Perspective from the Tang Dynasty

271

(2)

Buddhism in Japan

273

(1)

Buddhism's Arrival in Japan: How Do We Know?

274

(1)

Buddhism's Arrival in Japan: How Do We Know?

274

(2)

Spotlight: Images of the Buddha

276

(2)

Hinduism and Buddhism: A Comparision

278

(3)

Judaism and Christianity 600 B.C.E.--1100 C.E.

281

(38)

Peoples of the Bible: God's Evolution in West Asia and Europe

Judaism

281

(16)

Early Judaism: How Do We Know?

284

(3)

Essential Beliefs of Judaism in Early Scriptures

287

(1)

Extract: The Ten Commandments

287

(1)

The Jewish Calender

288

(1)

The Evolution of God

288

(1)

The Later Books of Jewish Scripture

289

(1)

Feature: Beliefs of Other Contemporary Peoples

289

(1)

The Teachings of the Prophets: Morality and Hope

290

(2)

Gender Relations

292

(1)

Defeat, Exile, and Redefinition

293

(2)

Minority--Majority Relations in the Diaspora

295

(1)

Christianity Emerges from Judaism

296

(1)

Christianity

297

(22)

Mythistory: How Do We Know?

297

(1)

Jesus' Life, Teachings, and Disciples

297

(1)

Extract: The Sermon on the Mount: The Beautitudes

298

(1)

New Rituals

299

(2)

Jesus and the Jewish Establishment Miracle and Mystery: Passion and Resurrection

301

(1)

Christianity Organizes

301

(1)

The Early Disciples

301

(1)

Paul Organizes the Early Church

301

(1)

Adaptations of Other Philosophies and Rituals

302

(1)

The Christian Calender

303

(1)

Gender Relations

303

(1)

Slavery

304

(1)

Struggle for Survival in Rome

304

(1)

Christianity Triumphant

304

(1)

The Conversion of Constantine

304

(1)

How Had Christianity Succeeded?

305

(1)

Doctrine: Definition and Dispute

306

(1)

Original Sin, Sexuality, and Salvation

307

(1)

Church Dogma: Discipline and Battles

307

(1)

Official Christianity in the Wake of Empire

307

(1)

Monasteries and Missionaries

308

(1)

The Church East and West

308

(2)

Spotlight: Icons and Iconoclasm

310

(3)

Christianity in Europe

313

(1)

Charlemagne

314

(1)

Extract: Charlemagne and Harun-al-Rashid

315

(4)

Islam 570 C.E.--1500 C.E.

319

(37)

Submission to Allah: Muslim Civilization Bridges the World

Perspectives on Islam: How Do We Know?

320

(1)

The Prophet: His Life and Teaching

321

(4)

The Five Pillars of Islam

322

(1)

Women: Debates over the Effects of Islam

322

(2)

Muhammad in War and Peace

324

(1)

Succession Struggles and The Early Caliphs

325

(1)

The First Civil War and the Umayyad Dynasty

326

(2)

The Second Civil War and Divisions in Islam

326

(1)

The Heights and Depths of the Umayyad Dynasty

327

(1)

The Third Civil War and the Abbasid Caliphate

328

(1)

The Abbasid Caliphate

328

(2)

Stress in the Caliphate

329

(1)

The Emergence of Quasi-independent States

329

(1)

Islam Expands

330

(5)

Ghaznavids, Ghurids, and the Sultanate of Delhi

330

(1)

Southeast Asia

331

(1)

Almoravids and Almohads in Morocco and Spain

331

(1)

Sub-Saharan Africa

331

(2)

Seljuk Turks and their Sultanate

333

(1)

Mongols, Turks, and the Destruction of the Caliphate

334

(1)

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering

335

(12)

Law

335

(1)

The Ulama: The Scholars and Jurists of Islam

336

(1)

Sufis, The Mystics of Islam

336

(3)

Feature: The Synthesis of Al-Ghazzali

339

(1)

Intellectual Syntheses

339

(1)

The Global Transmission of Technology

340

(2)

Spotlight: The Dome of the Rock

342

(2)

City Design and Architecture

344

(1)

Feature: Mausolea in Islam

345

(2)

Extract: Ibn Battuta's Observations on Gender Relations

347

(1)

Relations with Non-Muslims

347

(9)

Islam and the Sword

347

(1)

Feature: Dhimmi Status

348

(1)

The Crusades

348

(1)

Spain

349

(2)

Conversion and Assimilation: How Do We Know?

351

(5)

PART 5 World Trade 1100--1776 C.E.

Channels of Communication: The Exchange of Commodities, Diseases, and Culture

Establishing World Trade Routes 1100--1500 C.E.

356

The Patterns and Philosophies of Early Economic Systems

Trade and Traders: Goals and Functions

356

(4)

World Trade: What Difference Does It Make?

357

(2)

Extract: Rights of Poor: Subsistence as a Moral Claim

359

(1)

Trade Networks: 1250--1500

359

(1)

World Trade Patterns, 1100--1500: What Do We Know?

360

(15)

The Americas

360

(3)

Sub-Saharan Africa

363

(1)

West Africa

363

(2)

East Africa

365

(1)

Spotlight: The Ships of Trade

366

(2)

Indian Ocean Trade

368

(1)

Jewish Traders

368

(1)

Jewish Traders: How Do We Know?

369

(1)

Muslim Traders

369

(1)

The Military and Trade Empire of the Mongols

369

(1)

Genghis Khan

370

(3)

World Travelers: Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta

373

(1)

Extract: The Fabulous Travels of Marco Polo

374

(1)

Bubonic Plague and the Trade Routes

375

(1)

China and the South China

375

From Mongol to Ming: Dynastic Transition

377

(1)

International Trade and Government Intervention

377

(1)

Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean, 700--1500

378

(1)

The Early Middle Ages

378

(2)

Extract: ``Capitulare de Villis''--- Feudalism and the Rules of Manor Life

380

(1)

The High Middle Ages

381

(1)

The Rise of an Urban Middle Class

382

(1)

Extract: The Originals of a Businessman: St. Godric of Finchale

The Church Rievises its Economic Politics

383

(1)

Feature: St. Thomas Rationalizes the Practices of Business

384

(2)

Guilds and City-states Confront Rural Aristocrats

386

(1)

Economic and Social Conflict Within the City

387

(1)

Renaissance: Intellectual and Cultural Transformation

387

(1)

Extract: The Realpolitik of Niccolo Machiavelli

388

(2)

Ironies of the Fourteenth Century: Plague and War

390

(1)

The Rise of the Ottomans in Eastern Europe

390

(1)

Exploration and Discovery

390

Glossary

G--1(394)

(1)

Index

I-1(398)

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World History: World History to 1500, Vol. 1

World History: World History to 1500, Vol. 1

9780130643124

0130643122

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World History: World History to 1500, Vol. 1

World History: World History to 1500, Vol. 1

9780130643124

0130643122

Table of Contents

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