Rent 9780321364050 | West, The: Encounters & Transformations, Volume 1 (to 1715) | Levack, Brian; Muir, Edward; Veldman, Meredith; Maas, Michael @knetbooks.com

Summary Table of Contents

"The West: Encounters & Transformations" takes a new approach to telling the story of Western Civilization. Rather than looking at Western Civilization only as the history of Europe from ancient times to the present, this groundbreaking book examines the changing nature of the West-how the definition of the West has evolved and transformed throughout history. The text presents a balanced treatment of political, social, religious, and cultural history and emphasizes the ever-shifting boundaries of the geographic and cultural realm of the West. O... MORE

Documents	p. xxiii
Maps	p. xxv
Features	p. xxvii
Chronologies	p. xxvii
Preface	p. xxix
Meet the Authors	p. xlv
What Is the West?	p. 2
The Beginnings of Civilization: 10,000-2000 B.C.E.	p. 10
Culture, Agriculture, and Civilization	p. 12
The Food-Producing Revolution	p. 13
The First Foo... MOREd-Producing Communities	p. 14
The Birth of Civilization in Southwest Asia	p. 15
Sumer: A Constellation of Cities in Southern Mesopotamia	p. 15
From Akkad to the Amorite Invasions	p. 17
New Mesopotamian Kingdoms: Assyria and Babylonia	p. 19
The Emergence of Egyptian Civilization	p. 20
The Old Kingdom, ca. 3500-2200 B.C.E.	p. 20
Religious Beliefs in the Old Kingdom	p. 21
The Pyramids	p. 24
The Middle Kingdom, ca. 2040-1785 B.C.E.	p. 25
Egyptian Encounters with Other Civilizations	p. 26
The Transformation of Europe	p. 27
The Linear Pottery Culture	p. 27
The Battle Axe Cultures	p. 28
Technology and Social Change	p. 28
Conclusion: Civilization and the West	p. 29
Justice in History: Gods and Kings in Mesopotamian Justice	p. 22
The International Bronze Age and Its Aftermath: Trade, Empire, and Diplomacy, 1600-550 B.C.E.	p. 32
Civilization of the Nile: The Egyptian Empire	p. 35
From the Hyksos Era to the New Kingdom	p. 35
Military Expansion and Diplomatic Networks: Building an Empire in Canaan and Nubia	p. 37
Pharaohs: Egypt's Dynamic Leaders	p. 38
Hatshepsut the Female Pharaoh and Thutmose III the Conqueror	p. 38
The Amarna Period: The Beginnings of Diplomacy	p. 39
The Battle of Kadesh and the Age of Ramesses	p. 39
Civilizations of Anatolia and Mesopotamia: The Hittite, Assyrian, and Babylonian Empires	p. 42
The Growth of Hittite Power: Conquest and Diversity	p. 42
The Mesopotamian Empires	p. 43
The Kingdom of Babylonia	p. 43
The Kingdom of Assyria	p. 43
Civilizations of the Mediterranean: The Minoans and the Mycenaeans	p. 44
Minoan Crete	p. 44
Mycenaean Greece	p. 45
Two Coastal Kingdoms: Ugarit and Troy	p. 46
Ugarit: A Mercantile Kingdom	p. 46
Troy: A City of Legend	p. 47
The End of the International Bronze Age and Its Aftermath	p. 48
The Raiders of the Land and Sea	p. 49
The Phoenicians: Merchants of the Mediterranean	p. 49
Mesopotamian Kingdoms: Assyria and Babylon, 1050-550 B.C.E.	p. 51
Neo-Assyrian Imperialism	p. 51
The Neo-Babylonian Empire	p. 52
Conclusion: The International Bronze Age and the Emergence of the West	p. 54
Justice in History: Egyptian Tomb Robbers on Trial	p. 40
Persians, Hebrews, and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.	p. 56
Persia: An Empire on Three Continents	p. 58
Cyrus the Great and Persian Expansion	p. 59
A Government of Tolerance	p. 59
Zoroastrianism: An Imperial Religion	p. 59
The Achaemenid Dynasty	p. 61
Hebrew Civilization and Religion	p. 62
The Settlement in Canaan	p. 62
The Israelite Kingdoms	p. 62
The Hebrew Prophets	p. 63
The Babylonian Exile	p. 64
The Second Temple and Jewish Religious Practice	p. 65
The Hebrew Bible	p. 65
Greece Rebuilds, 1100-479 B.C.E.	p. 66
The Dark Age, ca. 1100-750 B.C.E.	p. 66
The Archaic Age, ca. 750-479 B.C.E.	p. 67
Homer's Epic Poems	p. 70
The Polis	p. 70
