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Wireless Communications : Principles and Practice

ISBN: 9780130422323 | 0130422320
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 1/1/2002

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SummaryTable of ContentsAuthor Biography
For cellular radio engineers and technicians.The leading book on wireless communications offers a wealth of practical information on the implementation realities of wireless communications. This book also contains up-to-date information on the major wireless communications standards from around the world. Covers every fundamental aspect of wireless communications, from cellular system design to networking, plus world-wide standards, including ETACS, GSM, and PDC. Theodore Rappaport is Series Editor for the Prentice Hall Communication, Engineeri... MORE
Prefacexix
Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
1(24)
Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
1(3)
... MORE
Mobile Radiotelephony in the U.S.
4(2)
Mobile Radio Systems Around the World
6(3)
Examples of Wireless Communication Systems
9(11)
Paging Systems
11(1)
Cordless Telephone Systems
12(1)
Cellular Telephone Systems
13(2)
How a Cellular Telephone Call is Made
15(3)
Comparison of Common Wireless Communication Systems
18(2)
Trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communications
20(2)
Problems
22(3)
Modern Wireless Communication Systems
25(32)
Second Generation (2G) Cellular Networks
26(8)
Evolution to 2.5G Wireless Networks
29(1)
Evolution for 2.5G TDMA Standards
30(1)
HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
30(1)
GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
31(2)
EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
33(1)
IS-95B for 2.5G CDMA
34(1)
Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks
34(6)
3G W-CDMA (UMTS)
37(1)
3G cdma2000
38(1)
3G TD-SCDMA
39(1)
Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and LMDS
40(6)
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
46(6)
Bluetooth and Personal Area Networks (PANs)
52(2)
Summary
54(1)
Problems
55(2)
The Cellular Concept-System Design Fundamentals
57(48)
Introduction
57(1)
Frequency Reuse
58(4)
Channel Assignment Strategies
62(1)
Handoff Strategies
62(5)
Prioritizing Handoffs
65(1)
Practical Handoff Considerations
66(1)
Interference and System Capacity
67(10)
Co-channel Interference and System Capacity
68(4)
Channel Planning for Wireless Systems
72(2)
Adjacent Channel Interference
74(2)
Power Control for Reducing Interference
76(1)
Trunking and Grade of Service
77(9)
Improving Coverage & Capacity in Cellular Systems
86(10)
Cell Splitting
86(4)
Sectoring
90(3)
Repeaters for Range Extension
93(1)
A Microcell Zone Concept
93(3)
Summary
96(1)
Problems
97(8)
Mobile Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Path Loss
105(72)
Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation
105(2)
Free Space Propagation Model
107(3)
Relating Power to Electric Field
110(3)
The Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms
113(1)
Reflection
114(6)
Reflection from Dielectrics
114(5)
Brewster Angle
119(1)
Reflection from Perfect Conductors
120(1)
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
120(6)
Diffraction
126(9)
Fresnel Zone Geometry
126(3)
Knife-edge Diffraction Model
129(5)
Multiple Knife-edge Diffraction
134(1)
Scattering
135(3)
Radar Cross Section Model
136(2)
Practical Link Budget Design Using Path Loss Models
138(7)
Log-distance Path Loss Model
138(1)
Log-normal Shadowing
139(2)
Determination of Percentage of Coverage Area
141(4)
Outdoor Propagation Models
145(12)
Longley-Rice Model
145(1)
Durkin's Model-A Case Study
146(4)
Okumura Model
150(3)
Hata Model
153(1)
PCS Extension to Hata Model
154(1)
Walfisch and Bertoni Model
155(1)
Wideband PCS Microcell Model
155(2)
Indoor Propagation Models
157(9)
Partition Losses (same floor)
157(3)
Partition Losses between Floors
160(1)
Log-distance Path Loss Model
161(1)
Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model
161(2)
Attenuation Factor Model
163(3)
Signal Penetration into Buildings
166(1)
Ray Tracing and Site Specific Modeling
167(1)
Problems
168(9)
Mobile Radio Propagation: Small-Scale Fading and Multipath
177(78)
Small-Scale Multipath Propagation
177(4)
