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| Defining Project Management Today | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 2 |
| Understanding Project Management | p. 2 |
| Defining Projects | p. 2 |
| Defining Project Management | p. 3 |
| Why Projects and Project Management? | p. 4 |
| Self-Check | p. 4 |
| Defining Project Success | p. 5 |
| Meeting Specifications | p. 6 |
| Factoring in Uncertainty | p. 6 |
| Self-Check | p. 7 |
| Comparing Project Management and General Management | p. 7 |
| Self-Check | p. 9 |
| Defining Project Roles | p. 9 |
| Considering the Project Manager's Role | p. 10 |
| Considering the Functional Manager's Role | p. 11 |
| Considering the Functional Employees Role | p. 11 |
| Considering the Role of Executives and Upper Management | p. 12 |
| Self-Check | p. 13 |
| The Project Manager as a Planning Agent | p. 14 |
| Self-Check | p. 14 |
| Identifying Project Champions | p. 15 |
| Self-Check | p. 16 |
| Meeting the Demands of Project Management | p. 16 |
| Self-Check | p. 18 |
| Classifying Projects | p. 19 |
| Self-Check | p. 20 |
| Managing Projects Off-site and On-site | p. 20 |
| Self-Check | p. 20 |
| Summary | p. 22 |
| Key Terms | p. 22 |
| Summary Questions | p. 24 |
| Applying This Chapter | p. 24 |
| You Try It | p. 26 |
| Case Study | p. 27 |
| Identifying Project Needs and Solutions | p. 29 |
| Introduction | p. 30 |
| Defining Projects | p. 30 |
| Identifying Project Needs | p. 31 |
| Confirming That a Project Addresses Identified Needs | p. 31 |
| Determining How Important a Project Is to an Organization | p. 32 |
| Self-Check | p. 33 |
| Laying the Groundwork for Project Work | p. 34 |
| Considering Project Strategy | p. 34 |
| Establishing Project Objectives | p. 34 |
| Self-Check | p. 37 |
| Defining Project Boundaries | p. 37 |
| Identifying Limitations | p. 37 |
| Determining Project Limitations | p. 39 |
| Incorporating Limitations into a Project Plan | p. 40 |
| Self-Check | p. 40 |
| Dealing with Unknowns | p. 41 |
| Self-Check | p. 42 |
| Developing a Statement of Work | p. 42 |
| Identifying Components of Statements of Work | p. 43 |
| Developing a Statement of Work | p. 44 |
| Comparing Statements of Work to Other Project Documents | p. 45 |
| Self-Check | p. 46 |
| Using Software to Manage a Project | p. 47 |
| Using Computer Software Effectively | p. 47 |
| Choosing Software | p. 48 |
| Self-Check | p. 51 |
| Summary | p. 51 |
| Key Terms | p. 51 |
| Summary Questions | p. 54 |
| Applying This Chapter | p. 54 |
| You Try It | p. 56 |
| Case Study | p. 57 |
| Organizing Projects | p. 59 |
| Introduction | p. 60 |
| Exploring Traditional Project Organization Structures | p. 60 |
| Working within Centrally Organized Structures | p. 60 |
| Working within Functionally Organized Structures | p. 63 |
| Self-Check | p. 65 |
| Choosing Matrix Organization | p. 65 |
| Self-Check | p. 68 |
| Mixed Organizational Systems | p. 69 |
| Self-Check | p. 70 |
| Summary | p. 70 |
| Key Terms | p. 71 |
| Summary Questions | p. 72 |
| Applying This Chapter | p. 72 |
| You Try It | p. 73 |
| Case Study | p. 74 |
| Planning Projects | p. 75 |
| Introduction | p. 76 |
| Planning a Project Based on Life Cycle Phases | p. 76 |
| The Conceive Phase: Starting with an Idea | p. 77 |
| The Define Phase: Establishing the Plan | p. 78 |
| The Start Phase: Getting Ready, Getting Set | p. 79 |
| The Perform Phase: Go! | p. 80 |
| The Close Phase: Stop! | p. 80 |
| Appreciating Differences in Project Life Cycles | p. 80 |
| Self-Check | p. 82 |
| Filling Participants' Roles | p. 82 |
| Confirming Team Members' Participation | p. 83 |
| Drawing up Work-Order Agreements | p. 83 |
| Assuring That Others Are on Board | p. 84 |
| Recruiting People to Fill Project Positions | p. 85 |
| Self-Check | p. 86 |
| Using Work Breakdown Structures | p. 86 |
| Thinking Hierarchically with Work Breakdown Structures | p. 86 |
| Incorporating Conditional Activities in Work Breakdown Structures | p. 88 |