Colonization and the Settlement of New Lands	p. 70
Elite Athletic Competition in Greek Poleis	p. 72
The Hoplite Revolution	p. 72
Sparta: A Militarized Society	p. 73
Athens: Toward Democracy	p. 73
The Persian Wars, 490-479 B.C.E.	p. 74
The Marathon Campaign	p. 75
Athenian Naval Power and the Salamis Campaign	p. 75
The Classical Age of Greece, 479-336 B.C.E.	p. 76
The Rise and Fall of the Athenian Empire	p. 76
From Defensive Alliance to Athenian Empire	p. 76
Democracy in the Age of Pericles	p. 76
Conflict with Sparta: The Peloponnesian War	p. 77
The Collapse of Athenian Power	p. 77
The Social and Religious Foundations of Classical Greece	p. 79
Gender Roles	p. 79
Slavery: The Source of Greek Prosperity	p. 80
Religion and the Gods	p. 81
Intellectual Life	p. 82
Greek Drama	p. 82
Scientific Thought in Ionia	p. 83
The Origins of Writing History	p. 84
Nature versus Customs and the Origins of Philosophical Thought	p. 85
The Arts: Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture	p. 88
Conclusion: Classical Foundations of the West	p. 89
Encounters & Transformations: The Alphabet and Writing in Greece	p. 68
Justice in History: The Trial and Execution of Socrates the Questioner	p. 86
The Hellenistic World and the Roman Republic, 336-31 B.C.E.	p. 92
The Warlike Kingdom of Macedon	p. 94
Unity and Expansion Under King Philip	p. 95
The Conquests of Alexander	p. 96
Successor Kingdoms: Distributing the Spoils	p. 98
Hellenistic Society and Culture	p. 100
Cities: The Heart of Hellenistic Life	p. 100
New Opportunities for Women	p. 103
Hellenistic Literature, Philosophy, and Science	p. 103
Literature: Poetry and History Writing	p. 103
Philosophy: The Quest for Peace of Mind	p. 104
Explaining the Natural World: Scientific Investigation	p. 105
Encounters with Foreign Peoples	p. 106
Exploring the Hellenistic World	p. 107
Resistance to Hellenistic Culture	p. 108
Celts on the Fringes of the Hellenistic World	p. 108
Rome's Rise to Power	p. 110
Roman Origins and Etruscan Influences	p. 110
The Beginnings of the Roman State	p. 112
Roman Territorial Expansion	p. 114
Winning Control of Italy	p. 114
The Struggle with Carthage	p. 115
Conflict with the Celts	p. 117
Rome and the Hellenistic World	p. 117
The Macedonian Wars	p. 117
The Encounter Between Greek and Roman Culture	p. 118
Life in the Roman Republic	p. 119
Patrons and Clients	p. 119
Pyramids of Wealth and Power	p. 122
The Roman Family	p. 122
Beginnings of the Roman Revolution	p. 123
The Gracchi	p. 123
War in Italy and Abroad	p. 124
The First Triumvirate	p. 125
Julius Caesar and the End of the Republic	p. 125
Conclusion: Defining the West in the Hellenistic Age	p. 127
The Human Body in History: Aphrodite of Melos: The Hellenistic Portrayal of the Perfect Female	p. 102
Justice in History: A Corrupt Roman Governor Is Convicted of Extortion	p. 120
Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.	p. 130
The Imperial Center	p. 132
Imperial Authority: Augustus and After	p. 132
The Problem of Succession	p. 134
The Emperor's Role: The Nature of Imperial Power	p. 135
The City of Rome	p. 137
The Agents of Control	p. 139
The Roman Senate: From Autonomy to Administration	p. 139
The Roman Army and the Power of the Emperor	p. 140
Life in the Roman Provinces: Assimilation, Resistance, and Romanization	p. 140
The Army: A Romanizing Force	p. 141
Administration and Commerce	p. 142
The Cities	p. 143
The Countryside	p. 145
Revolts Against Rome	p. 145
Arminius and the Revolt in Germany	p. 145
Boudica's Revolt in Britain	p. 147
The Revolt of Julius Civilis in Gaul	p. 147
Jewish Revolts	p. 147
Law, Citizenship, and Romanization	p. 149
The Frontier and Beyond	p. 150
Rome and the Parthian Empire	p. 151
Roman Encounters with Germanic Peoples	p. 151
Economic Encounters Across Continents	p. 152
Encounters with China	p. 152
