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Women In American Society: An Introduction to Women's Studies

by: Sapiro, Virginia

Women In American Society: An Introduction to Women's Studies

by: Sapiro, Virginia

ISBN 13:
9780767416399
ISBN 10:
0767416392
Edition: 5th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 08/14/2002
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education

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Summary

This interdisciplinary social science introduction to women's studies textbook (not a reader) provides a comprehensive investigation of the effects of gender on women's lives the United States. The text integrates the latest scholarship and research from a wide variety of disciplines including sociology, psychology, political science, education, history, economics, law, mass communications, and the health sciences.

Preface

xix

Scope and Approach

The United States in Comparative and International Perspective

Women's Studies from a Social Science Perspective

xxi

Methodology and the Process of Research and Interpretation

xxi

Historical Understanding

xxii

An Interdisciplinary Approach

xxii

Diversity among Women

xxiii

What Lies Ahead?

xxiii

Organization: General Approach

xxiii

Organization: The Flow

xxiv

Revisions

xxvi

Study Aids

xxvii

Acknowledgments

xxvii

PART ONE Developing Frameworks for the Study of Gender and Society

Reflect Before You Read

(1)

Introducing Women's Studies

(27)

Representing Women

(3)

Knowledge and the Representation of Women

(1)

Women's Studies as a Field of Study

(3)

Understanding Gender and Gender Differences

(1)

When and Why Are Gender Differences Interesting?

(1)

What Is the Connection between Difference and Inequality

(4)

When Is a Difference Really a Difference?

(3)

Social Science Methods of Studying Women and Gender

(1)

Social Science as Systematic Observation

(1)

Methods Women's Studies Researchers Use

(8)

Ethnography

(2)

Experiments

(1)

Survey Research

(1)

Depth Interviewing

(1)

Event or Institutional Case Studies

(1)

Archival Research

(1)

Content Analysis

(1)

Meta-Analysis

(1)

Summary

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Notes

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

Societal-Level Approaches to Understanding Women's Lives

(47)

U.S. Women in Global Perspective

(1)

Literacy and Education

(4)

Marriage and Reproduction

(6)

Work and Economic Life

(3)

Women and the State

(2)

Women and Political Power

(2)

Policies Affecting Women

(3)

Cross-National Comparative Perspectives: Conclusions

(1)

Explaining Women's Situation at the Societal Level: Six Theoretical Approaches

(1)

The Eternal Feminine: Traditional Theological Perspectives

(1)

Natural Woman and Man: From Traditional Science to Complex Systems

(6)

The Genetic Basis of Sex

(1)

The Role of Hormones

(1)

The Structure of the Brain

(1)

From Sex to Gender

(1)

Social Structures of Gender: Sex/Gender Systems

(1)

The Inevitable Progress of Enlightenment and Modernization

(4)

Foundations of Liberalism

(2)

Liberalism and Women

(2)

Natural History and Evolution

(3)

Foundations of Evolutionary Theory

(1)

Early Feminist Critiques

(1)

Current Views of Evolution and Sexual Differentiation

(1)

More Natural History: Economic and Historical-Materialist Theories

(4)

Marxist Foundations

(1)

Marxism and Women

(1)

Contemporary Economic and Materialist Theories

(2)

Power Struggles: Dominance and Self-Determination

(4)

Freud and the War between the Sexes

(1)

Societal Stress and Cultural Strain

(2)

Anti-Feminist Sex-War Theory

(1)

Evaluating Power-Struggle Theories

(1)

Toward Understanding Development and Change in Sex/Gender Systems

(1)

Notes

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Study Questions

(2)

Individual-Level Approaches to Understanding Women's Lives

(35)

What Difference Does a Person's Gender Make?

