Types of Literature                                                                                                                               

Chapter 2: Reading Literature and Responding to It Actively                                                 

                Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace                                                                                                           

                Reading and Responding in a Computer File or Notebook                                                            

                Guidelines for Reading: Preparation for Writing                                                                               

                Sample Notebook or Journal Entries on Maupassant’s “The Necklace ”                                                            

Chapter 3: Discovering Ideas                                                                                                                          

                The Goal of Writing: To Show a Process of Thought                                                                      

                Discovering Ideas (“Brainstorming”)                                                                                                 

                Study the Characters in the Work                                                                                                        

                The Need for a Sound Argument in Writing about  Literature                                                                  

                Determine the Work’s Historical Period and Background                                                

                Analyze the Work’s Economic and Social Conditions                                                                      

                Explain the Work’s Major Ideas                                                                                                         

                Describe the Work’s Artistic Qualities                                                                                                

                Explain Any Other Approaches That Seem Important                                                                    

Chapter 4: Preparing to Write                                                                                                                         

                Build Ideas from Your Original Notes                                                                                              

                Trace Patterns of Action and Thought                                                                                               

                Raise and Answer Your Own Questions                                                                                           

                Put Ideas Together Using a Plus-Minus, Pro-Con, or Either-Or Method                                      

                Originate and Develop Your Thoughts Through Writing                                                              

Chapter 5: Make an Initial Draft of Your Essay                                                                                          

                Base Your Essay on a Central Idea, Argument, or Statement                                                          

                Create a Thesis Sentence as Your Guide to Organization                                                 

                Begin Each Paragraph with a Topic Sentence                                                                                     

                Use Your Topic Sentences as Arguments for Your Paragraph Development                

                Referring to the Names of Authors                                                                                                           

                Select Only One Topic —No More— for Each Paragraph                                                   

                Develop an Outline as the Means of Organizing Your Essay                                                          

                Use Your Outline When Developing Your Essay                                                                            

                Illustrative Essay (First Draft)                                                                                                                

Chapter 6: Completing the Essay: Developing and Strengthening Your Ideas Through Revision

                Make Your Own Arrangement of Details and Ideas                                                                        

                Use Details from the Work as Evidence to Support Your Argument                                            

                Always Keep to Your Point; Stick to It Tenaciously                                                                         

                Try to Be Original                                                                                                                                 

                Write with Specific Readers as Your Intended Audience                                                  

                The Use of Verb Tenses in the Discussion of Literary Works                                                                     

                Use Exact, Comprehensive, and Forceful Language                                                                          

                Illustrative Essay (Improved Draft)                                                                                                           

                A Summary of Guidelines                                                                                                                        

Chapter 7: A Short Guide to Using Quotations and Making References in Essays about Literature

                Integrate Passages and Ideas into Your Essay                                                                                   

                Distinguish Your Own Thoughts from Those of Your Author                                                    

                Integrate Material by Using Quotation Marks                                                                                   

                Blend Quotations into Your Own Sentences                                                                                    

                Indenting and Blocking Long Quotations                                                                                        

                Use Ellipses to Show Omissions                                                                                                       

                Use Square Brackets to Enclose Words That You Add within Quotations                                   

                Do Not Overquote                                                                                                                              

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