Encounters with Africa	p. 153
Society and Culture in the Imperial Age	p. 154
The Upper and Lower Classes	p. 154
Slaves and Freedmen	p. 154
Women in the Roman Empire	p. 155
Literature and Empire	p. 156
Religious Life	p. 158
Polytheism in the Empire	p. 158
The Origins of Rabbinic Judaism	p. 160
The Emergence of Christianity	p. 160
The Spread of Christianity	p. 164
Conclusion: Rome Shapes the West	p. 165
Encounters & Transformations: The Roman City: Agent of Cultural Transformation	p. 144
Justice in History: The Trial of Jesus in Historical Perspective	p. 162
Late Antiquity: The Age of New Boundaries, 250-600	p. 168
Crisis and Recovery in the Third Century	p. 170
The Breakdown of the Imperial Government	p. 170
The Restoration of Imperial Government	p. 172
Diocletian's Reforms	p. 172
Foundations of Late Antique Government and Society	p. 174
Christianizing the Empire	p. 175
Constantine: The First Christian Emperor	p. 175
The Spread of Christianity	p. 176
The Rise of the Bishops	p. 176
Christianity and the City of Rome	p. 177
Old Gods Under Attack	p. 178
New Christian Communities and Identities	p. 179
The Creation of New Communities	p. 180
Christian Doctrine and Heresy	p. 180
Communities of Faith and Language	p. 181
The Monastic Movement	p. 183
Monasticism, Women, and Sexuality	p. 184
Jews in a Christian World	p. 185
Access to Holiness: Christian Pilgrimage	p. 186
Christian Intellectual Life	p. 187
The Reconciliation of Christianity and the Classics	p. 187
Neoplatonism and Christianity	p. 189
The Breakup of the Roman Empire	p. 190
The Fall of Rome's Western Provinces	p. 190
Loss of Imperial Power in the West	p. 190
The Empire of Attila	p. 192
Cultural Encounters After the End of Roman Rule	p. 195
The Survival of Rome's Eastern Provinces	p. 196
Christianity and Law Under Justinian	p. 196
Reconquering the Provinces in the West	p. 200
The Struggle with Persia	p. 200
Conclusion: The Age of New Boundaries	p. 202
The Human Body in History: The Ascetic Alternative	p. 182
Justice in History: Two Martyrdoms: Culture and Religion on Trial	p. 198
Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam	p. 204
Byzantium: The Survival of the Roman Empire	p. 206
An Embattled Empire	p. 207
Out of the Steppes: Borderlands in Eastern Europe	p. 207
The Loss of the Western Provinces	p. 210
The Old Enemy: Persia	p. 211
The New Enemy: Islam	p. 212
Byzantine Civilization	p. 213
Imperial Administration and Economy	p. 213
The Military System of the Themes	p. 214
The Church and Religious Life	p. 214
Icons and the Iconoclastic Controversy	p. 215
The Macedonian Renaissance	p. 216
The New World of Islam	p. 219
Arabs Before Islam	p. 219
The Rise of Islam	p. 222
Muhammad's Teachings	p. 222
The Succession Crisis After Muhammad: Sunnis and Shi'ites	p. 223
The Umayyad Caliphate	p. 226
The "House of War"	p. 226
Governing the Islamic Empire	p. 226
Becoming Muslims	p. 228
Peoples of the Book	p. 229
Commercial Encounters	p. 229
The Breakup of the Umayyad Caliphate	p. 230
The Abbasid Caliphate	p. 231
Islamic Civilization in Europe	p. 231
Conclusion: Three Cultural Realms	p. 234
Encounters & Transformations: Ships of the Desert: Camels from Morocco to Central Asia	p. 220
Justice in History: "Judgment Belongs to God Alone": The Battle and Arbitration at Siffin	p. 224
Medieval Empires and Borderlands: The Latin West	p. 236
The Birth of Latin Christendom	p. 239
Germanic Kingdoms on Roman Foundations	p. 239
Anglo-Saxon England	p. 240
The Franks: A Dual Heritage	p. 240
Visigoths in Spain	p. 241
Lombards in Italy	p. 242
Different Kingdoms, Shared Traditions	p. 242
Civil Authority: The Roman Legacy	p. 242
War Leaders and Wergild: The Germanic Legacy	p. 243
Unity Through Law and Christianity	p. 244
Women and Property	p. 244
The Spread of Latin Christianity in the New Kingdoms of Western Europe	p. 244