(1)

Masculinity, Femininity, and Character

(3)

Cognitive Traits, Personality, Values, and Interaction Styles

(5)

Cognitive Traits and Skills

(2)

Personality

(1)

Attitudes and Values

(1)

Social Interaction and Communication Styles

(1)

Summary of Psychological Differences

(1)

Stereotypes: The Importance of Person Perception

(1)

Explaining Women's Situation at the Individual Level: Five Approaches

(1)

The Biological Basis of Female and Male

(1)

Psychoanalytical Theory: The Creation of Femininity and Masculinity

(6)

Sex Similarity

(1)

The Development of Difference

(2)

Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective

(3)

Cognitive-Developmental Theories

(4)

Becoming Girls and Boy

(1)

Gender and Moral Development

(2)

Evaluating Cognitive-Developmental Theory

100

(1)

Learning Theories

100

(4)

The Development of Difference

100

(2)

Gender Learning after Childhood

102

(1)

The Complexity of Learning

103

(1)

A Summary of Learning Theories

103

(1)

Synthesizing Cognition and Learning: Gender-Schema Theory

104

(2)

Institutional Theories and Discrimination

106

(3)

Individual Development and Social Change

109

(1)

Notes

110

(1)

For Further Reading

110

(1)

Study Questions

110

(2)

Commonality and Difference among Women

112

(29)

Why Not Just Gender?

113

(1)

Recognizing Difference

113

(2)

The Differential Impact of Sex/Gender Systems

115

(1)

The View from the Dominant System

116

(4)

The View from Different Groups of Women

120

(1)

Untangling Oppressions

121

(1)

The Parallel Model

122

(1)

The Distinct-Components Model

122

(2)

The Complex Model

124

(1)

Hierarchies of Oppression

124

(1)

Exemplifying Complexity: Gender, Race, Sexuality, and Violence

125

(3)

Sketches in Differences

128

(1)

Age

128

(2)

Class

130

(1)

Race and Ethnicity

131

(2)

Geography and Culture

133

(1)

Conclusion: Learning from Difference

134

(1)

Notes

135

(1)

For Further Reading

136

(1)

Study Questions

137

(2)

PART TWO Gender-Defining Institutions

Reflect Before You Read

139

(2)

Education: Learning to Be Male and Female

141

(31)

Historical Perspectives on Women's Education

141

(1)

Early Efforts

141

(2)

Expanding Access

143

(1)

Increasing Leadership Roles

144

(4)

Achieving Higher Education

148

(1)

Women's Education Today

149

(1)

How Much Education?

150

(4)

What Did You Learn in School Today?

154

(6)

Segregation and Schooling

160

(3)

Women as Educators

163

(4)

Education and the Future

167

(1)

The Question of Choice

167

(1)

Education for What?

168

(1)

Education for and about Women

168

(2)

Notes

170

(1)

For Further Heading

170

(1)

Study Questions

171

(1)

Normal Gender: Health, Fitness, and Beauty

172

(44)

Traditional Gender-Based Norms in Defining Women's Health

174

(1)

Anatomy and Health

174

(5)

Uterus

174

(1)

Ovaries

175

(1)

Clitoris

175

(1)

Breasts

176

(2)

Summary: More Than the Sum of the Parts

178

(1)

Reproductive Health

179

(5)

Menstruation

179

(2)

Pregnancy and Childbirth

181

(3)

Gender Norms and the Organization of Health Care Research and Practice

184

(1)

The American Health Care System

184

(1)

Sexism in Health Care

185

(2)

Clinical Trials

187

(1)

Health and the New Sex-Based Biology

188

(1)

Health in Women's Everyday Life

189

(1)

Healthy Families?

190

(1)

Work and Health

191

(4)

Employment, the Double Burden, and Health

191

(2)

Protection against Dangerous Occupations

193

(1)

Health Implications of Workplace Discrimination and Harassment

194

(1)

Beauty, Fitness, and Health

195

(9)

The Ideal Size and Shape: Hourglass, California Girl, or Heroin Chic?

195

(2)

Weight

197

(4)

Exercise

201

(1)

Skin Color

202

(1)

Summary: What's Wrong with Beauty?

203

(1)

Women's Roles in Shaping Health Care

204

(1)

Healers, Doctors, and Other Health Care Professionals

205

(3)

Health Care Activists

208

(2)

Mothers and Daughters as Health Care Providers

210

(1)

The Influence of Women as Health Care Consumers

211

(1)

Broadening the Concept of Health

212

(1)

Notes

213

(1)

For Further Reading

214

(1)

Study Questions

215

(1)

Women and Religion

216

(28)

Some Notes on Religion in American Society

217

(1)

Religious Teachings about Women and Gender

218

(1)

God Talk: Is It Male?