| Including Activities with No Obvious Break Points | p. 90 |
| Planning Long-Term Projects | p. 90 |
| Developing Work Breakdown Structures | p. 91 |
| Self-Check | p. 92 |
| Displaying Work Breakdown Structures | p. 93 |
| The Organizational-Chart Format | p. 93 |
| The Indented-Outline Format | p. 93 |
| The Bubble-Chart Format | p. 94 |
| Self Check | p. 95 |
| Illustrating Work Relationships with Linear Responsibility Charts | p. 95 |
| Assigning Responsibilities | p. 96 |
| Reading Linear Responsibility Charts | p. 96 |
| Developing Linear Responsibility Charts | p. 98 |
| Improving the Quality of Charts | p. 99 |
| Self-Check | p. 100 |
| Working with Multidisciplinary Teams | p. 101 |
| Using Concurrent Engineering | p. 101 |
| Interface Coordination and Integration Management | p. 103 |
| Self-Check | p. 103 |
| Examining Why Plans and Projects Fail | p. 104 |
| Anticipating Common Mistakes | p. 104 |
| Responding to Reality | p. 106 |
| Detecting Potential Pitfalls Early | p. 106 |
| Self-Check | p. 108 |
| Summary | p. 108 |
| Key Terms | p. 109 |
| Summary Questions | p. 111 |
| Applying This Chapter | p. 112 |
| You Try It | p. 114 |
| Case Study | p. 115 |
| Budgeting Projects | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 118 |
| Examining Methods of Budgeting | p. 118 |
| Understanding the Challenges of Project Budgets | p. 119 |
| Focusing on Cost per Unit | p. 120 |
| Top-Down Budgeting | p. 122 |
| Bottom-Up Budgeting | p. 123 |
| Self-Check | p. 124 |
| Cost Estimating | p. 124 |
| Identifying Different Types of Project Costs | p. 125 |
| Developing Project Budgets | p. 126 |
| Developing Project Costs | p. 127 |
| Reviewing Budget Estimates | p. 129 |
| Self-Check | p. 131 |
| Improving Cost Estimates | p. 132 |
| Using Forms | p. 132 |
| Using Learning Curves | p. 134 |
| Using Tracking Signals | p. 134 |
| Considering Other Factors | p. 134 |
| Self-Check | p. 137 |
| Dealing with Budget Uncertainty | p. 137 |
| Re-estimating Project Budgets | p. 138 |
| Identifying Causes for Change | p. 138 |
| Responding to Changes | p. 140 |
| Revising Budgets | p. 141 |
| Self-Check | p. 141 |
| Summary | p. 142 |
| Key Terms | p. 142 |
| Summary Questions | p. 144 |
| Applying This Chapter | p. 144 |
| You Try It | p. 146 |
| Case Study | p. 147 |
| Establishing Project Schedules | p. 148 |
| Introduction | p. 149 |
| Exploring Schedule Possibilities with Diagrams | p. 149 |
| Drawing Network Diagrams | p. 150 |
| Considering Network Diagram Options | p. 151 |
| Choosing Network Diagram Formats | p. 154 |
| Self-Check | p. 154 |
| Analyzing Network Diagrams | p. 154 |
| Following Two Rules | p. 155 |
| Determining Critical Paths, Noncritical Paths, and Earliest Start and Finish Dates | p. 157 |
| Determining Slack Times and Earliest Start and Finish Dates | p. 158 |
| Sequencing Activities on Diagrams | p. 161 |
| Self-Check | p. 164 |
| Using Network Diagram to Analyze a Simple Example | p. 165 |
| Self-Check | p. 171 |
| Developing Project Schedules | p. 171 |
| Laying Down Initial Schedules | p. 171 |
| Avoiding the Pitfall of Backing in to Schedules | p. 172 |
| Meeting an Established Time Constraint | p. 172 |
| Reducing the Required Time | p. 173 |
| Self-Check | p. 179 |
| Estimating Activity Duration | p. 179 |
| Describing What Happens | p. 180 |
| Considering Resource Characteristics | p. 181 |
| Finding Sources of Supporting Information | p. 181 |
| Improving Activity Span Time Estimates | p. 181 |
| Self-Check | p. 182 |
| Displaying Project Schedules | p. 183 |
| Choosing Presentation Formats | p. 183 |
| Displaying Project Schedules as Gantt Charts | p. 183 |
| Precedence Diagramming | p. 189 |
| Self-Check | p. 191 |
| Summary | p. 191 |
| Key Terms | p. 192 |
| Summary Questions | p. 195 |
| Applying This Chapter | p. 195 |
| You Try It | p. 199 |
| Case Study | p. 200 |
| Estimating and Allocating Resources | p. 201 |
| Introduction | p. 202 |
| Estimating Who, How Much, and When | p. 202 |
| Planning Personnel Needs | p. 203 |