The Growth of the Papacy	p. 245
Converting the Irish	p. 245
Converting the Anglo-Saxons	p. 245
Monastic Intellectual Life	p. 246
Jews in a Christian World	p. 247
The Carolingians	p. 247
The Leadership of Charlemagne	p. 248
Coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor	p. 249
Carolingian Rulership	p. 250
The Carolingian Renaissance	p. 250
The Division of Western Europe	p. 252
Invasions and Recovery in the Latin West	p. 253
The Polytheist Invaders of the Latin West	p. 253
The Rulers in the Latin West	p. 255
Lords and Vassals	p. 255
The Western European Kingdoms After the Carolingians	p. 258
The Conversion of the Last Polytheists	p. 260
The West in the East: The Crusades	p. 262
The Origins of Holy War	p. 263
Crusading Warfare	p. 264
The Significance of the Crusades	p. 267
Conclusion: An Emerging Unity in the Latin West	p. 268
Justice in History: Revealing the Truth: Oaths and Ordeals	p. 256
Encounters & Transformations: Legends of the Borderlands: Roland and El Cid	p. 266
Medieval Civilization: The Rise of Western Europe	p. 270
Two Worlds: Manors and Cities	p. 273
The Medieval Agricultural Revolution	p. 273
Technological Innovations	p. 273
Manors and Peasants	p. 275
The Great Migrations and the Hunger for Land	p. 276
The Growth of Cities	p. 277
The Challenge of Free Cities	p. 277
The Economic Boom Years	p. 277
The Consolidation of Roman Catholicism	p. 280
The Task of Church Reform	p. 280
The Pope Becomes a Monarch	p. 281
How the Popes Ruled	p. 282
The Pinnacle of the Medieval Papacy: Pope Innocent III	p. 283
The Troubled Legacy of the Papal Monarchy	p. 284
Discovering God in the World	p. 284
The Patron Saints	p. 285
The New Religious Orders	p. 287
The Flowering of Religious Sensibilities	p. 289
Creating the Outcasts of Europe	p. 289
The Heretics: Cathars and Waldensians	p. 290
Systematic Persecution of the Jews	p. 290
"The Living Dead": Lepers	p. 291
The Creation of Sexual Crimes	p. 291
Strengthening the Center of the West	p. 294
The Monarchies of Western Europe	p. 294
Expansion of Power: France	p. 294
Lord of All Lords: The King of England	p. 296
A Divided Regime: The German Empire	p. 297
Medieval Culture: The Search for Understanding	p. 298
Revival of Learning	p. 299
Scholasticism: A Christian Philosophy	p. 299
Universities: Organizing Learning	p. 300
The Ancients: Renaissance of the Twelfth Century	p. 300
Epic Violence and Courtly Love	p. 302
The Center of Medieval Culture: The Great Cathedrals	p. 302
Architecture: The Romanesque and Gothic Styles	p. 302
Music and Drama: Reaching God's Ear and the Christian's Soul	p. 304
Conclusion: Asserting Western Culture	p. 305
The Human Body in History: A Tale of Two Marys	p. 286
Justice in History: Inquiring into Heresy: The Inquisition in Montaillou	p. 292
The Medieval West in Crisis	p. 306
A Time of Death	p. 307
Mass Starvation	p. 307
The Black Death	p. 309
A Cold Wind from the East	p. 313
The Mongol Invasions	p. 314
The Rise of the Ottoman Turks	p. 315
Economic Depression and Social Turmoil	p. 318
The Collapse of International Trade and Banking	p. 318
Rebellions from Below	p. 319
An Economy of Monopolies: Guilds	p. 319
"Long Live the People, Long Live Liberty"	p. 319
An Age of Warfare	p. 321
The Fragility of Monarchies	p. 322
The Hundred Years' War	p. 323
From English Victories to French Salvation	p. 323
The Hundred Years' War in Perspective	p. 325
The Military Revolution	p. 328
A Troubled Church and the Demand for Religious Comfort	p. 328
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church and the Great Schism	p. 329
The Search for Religious Alternatives	p. 330
Protests Against the Papacy: New Heresies	p. 330
Imitating Christ: The Modern Devotion	p. 331
The Culture of Loss	p. 331
Reminders of Death	p. 332
Illusions of a Noble Life	p. 333
Pilgrims of the Imagination	p. 334
Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy	p. 334
Giovanni Boccaccio and The Decameron	p. 336
Geoffrey Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales	p. 336
Margery Kempe and the Autobiographical Pilgrimage	p. 336
Christine de Pisan and the Defense of Female Virtue	p. 337
Defining Cultural Boundaries	p. 337
Spain: Religious Communities in Tension	p. 337
German and Celtic Borderlands: Ethnic Communities in Tension	p. 338
Enemies Within	p. 338
Conclusion: Looking Inward	p. 339
The Human Body in History: The Black Death: The Signs of Disease	p. 312
Justice in History: The Trial of Joan of Arc	p. 326
The Italian Renaissance and Beyond: The Politics of Culture	p. 342
The Cradle of the Renaissance: The Italian City-States	p. 344
The Renaissance Republics: Florence and Venice	p. 345
Florence Under the Medici	p. 346
Venice, the Cosmopolitan Republic	p. 347
Princes and Courtiers	p. 348
The Ideal Prince, the Ideal Princess	p. 348
The Ideal Courtier	p. 349
The Papal Prince	p. 350
The Contradictions of the Patriarchal Family	p. 351
The Influence of Ancient Culture	p. 354
Petrarch and the Illustrious Ancients	p. 355
The Humanists: The Latin Point of View	p. 356
Understanding Nature: Moving Beyond the Science of the Ancients	p. 358
Antiquity and Nature in the Arts	p. 359
Sculpture, Architecture, and Painting: The Natural and the Ideal	p. 360
Music of the Emotions	p. 365
The Early Modern European State System	p. 366
Monarchies: The Foundation of the State System	p. 367
France: Consolidating Power and Cultivating Renaissance Values	p. 367
Spain: Unification by Marriage	p. 368
The Holy Roman Empire: The Costs of Decentralization	p. 370
England: From Civil War to Stability Under the Tudors	p. 370
The Origins of Modern Historical and Political Thought	p. 371
History: The Search for Causes	p. 371
Political Thought: Considering the End Result	p. 372
Conclusion: The Politics of Culture	p. 373
Justice in History: Vendetta as Private Justice	p. 352
The Human Body in History: The Natural and the Ideal Body in Renaissance Art	p. 362
The West and the World: The Significance of Global Encounters, 1450-1650	p. 376
Europeans in Africa	p. 378
Sub-Saharan Africa Before the Europeans Arrived	p. 378
European Voyages Along the African Coast	p. 380
New Maritime Technology	p. 381
New Colonialism	p. 382
The Portuguese in Africa	p. 383
Europeans in the Americas	p. 384
The Americas Before the Conquistadores	p. 384
The Aztec Empire of Mexico	p. 384
The Incan Empire of the Andes	p. 385
The Mission of the European Voyagers	p. 386
The Fall of the Aztec and Incan Empires	p. 388
Hernan Cortes and the Conquest of Mexico	p. 389
Francisco Pizarro and the Conquest of Peru	p. 390
Spanish America: The Transplanting of a European Culture	p. 391
Portuguese Brazil: The Tenuous Colony	p. 393
North America: The Land of Lesser Interest	p. 396
Europeans in Asia	p. 397
Asia Before the European Empires	p. 397
The Trading Post Empires	p. 398
The Beginnings of the Global System	p. 399
The Columbian Exchange	p. 400
The Slave Trade	p. 400
Biological Exchanges	p. 401
The Problem of Cultural Diversity	p. 403
The Capitalist Global Economy	p. 404
Conclusion: The Significance of the Global Encounters	p. 405
Encounters & Transformations: Between Indian and Christian: Creating Hybrid Religion in Mexico	p. 392
Justice in History: The Difficulties of a Transatlantic Marriage	p. 394
The Reformations of Religion	p. 408
Causes of the Reformation	p. 410
The Search for Spiritual and Fiscal Freedom	p. 410
The Print Revolution	p. 411
The Northern Renaissance and the Christian Humanists	p. 413
The Lutheran Reformation	p. 415
Martin Luther and the Break with Rome	p. 415
The Ninety-Five Theses	p. 416
The Path to the Diet of Worms	p. 417
The Lutheran Reformation in the Cities and Principalities	p. 417
