9781405107372

The second edition of Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management provides a thorough introduction to general ecological principles and examines how they can be applied to wildlife management and conservation. Expanded and updated, this second edition includes new chapters on understanding ecosystems and the use of computer models in wildlife management. Gives a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of ecology including the latest theories on population dynamics and conservation. Reviews practical applications and techniques and how these can be used to formulate realistic objectives with in an ecological framework. Examples of real-life management situations from around the world provide a broad perspective on the international problems of conservation. Worked examples on CD enable students to practice calculations explained in the text. Artwork from the book is available to instructors online at www.blackwellpublishing.com/sinclair and by request on CD-ROM.

Tony Sinclair is former Director of the Centre for Biodiversity Research at the University of British Columbia, Canada. Working in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, Africa, on ecology and conservation projects for over 40 years, he also carries out research in Canadian subartic ecosystems, as well as being involved in conservation issues in Australia and New Zealand. Previous publications include: Wildlife Ecology (1994), African Buffalo (1977), Serengeti (1979), Serengeti II (1995), Serengeti III (forthcoming), and Conserving National Diversity (2000).

John Fryxell is currently at the Department of Integrative Biology, at the University of Guelph, Canada, having previously worked at the University of British Columbia and as Wildlife Consultant for the Provincial Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. His current research focuses on the role of behavior in population and community dynamics of large mammals. He is the author of Individual behaviour and Community Dynamics (1998) and the forthcoming title Serengeti III with Tony Sinclair.

Preface

xi

Introduction: goals and decisions

1

(8)

How to use this book

1

(1)

What is wildlife conservation and management?

2

(1)

Goals of management

3

(2)

Hierarchies of decision

5

(2)

Policy goals

7

(1)

Feasible options

8

(1)

Summary

8

(1)

Part 1 Wildlife ecology

9

(208)

Biomes

11

(8)

Introduction

11

(1)

Forest biomes

12

(2)

Woodland biomes

14

(1)

Shrublands

14

(1)

Grassland biomes

15

(2)

Semi-desert scrub

17

(1)

Deserts

17

(1)

Marine biomes

17

(1)

Summary

18

(1)

Animals as individuals

19

(17)

Introduction

19

(1)

Adaptation

19

(1)

The theory of natural selection

19

(2)

Examples of adaptation

21

(2)

The effects of history

23

(4)

The abiotic environment

27

(1)

Genetic characteristics of individuals

27

(6)

Applied aspects

33

(2)

Summary

35

(1)

Food and nutrition

36

(24)

Introduction

36

(1)

Constituents of food

36

(4)

Variation in food supply

40

(2)

Measurement of food supply

42

(4)

Basal metabolic rate and food requirement

46

(3)

Morphology of herbivore digestion

49

(2)

Food passage rate and food requirement

51

(1)

Body size and diet selection

52

(1)

Indices of body condition

53

(6)

Summary

59

(1)

The ecology of behavior

60

(18)

Introduction

60

(1)

Diet selection

60

(6)

Optimal patch or habitat use

66

(3)

Risk-sensitive habitat use

69

(1)

Quantifying habitat preference using resource selection functions

70

(2)

Social behavior and foraging

72

(5)

Summary

77

(1)

Population growth

78

(12)

Introduction

78

(1)

Rate of increase

78

(4)

Fecundity rate

82

(1)

Mortality rate

82

(2)

Direct estimation of life-table parameters

84

(1)

Indirect estimation of life-table parameters

85

(2)

Relationship between parameters

87

(1)

Geometric or exponential population growth

88

(1)

Summary

89

(1)

Dispersal, dispersion, and distribution

90

(19)

Introduction

90

(1)

Dispersal

90

(2)

Dispersion

92

(1)

Distribution

93

(5)

Distribution, abundance, and range collapse

98

(1)

Species reintroductions or invasions

99

(5)

Dispersal and the sustainability of metapopulations

104

(4)

Summary

108

(1)

Population regulation, fluctuation, and competition within species

109

(26)

Introduction

109

(1)

Stability of populations

109

(2)

The theory of population limitation and regulation

111

(5)

Evidence for regulation

116

(4)

Applications of regulation

120

(1)

Logistic model of population regulation

121

(4)

Stability, cycles, and chaos

125

(6)

Intraspecific competition

131

(3)

Interactions of food, predators, and disease

134

(1)

Summary

134

(1)

Competition and facilitation between species

135

(28)

Introduction

135

(1)

Theoretical aspects of interspecific competition

136

(2)

Experimental demonstrations of competition

138

(5)

The concept of the niche

143

(3)

The competitive exclusion principle

146

(1)

Resource partitioning and habitat selection

146

(7)

Competition in variable environments

153

(1)

Apparent competition

153

(1)

Facilitation

154

(5)

Applied aspects of competition

159

(3)