Factors Influencing Small-Scale Fading
178(1)
Doppler Shift
179(2)
Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel
181(11)
Relationship Between Bandwidth and Received Power
185(7)
Small-Scale Multipath Measurements
192(5)
Direct RF Pulse System
192(1)
Spread Spectrum Sliding Correlator Channel Sounding
193(3)
Frequency Domain Channel Sounding
196(1)
Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channels
197(8)
Time Dispersion Parameters
199(3)
Coherence Bandwidth
202(1)
Doppler Spread and Coherence Time
203(2)
Types of Small-Scale Fading
205(5)
Fading Effects due to Multipath Time Delay Spread
205(1)
Flat Fading
205(2)
Frequency Selective Fading
207(1)
Fading Effects Due to Doppler Spread
208(1)
Fast Fading
208(1)
Slow Fading
209(1)
Rayleigh and Ricean Distributions
210(4)
Rayleigh Fading Distribution
210(2)
Ricean Fading Distribution
212(2)
Statistical Models for Multipath Fading Channels
214(15)
Clarke's Model for Flat Fading
214(3)
Spectral Shape Due to Doppler Spread in Clarke's Model
217(3)
Simulation of Clarke and Gans Fading Model
220(3)
Level Crossing and Fading Statistics
223(3)
Two-ray Rayleigh Fading Model
226(1)
Saleh and Valenzuela Indoor Statistical Model
227(1)
SIRCIM and SMRCIM Indoor and Outdoor Statistical Models
227(2)
Theory of Multipath Shape Factors for Small-Scale Fading Wireless Channels
229(18)
Introduction to Shape Factors
230(2)
Multipath Shape Factors
232(1)
Angular Spread, Λ
232(1)
Angular Constriction, γ
233(1)
Azimuthal Direction of Maximum Fading, &thetas;max
233(1)
Fading Rate Variance Relationships
233(1)
Complex Received Voltage, V(r)
233(1)
Received Power, P(r)
234(1)
Received Envelope, R(r)
234(1)
Comparison to Omnidirectional Propagation
234(2)
Examples of Fading Behavior
236(1)
Sector Channel Model
236(3)
Double Sector Channel Model
239(1)
Ricean Channel Model
240(1)
Second-Order Statistics Using Shape Factors
240(2)
Level-Crossing Rates and Average Fade Duration
242(1)
Spatial Autocovariance
242(1)
Coherence Distance
243(1)
Applying Shape Factors to Wideband Channels
243(1)
Revisiting Classical Channel Models with Shape Factors
244(3)
Summary
247(1)
Problems
248(7)
Modulation Techniques for Mobile Radio
255(100)
Frequency Modulation vs. Amplitude Modulation
256(1)
Amplitude Modulation
257(7)
Single Sideband AM
260(1)
Pilot Tone SSB
261(1)
Demodulation of AM signals
262(2)
Angle Modulation
264(13)
Spectra and Bandwidth of FM Signals
266(1)
FM Modulation Methods
267(1)
FM Detection Techniques
268(8)
Tradeoff Between SNR and Bandwidth in an FM Signal
276(1)
Digital Modulation-an Overview
277(5)
Factors That Influence the Choice of Digital Modulation
278(3)
Bandwidth and Power Spectral Density of Digital Signals
281(1)
Line Coding
282(1)
Pulse Shaping Techniques
282(9)
Nyquist Criterion for ISI Cancellation
282(5)
Raised Cosine Rolloff Filter
287(3)
Gaussian Pulse-Shaping Filter
290(1)
Geometric Representation of Modulation Signals
291(3)
Linear Modulation Techniques
294(17)
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
295(3)
Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
298(2)
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
300(1)
QPSK Transmission and Detection Techniques
301(2)
Offset QPSK
303(2)
π/4 QPSK
305(1)
π/4 QPSK Transmission Techniques
305(3)
π/4 QPSK Detection Techniques
308(3)
Constant Envelope Modulation
311(11)
Binary Frequency Shift Keying
312(2)
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
314(4)
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
318(4)
Combined Linear and Constant Envelope Modulation Techniques
322(7)
M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK)
323(2)
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
325(3)
M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (MFSK) and OFDM
328(1)
Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques
329(10)
Pseudo-Noise (PN) Sequences
330(1)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS)
331(3)
Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum (FH-SS)
334(1)
Performance of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
335(3)
Performance of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
338(1)
Modulation Performance in Fading and Multipath Channels
339(11)
Performance of Digital Modulation in Slow Flat-Fading Channels
340(4)