219

(1)

Separate and Unequal Spheres

220

(5)

Morality, Sexuality, and Gender

225

(3)

Feminist Alternatives and the Women's Spirituality Movement

228

(2)

Women's Religious Activities and Influences

230

(1)

Everyday Life as Religious Activity

231

(2)

Women's Religious Service Outside the Home

233

(2)

Women as Religious Authorities and Leaders

235

(4)

Religion and Society

239

(2)

Notes

241

(1)

For Further Reading

242

(1)

Study Questions

243

(1)

Gender and the Institutional Media of Communication

244

(41)

The Mass Media: Women in the News

245

(1)

Print Media

245

(6)

Early History

245

(3)

The 20th Century

248

(3)

Electronic Media

251

(5)

Radio

251

(1)

Television

252

(3)

The Internet

255

(1)

The Mass Media: Images and Impact

256

(1)

The Production of Gender in the Mass Media

256

(11)

Television

256

(4)

Magazines

260

(3)

Newspapers

263

(3)

Representations of Women in the Media: Change

266

(1)

The Impact of the Mass Media

267

(1)

The Commercial Media

268

(1)

History of Gender and Advertising

268

(1)

The Commercial Media Today Images and Impact

268

(4)

The Cultural and Artistic Media

272

(1)

Women and the Production of Art

272

(5)

Gender and Sexuality as Subjects of Art

277

(4)

Media of Change?

281

(1)

Notes

282

(1)

For Further Reading

283

(1)

Study Questions

284

(1)

Law and Policy, Government, and the State

285

(39)

Gender Norms in Government, Law, and Public Policy

285

(1)

Protection of Rights

286

(5)

Founding Ideas

287

(1)

Early Judicial Interpretations

288

(1)

Legislative Changes in Women's Rights, 1840--1960

289

(1)

The Late Twentieth Century

290

(1)

Fulfillment of Obligations

291

(7)

Taxation

291

(1)

Jury Duty

291

(1)

Military Service

292

(6)

Summary: Citizens' Rights and Obligations

298

(1)

Women's Policy Issues

298

(3)

Women, Crime, and Justice

301

(1)

Gender and Criminal Victimization

302

(2)

Women as Criminals

304

(6)

Prostitution

307

(1)

Homicide and Murder

308

(1)

Women in the Criminal Justice System

309

(1)

Women's Political Participation and Influence

310

(1)

Gender in Electoral Politics

310

(5)

Mass Electoral Participation

310

(1)

Women as Candidates for Office

311

(2)

Gender, Public Opinion and Partisanship

313

(2)

Nonelectoral Citizen Politics

315

(1)

International Politics and Policy

316

(2)

Women, Politics, and Democracy

318

(1)

Notes

318

(2)

For Further Reading

320

(1)

Study Questions

320

(3)

PART THREE Choice and Control in Personal Life, the Family, and Work

Reflect Before You Read

323

(1)

Gender, Communication, and Self Expression

324

(30)

Some General Observations on Language and Communication

324

(1)

Referring to Women, Men, and People

325

(1)

Gender-Specific Terms

326

(6)

Gender-Neutral Terms

332

(1)

Autonomy and Control in Communication

333

(1)

Male and Female Language

333

(3)

The Right-of Way: Gender and Status

336

(9)

Right-of Way in Space

337

(4)

Right-of Way in Conversation

341

(1)

The Right-of Way: Gender and Power

342

(3)

Strategies of Power and Influence

345

(4)

Future Options

349

(3)

Notes

352

(1)

For Further Reading

352

(1)

Study Questions

353

(1)

Personal and Sexual Relationships in Adulthood

354

(31)

Gender and Personal Relationships

355

(1)

Of Hunting Bands and Mothers

355

(1)

Friendship and Personal Networks

356

(2)

Sexuality and Sexual Relationships

358

(1)

Defining Sexual Relationships

358

(2)

Sexual Identity

360

(2)

Sexual Orientation

362

(8)

Gender and Sexual Orientation

362

(2)

Defining Sexual Orientation and Its Sources

364

(4)

Homophobia and Heterosexual Privilege

368

(2)

Sexuality, Love, and Power

370

(4)

Marriage: Family, Property, and State

374

(1)

The Marriage Contract

374

(1)

Names and Places

375

(1)

Rights and Obligations

376

(1)

Property

377

(1)

We State's View of Marriage

378

(1)

Marriage, Gender, and Day-to-Day Life

379

(1)

Divorce

380

(1)

The Law on ``Living in Sin''

381

(1)

Politics of Personal Life

382

(1)

Notes

383

(1)

For Further Reading

383

(1)

Study Questions

384

(1)

Consenting Adults? Gender-based Violence and Coercion

385

(27)

What Are Gender-Based Violence and Coercion?