| Describing People's Skills and Knowledge | p. 203 |
| Self-Check | p. 207 |
| Estimating Needed Commitment | p. 207 |
| Describing Needed Personnel | p. 208 |
| Estimating Required Work Effort | p. 209 |
| Factoring in Productivity, Efficiency, and Availability | p. 210 |
| Supporting Estimates with Historical Data and Experience | p. 211 |
| Improving Work Effort Estimates | p. 214 |
| Juggling Multiple Commitments | p. 216 |
| Preparing an Initial Commitment Analysis | p. 216 |
| Resolving Potential Resource Overloads | p. 218 |
| Coordinating Assignments Across Multiple Projects | p. 221 |
| Working in Everything Else | p. 222 |
| Resource Loading and Leveling | p. 224 |
| Loading Resources | p. 224 |
| Leveling Resources | p. 228 |
| Allocating Scarce Resources | p. 235 |
| Establishing Priorities | p. 235 |
| Allocating Scarce Resources to Several Projects | p. 237 |
| Self-Check | p. 240 |
| Summary | p. 240 |
| Key Terms | p. 241 |
| Summary Questions | p. 243 |
| Applying This Chapter | p. 243 |
| You Try It | p. 245 |
| Case Study | p. 246 |
| Being an Effective Project Manager | p. 247 |
| Introduction | p. 248 |
| Selecting a Project Manager | p. 248 |
| Self-Check | p. 252 |
| Leading in a Project Environment | p. 252 |
| Practicing Both Management and Leadership | p. 252 |
| Developing Personal Power and Influence | p. 253 |
| Establishing Bases of Power | p. 255 |
| Self-Check | p. 256 |
| Holding Others Accountable to Projects | p. 256 |
| Involving People Who Really have Authority | p. 257 |
| Getting the Desired Results | p. 257 |
| Monitoring Others' Work | p. 258 |
| Self-Check | p. 259 |
| Handling Employee-Manager Problems | p. 260 |
| The Reasons Behind Micromanagement | p. 260 |
| Helping Micromanagers Gain Confidence | p. 261 |
| Working with a Micromanager | p. 262 |
| Self-Check | p. 262 |
| Handling and Avoiding Project Management Pitfalls | p. 263 |
| Determining How and Why Projects Get Off Track | p. 263 |
| Reaffirming Project Details | p. 263 |
| Introducing New Project Plan Elements | p. 264 |
| Self-Check | p. 265 |
| Summary | p. 266 |
| Key Terms | p. 266 |
| Summary Questions | p. 267 |
| Applying This Chapter | p. 267 |
| You Try It | p. 269 |
| Case Study | p. 270 |
| Involving the Right People in Projects | p. 271 |
| Introduction | p. 272 |
| Knowing and Engaging a Project's Audience | p. 272 |
| Engaging a Project's Audience | p. 272 |
| Using Categories to Create an Audience List | p. 273 |
| Ensuring that Audience Lists Are Complete and Useful | p. 275 |
| Developing an Audience List Template | p. 277 |
| Self-Check | p. 278 |
| Identifying Drivers, Supporters, and Observers | p. 280 |
| Deciding When and How to Involve Drivers, Supporters, and Observers | p. 280 |
| Using Different Methods to Involve Drivers, Supporters, and Observers | p. 282 |
| Self-Check | p. 282 |
| Involving People with Authority in Projects | p. 283 |
| Self-Check | p. 285 |
| Summary | p. 285 |
| Key Terms | p. 285 |
| Summary Questions | p. 287 |
| Applying This Chapter | p. 287 |
| You Try It | p. 289 |
| Case Study | p. 290 |
| Managing Project Teams | p. 292 |
| Introduction | p. 293 |
| Defining Team Roles and Responsibilities | p. 293 |
| Agreeing to Three Team Concepts | p. 293 |
| Assigning Project Roles Through Delegation | p. 295 |
| Delegating with Confidence | p. 297 |
| Sharing Responsibility | p. 298 |
| Holding People Accountable When They Don't Report to You | p. 298 |
| Self-Check | p. 301 |
| Establishing New Project Teams | p. 301 |
| Developing Team and Individual Project Goals | p. 302 |
| Defining Team Member Roles | p. 303 |
| Defining a Team's Operating Processes | p. 303 |
| Supporting the Development of Team Member Relationships | p. 304 |
| Helping Teams Become Smooth-Functioning Units | p. 304 |
| Self-Check | p. 306 |
| Motivating and Sustaining Project Team | p. 306 |
| Clarifying Project Benefits | p. 307 |
| Demonstrating Feasibility | p. 308 |
| Reporting and Rewarding Progress | p. 308 |
| Self-Check | p. 310 |