Digital Modulation in Frequency Selective Mobile Channels
344(2)
Performance of π/4 DQPSK in Fading and Interference
346(4)
Problems
350(5)
Equalization, Diversity, and Channel Coding
355(60)
Introduction
355(1)
Fundamentals of Equalization
356(3)
Training A Generic Adaptive Equalizer
359(4)
Equalizers in a Communications Receiver
363(1)
Survey of Equalization Techniques
364(2)
Linear Equalizers
366(2)
Nonlinear Equalization
368(4)
Decision Feedback Equalization (DFE)
369(1)
Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) Equalizer
370(2)
Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization
372(8)
Zero Forcing Algorithm
374(1)
Least Mean Square Algorithm
374(2)
Recursive Least Squares Algorithm
376(3)
Summary of Algorithms
379(1)
Fractionally Spaced Equalizers
380(1)
Diversity Techniques
380(11)
Derivation of Selection Diversity Improvement
381(3)
Derivation of Maximal Ratio Combining Improvement
384(1)
Practical Space Diversity Considerations
385(1)
Selection Diversity
386(1)
Feedback or Scanning Diversity
386(1)
Maximal Ratio Combining
387(1)
Equal Gain Combining
387(1)
Polarization Diversity
387(3)
Frequency Diversity
390(1)
Time Diversity
390(1)
RAKE Receiver
391(2)
Interleaving
393(1)
Fundamentals of Channel Coding
394(1)
Block Codes and Finite Fields
395(12)
Examples of Block Codes
399(1)
Case Study: Reed-Solomon Codes for CDPD
400(1)
Reed-Solomon Encoding
401(3)
Reed-Solomon Decoding
404(3)
Convolutional Codes
407(4)
Decoding of Convolutional Codes
409(1)
The Viterbi Algorithm
409(1)
Other Decoding Algorithms for Convolutional Codes
410(1)
Coding Gain
411(1)
Trellis Coded Modulation
412(1)
Turbo Codes
412(1)
Problems
412(3)
Speech Coding
415(32)
Introduction
415(2)
Characteristics of Speech Signals
417(1)
Quantization Techniques
418(5)
Uniform Quantization
418(1)
Nonuniform Quantization
419(2)
Adaptive Quantization
421(1)
Vector Quantization
422(1)
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM)
423(2)
Frequency Domain Coding of Speech
425(4)
Sub-band Coding
425(3)
Adaptive Transform Coding
428(1)
Vocoders
429(2)
Channel Vocoders
429(1)
Formant Vocoders
430(1)
Cepstrum Vocoders
430(1)
Voice-Excited Vocoder
431(1)
Linear Predictive Coders
431(5)
LPC Vocoders
431(3)
Multipulse Excited LPC
434(1)
Code-Excited LPC
434(2)
Residual Excited LPC
436(1)
Choosing Speech Codecs for Mobile Communications
436(4)
The GSM Codec
440(2)
The USDC Codec
442(1)
Performance Evaluation of Speech Coders
442(3)
Problems
445(2)
Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications
447(44)
Introduction
447(2)
Introduction to Multiple Access
448(1)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
449(4)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
453(3)
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
456(5)
Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA)
457(1)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
458(1)
Hybrid Spread Spectrum Techniques
459(2)
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
461(1)
Packet Radio
462(7)
Packet Radio Protocols
463(1)
Pure ALOHA
464(1)
Slotted ALOHA
465(1)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Protocols
466(1)
Reservation Protocols
467(1)
Reservation ALOHA
467(1)
Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA)
468(1)
Capture Effect in Packet Radio
468(1)
Capacity of Cellular Systems
469(19)
Capacity of Cellular CDMA
474(3)
Capacity of CDMA with Multiple Cells
477(7)
Capacity of Space Division Multiple Access
484(4)
Problems
488(3)
Wireless Networking
491(42)
Introduction to Wireless Networks
491(2)
Differences Between Wireless and Fixed Telephone Networks
493(4)
The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
493(2)
Limitations in Wireless Networking
495(1)
Merging Wireless Networks and the PSTN
496(1)
Development of Wireless Networks
497(4)
First Generation Wireless Networks
497(2)
Second Generation Wireless Networks
499(1)
Third Generation Wireless Networks
500(1)
Fixed Network Transmission Hierarchy
501(1)
Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks
502(4)
Circuit Switching
503(1)
Packet Switching
504(1)
The X.25 Protocol
505(1)
Wireless Data Services
506(4)
Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)
506(2)
Advanced Radio Data Information Systems (ARDIS)
508(1)
RAM Mobile Data (RMD)
508(2)
Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
510(2)
The Distributed Central Switching Office for CCS
510(2)
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
512(2)
Broadband ISDN and ATM
513(1)
Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)
514(6)
Network Services Part (NSP) of SS7
515(1)
Message Transfer Part (MTP) of SS7
516(1)
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) of SS7
517(1)
The SS7 User Part
517(1)
Integrated Services Digital Network User Part (ISUP)
517(1)
Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP)
518(1)
Operation Maintenance and Administration Part (OMAP)
518(1)
Signaling Traffic in SS7
518(1)
SS7 Services
519(1)
Performance of SS7
519(1)
An Example of SS7 - Global Cellular Network Interoperability
520(2)
Personal Communication Services/Networks (PCS/PCNs)
522(5)
Packet vs. Circuit Switching for PCN
523(1)
Cellular Packet-Switched Architecture
523(4)
Network Functionality in Cellular Packet-Switched Architecture
527(1)
Protocols for Network Access
527(2)
Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA)
528(1)
Network Databases
529(1)
Distributed Database for Mobility Management
529(1)
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
530(1)
Summary
531(2)
Wireless Systems and Standards
533(160)
AMPS and ETACS
533(8)
AMPS and ETACS System Overview
534(1)
Call Handling in AMPS and ETACS
535(2)
AMPS and ETACS Air Interface
537(3)
N-AMPS
540(1)
United States Digital Cellular (IS-54 and IS-136)
541(8)
USDC Radio Interface
542(6)
United States Digital Cellular Derivatives (IS-94 and IS-136)
548(1)
Global System for Mobile (GSM)
549(18)
GSM Services and Features
550(1)
GSM System Architecture
551(2)
GSM Radio Subsystem
553(2)
GSM Channel Types
555(1)
GSM Traffic Channels (TCHs)
555(2)
GSM Control Channels (CCH)
557(3)
Example of a GSM Call
560(1)
Frame Structure for GSM
561(2)
Signal Processing in GSM
563(4)
CDMA Digital Cellular Standard (IS-95)
567(13)
Frequency and Channel Specifications
567(2)
Forward CDMA Channel
569(1)
Convolutional Encoder and Repetition Circuit
569(2)
Block Interleaver
571(1)
Long PN Sequence
571(1)
Data Scrambler
572(1)
Power Control Subchannel
572(1)
Orthogonal Covering
573(1)
Quadrature Modulation
574(1)
Reverse CDMA Channel
575(1)
Convolutional Encoder and Symbol Repetition
576(1)
Block Interleaver
576(1)
Orthogonal Modulation
576(1)
Variable Data Rate Transmission
576(2)
Direct Sequence Spreading
578(2)
Quadrature Modulation
580(1)
IS-95 with 14.4 kbps Speech Coder [ANS95]
580(1)
CT2 Standard for Cordless Telephones
580(2)
CT2 Services and Features
580(1)
The CT2 Standard
581(1)
Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT)
582(5)
Features and Characteristics
582(1)
DECT Architecture
582(2)
DECT Functional Concept
584(1)
DECT Radio Link
584(3)
PACS - Personal Access Communication Systems
587(3)
PACS System Architecture
587(1)
PACS Radio Interface
587(3)
Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC)
590(1)
Personal Handyphone System (PHS)
590(1)
US PCS and ISM Bands
591(2)
US Wireless Cable Television
593(1)
Summary of Standards Throughout the World
594(3)
Problems
597(4)
Appendices
A Trunking Theory
601(10)
A.1 Erlang B
602(1)
A.1.1 Derivation of Erlang B
602(5)
A.2 Erlang C
607(1)
A.2.1 Derivation of Erlang C
607(4)
B Noise Figure Calculations for Link Budgets
611(4)
C Rate Variance Relationships for Shape Factor Theory
615(4)
C.1 Rate Variance for Complex Voltage
615(2)
C.2 Rate Variance for Power
617(1)
C.3 Rate Variance for Envelope
617(2)
D Approximate Spatial Autocovariance Function for Shape Factor Theory
619(2)
E Gaussian Approximations for Spread Spectrum CDMA
621(24)
E.1 The Gaussian Approximation
629(6)
E.2 The Improved Gaussian Approximation (IGA)
635(2)
E.3 A Simplified Expression for the Improved Gaussian Approximation (SEIGA)
637(8)
F Q, erf & erfc Functions
645(6)
F.1 The Q-Function
645(3)
F.2 The erf and erfc Functions
648(3)
G Mathematical Tables, Functions, and Transforms
651(10)
H Abbreviations and Acronyms
661(14)
I References
675(18)
Index693
Theodore S. Rappaport is the James S. Tucker Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and the Series Editor for Prentice Hall's Communications Engineering and Emerging Technologies Series

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