388

(1)

Intimate Partner Violence

389

(1)

The Prevalence and Causes of Intimate Partner Violence

389

(3)

Intervention and Response: The Health Care and Justice Systems

392

(2)

A Sexual Right-of Way

394

(2)

Sexual Harassment

396

(1)

Public Harassment

397

(1)

Sexual Harassment and the Law

398

(2)

Causes and Dynamics of Harassment

400

(1)

Rape and Sexual Assault

401

(1)

Patterns of Sexual Assault

402

(4)

Sexual Assault and the Justice System

406

(2)

Conclusions: Gender-based Violence against Women

408

(1)

Notes

409

(1)

For Further Reading

409

(1)

Study Questions

410

(2)

Reproduction, Parenthood, and Child Care

412

(41)

To Be or Not to Be a Parent

414

(1)

Reproduction and Choice

415

(4)

Contraception

419

(4)

Abortion: Legal History

423

(5)

Early History Increasing Restriction

424

(1)

The Granting of Right Roe v. Wade

424

(4)

Abortion Politics and the Current Situation

428

(4)

Parenthood

432

(1)

Becoming Mothers and Fathers

432

(3)

Mothering and Fathering

435

(3)

Single and Separated Parents

438

(3)

When a Marriage Breaks Up

438

(2)

Single Parenthood

440

(1)

A Case Study of African American Families

441

(4)

Parents without Children

445

(1)

Beyond the Family: Who Cares for Children?

446

(4)

Notes

450

(1)

For Further Reading

450

(1)

Study Questions

451

(2)

Work, Employment, and the Economics of Gender

453

(49)

Making a Living versus Making a Home: Defining Differences

455

(1)

The Rise and Fall of Homemaking

455

(3)

The Political Economy of Homemaking

458

(6)

Problems of Definition: Housework as Work

459

(1)

Economic Functions of Homemaking

460

(4)

Making a Living versus Making a Home: Choices

464

(1)

Women's Employment: Historical and Aggregate Views

465

(4)

Women's Work through Their Life Course

469

(7)

Childhood and Adolescence

469

(1)

Early and Middle Adulthood

470

(6)

Later Adulthood

476

(1)

Making a Living versus Making a Home: Conclusion

476

(1)

Gender Divisions of Labor in Employment

477

(1)

What Is the Difference between Women's and Men's Work? Horizontal Segregation

477

(6)

What Is the Difference between Women's and Men's Work? Vertical Segregation

483

(2)

Employment Discrimination: Patterns and Remedies

485

(6)

Income, Worth, and Poverty

491

(1)

Women's Pay

491

(3)

Other Means of Support: Social Welfare

494

(2)

Organization of Women in the Workforce

496

(1)

Conclusion: Women's Work

497

(1)

Notes

498

(1)

For Further Reading

499

(1)

Study Questions

499

(2)

PART FOUR Feminism and the Global Context

Reflect Before You Read

501

(1)

Feminism and the Future

502

The Development of Feminism and Women's Movements in the United States

504

(1)

Social-Movement Theory

504

(3)

Before the Civil War

507

(4)

Fifty Years and More: From Civil War to Suffrage

511

(7)

The Quiet Time: From Suffrage to Presidential Commissions

518

(3)

The Rebirth of Feminism: Emma Said It in 1910/ Now We're Going to Say It Again

521

(4)

Feminism and the Women's Movement Today

525

(1)

Current Issues

525

(2)

Toward a Multicultural and Global Feminism

527

(5)

Multicultural Feminism

527

(3)

Global Feminism

530

(2)

Opponents to Feminism

532

(3)

Feminism and the Future

535

(1)

Notes

536

(1)

For Further Reading

536

(2)

Study Questions

538

References

(1)

Credits

(1)

Name Index

(1)

Subject Index

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Women In American Society: An Introduction to Women's Studies

Women In American Society: An Introduction to Women's Studies

9780767416399

0767416392

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Women In American Society: An Introduction to Women's Studies

Women In American Society: An Introduction to Women's Studies

9780767416399

0767416392

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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