| Summary | p. 310 |
| Key Terms | p. 310 |
| Summary Questions | p. 312 |
| Applying This Chapter | p. 312 |
| You Try It | p. 314 |
| Case Study | p. 315 |
| Tracking Progress and Maintaining Control | p. 316 |
| Introduction | p. 317 |
| Understanding the Plan-Monitor-Control Cycle | p. 317 |
| Making Time for Planning, Monitoring, and Controlling | p. 317 |
| Monitoring Projects | p. 318 |
| Controlling Projects | p. 320 |
| Self-Check | p. 321 |
| Collecting, Analyzing, and Reporting Data | p. 321 |
| Data Collecting | p. 322 |
| Data Analysis | p. 323 |
| Reporting | p. 324 |
| Self-Check | p. 326 |
| Performing Earned Value Analysis | p. 327 |
| Defining the Key Elements of Earned Value Analysis | p. 327 |
| Considering an Example | p. 330 |
| Determining the Reasons for Observed Variances | p. 331 |
| Calculating Budgeted Cost of Work Performed | p. 332 |
| Self-Check | p. 334 |
| Designing Monitoring and Control Systems | p. 334 |
| Monitoring Schedule Performance | p. 335 |
| Monitoring Work-Effort Expended | p. 338 |
| Monitoring Expenditures | p. 341 |
| Developing Comprehensive Monitoring and Control Procedures | p. 342 |
| Identifying Possible Causes of Delays and Variances | p. 343 |
| Identifying Possible Corrective Actions | p. 344 |
| Self-Check | p. 345 |
| Responding to Scope Creep and Change Control | p. 346 |
| Self-Check | p. 348 |
| Summary | p. 348 |
| Key Terms | p. 348 |
| Summary Questions | p. 351 |
| Applying This Chapter | p. 352 |
| You Try It | p. 354 |
| Case Study | p. 355 |
| Communicating and Documenting Project Progress | p. 356 |
| Introduction | p. 357 |
| Forms of Communication | p. 357 |
| Choosing the Best Communication Approach | p. 357 |
| Sharing Information in Writing | p. 358 |
| Sharing Information Through Meetings | p. 359 |
| Self-Check | p. 361 |
| Preparing Progress Reports | p. 361 |
| Self-Check | p. 364 |
| Holding Key Project Meetings | p. 364 |
| Regularly Scheduled Team Meetings | p. 365 |
| Ad Hoc Team Meetings | p. 366 |
| Upper-Management Progress Reviews | p. 366 |
| Self-Check | p. 367 |
| Summary | p. 367 |
| Key Terms | p. 367 |
| Summary Questions | p. 369 |
| Applying This Chapter | p. 369 |
| You Try It | p. 371 |
| Case Study | p. 372 |
| Managing Risk | p. 376 |
| Introduction | p. 377 |
| Understanding Risk and Risk Management | p. 377 |
| Defining Risk and Risk Management | p. 377 |
| Choosing the Risks to be Managed | p. 378 |
| Developing a Risk Management Process | p. 379 |
| Communicating About Risks | p. 380 |
| Self-Check | p. 381 |
| Identifying Risks | p. 382 |
| Recognizing Risk Factors | p. 382 |
| Defining Risks | p. 387 |
| Self-Check | p. 388 |
| Assessing and Analyzing Risks | p. 388 |
| Assessing the Likelihood of a Risk Occurring | p. 388 |
| Assessing the Magnitude of the Consequences | p. 390 |
| Self-Check | p. 392 |
| Selecting the Appropriate Response Mechanism | p. 393 |
| Creating Risks Management Plans | p. 393 |
| Risk Monitoring and Control | p. 395 |
| Self-Check | p. 396 |
| Summary | p. 396 |
| Key Terms | p. 396 |
| Summary Questions | p. 398 |
| Applying This Chapter | p. 398 |
| You Try It | p. 400 |
| Case Study | p. 401 |
| Evaluating and Ending Projects | p. 403 |
| Introduction | p. 404 |
| Evaluating Projects | p. 404 |
| Preparing for a Post project Evaluation | p. 404 |
| Determining Evaluation Criteria | p. 406 |
| Self-Check | p. 407 |
| Project Auditing | p. 407 |
| The Project Audit Process | p. 408 |
| Participating in an Audit Report | p. 410 |
| Self-Check | p. 413 |
| Terminating Projects | p. 414 |
| Deciding When to Terminate a Project | p. 414 |
| Types of Project Termination | p. 414 |
| The Termination Process | p. 415 |
| Preparing the Project Final Report | p. 417 |
| Self-Check | p. 418 |
| Summary | p. 419 |
| Key Terms | p. 419 |
| Summary Questions | p. 420 |
| Applying This Chapter | p. 420 |
| You Try It | p. 421 |
| Case Study | p. 422 |
| Glossary | p. 424 |
| Index | p. 440 |
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