Summary

162

(1)

Predation

163

(16)

Introduction

163

(1)

Predation and management

163

(1)

Definitions

163

(1)

The effect of predators on prey density

164

(1)

The behavior of predators

165

(4)

Numerical response of predators to prey density

169

(1)

The total response

170

(6)

Behavior of the prey

176

(2)

Summary

178

(1)

Parasites and pathogens

179

(17)

Introduction and definitions

179

(1)

Effects of parasites

179

(1)

The basic parameters of epidemiology

180

(3)

Determinants of spread

183

(1)

Endemic pathogens

184

(1)

Endemic pathogens: synergistic interactions with food and predators

184

(2)

Epizootic diseases

186

(1)

Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife

187

(1)

Parasites and the regulation of host populations

188

(2)

Parasites and host communities

190

(1)

Parasites and conservation

191

(3)

Parasites and control of pests

194

(1)

Summary

195

(1)

Consumer-resource dynamics

196

(21)

Introduction

196

(1)

Quality and quantity of a resource

196

(1)

Kinds of resources

196

(1)

Consumer--resource dynamics: general theory

197

(3)

Kangaroos and their food plants in semi-arid Australian savannas

200

(7)

Wolf--moose--woody plant dynamics in the boreal forest

207

(5)

Other population cycles

212

(3)

Summary

215

(2)

Part 2 Wildlife conservation and management

217

(168)

Counting animals

219

(25)

Introduction

219

(1)

Estimates

219

(1)

Total counts

219

(2)

Sampled counts: the logic

221

(5)

Sampled counts: methods and arithmetic

226

(9)

Indirect estimates of population size

235

(6)

Indices

241

(2)

Summary

243

(1)

Age and stage structure

244

(9)

Age-specific population models

244

(3)

Stage-specific models

247

(1)

Sensitivity and elasticity of matrix models

248

(3)

Short-term changes in structured populations

251

(1)

Summary

252

(1)

Model evaluation and adaptive management

253

(15)

Introduction

253

(1)

Fitting models to data and estimation of parameters

254

(2)

Measuring the likelihood of models in light of the observed data

256

(2)

Evaluating the likelihood of alternative models using AIC

258

(6)

Adaptive management

264

(3)

Summary

267

(1)

Experimental management

268

(21)

Introduction

268

(1)

Differentiating success from failure

268

(1)

Technical judgments can be tested

269

(3)

The nature of the evidence

272

(2)

Experimental and survey design

274

(5)

Some standard analyses

279

(8)

Summary

287

(2)

Conservation in theory

289

(23)

Introduction

289

(1)

Demographic problems contributing to risk of extinction

289

(2)

Genetic problems contributing to risk of extinction

291

(6)

Effective population size (genetic)

297

(1)

Effective population size (demographic)

298

(1)

How small is too small?

299

(1)

Population viability analysis

300

(5)

Extinction caused by environmental change

305

(5)

Summary

310

(2)

Conservation in practice

312

(23)

Introduction

312

(1)

How populations go extinct

312

(9)

How to prevent extinction

321

(2)

Rescue and recovery of near extinctions

323

(1)

Conservation in national parks and reserves

324

(8)

Community conservation outside national parks and reserves

332

(1)

International conservation

332

(2)

Summary

334

(1)

Wildlife harvesting

335

(20)

Introduction

335

(1)

Fixed quota harvesting strategy

335

(6)

Fixed proportion harvesting strategy

341

(3)

Fixed escapement harvesting strategy

344

(2)

Harvesting in practice: recreational

346

(1)

Harvesting in practice: commercial

346

(1)

Age- or sex-biased harvesting

347

(1)

Bioeconomics

347

(5)

Game cropping and the discount rate

352

(1)

Summary

353

(2)

Wildlife control

355

(10)

Introduction

355

(1)

Definitions

355

(1)

Effects of control

356

(1)

Objectives of control

356

(1)

Determining whether control is appropriate

357

(1)

Methods of control

358

(6)

Summary

364

(1)

Ecosystem management and conservation

365

(20)

Introduction

365

(1)

Definitions

365

(1)

Gradients of communities

366

(1)

Niches

366

(1)

Food webs and intertrophic interactions

366

(2)

Community features and management consequences

368

(2)

Multiple states

370

(1)

Regulation of top-down and bottom-up processes

371

(2)

Ecosystem consequences of bottom-up processes

373

(1)

Ecosystem disturbance and heterogeneity

374

(2)

Ecosystem management at multiple scales

376

(1)

Biodiversity

377

(2)

Island biogeography and dynamic processes of diversity

379

(2)

Ecosystem function

381

(2)

Summary

383

(2)

Appendices

385

(4)

Glossary

389

(12)

References

401

(49)

Index

450

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Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management

Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management

1405107375

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