The Appeal of the Reformation to Women	p. 418
The German Peasants' Revolt	p. 420
Lutheran Success	p. 420
The Diversity of Protestantism	p. 421
The Reformation in Switzerland	p. 421
Zwingli's Zurich	p. 421
Calvin's Geneva	p. 422
The Reformation in Britain	p. 423
The Tudors and the English Reformation	p. 423
Scotland: The Citadel of Calvinism	p. 425
The Radical Reformation	p. 425
Anabaptists: The Holy Community	p. 425
Spiritualists: The Holy Individual	p. 428
Unitarians: A Rationalist Approach	p. 429
The Free World of Eastern Europe	p. 429
The Catholic Reformation	p. 430
The Religious Orders in the Catholic Reformation	p. 431
Jesuits: The Soldiers of God	p. 431
Women's Orders: In But Not of the World	p. 433
Paul III, The First Counter Reformation Pope	p. 434
The Council of Trent	p. 434
The Reformation in the Arts	p. 435
Protestant Iconoclasm	p. 435
Counter Reformation Art	p. 437
Sacred Music: Praising God	p. 438
Conclusion: Competing Understandings	p. 439
Justice in Mistory: The Trial of Anne Boleyn: The Dynastic Crime	p. 426
The Human Body in History: The Ecstasy of Teresa of Avila: The Body and the Soul	p. 432
The Age of Confessional Division	p. 442
The Peoples of Early Modern Europe	p. 444
The Population Recovery	p. 445
The Prosperous Villages	p. 445
The Regulated Cities	p. 446
The Price Revolution	p. 448
Disciplining the People	p. 450
Establishing Confessional Identities	p. 450
Regulating the Family	p. 451
Marriage and Sexuality: The Self-Restrained Couple	p. 451
Children: Naturally Evil?	p. 454
Suppressing Popular Culture	p. 455
Hunting Witches	p. 457
The Confessional States	p. 460
The French Wars of Religion	p. 460
The Huguenots: The French Calvinist Community	p. 460
The Origins of the Religious Wars	p. 461
Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day	p. 462
Philip II, His Most Catholic Majesty	p. 464
The Dutch Revolt	p. 465
Literature in the Age of Confessional Division	p. 466
French Literature during the Religious Turmoil	p. 467
Stirrings of the Golden Age in Iberia	p. 468
The Elizabethan Renaissance	p. 468
States and Confessions in Eastern Europe	p. 469
The Dream World of Emperor Rudolf	p. 470
The Renaissance of Poland-Lithuania	p. 471
The Troubled Legacy of Ivan the Terrible	p. 471
Conclusion: The Divisions of the West	p. 474
Justice in History: The Auto-da-Fe: The Power of Penance	p. 452
Encounters & Transformations: The Introduction of the Table Fork: The New Sign of Western Civilization	p. 456
Absolutism and State Building, 1618-1715	p. 476
The Nature of Absolutism	p. 478
The Theory of Absolutism	p. 479
The Practice of Absolutism	p. 479
Warfare and the Absolutist State	p. 480
The Absolutist State in France and Spain	p. 481
The Foundations of French Absolutism	p. 481
Absolutism in the Reign of Louis XIV	p. 483
Louis XIV and the Culture of Absolutism	p. 484
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714	p. 486
Absolutism and State Building in Spain	p. 488
Absolutism and State Building in Central and Eastern Europe	p. 491
Germany and the Thirty Years'War, 1618-1648	p. 491
The Growth of the Prussian State	p. 494
The Austrian Habsburg Monarchy	p. 495
The Ottoman Empire: Between East and West	p. 496
Russia and the West	p. 497
Resistance to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic	p. 499
The English Monarchy	p. 499
The English Civil Wars and Revolution	p. 500
Later Stuart Absolutism and the Glorious Revolution	p. 504
The Dutch Republic	p. 506
Conclusion: The Western State in the Age of Absolutism	p. 509
Encounters & Transformations: St. Petersburg and the West	p. 498
Justice in History: The Trial of Charles I	p. 502
The Scientific Revolution	p. 512
The Discoveries and Achievements of the Scientific Revolution	p. 514
Astronomy: A New Model of the Universe	p. 514
Physics: The Laws of Motion and Gravitation	p. 517
Chemistry: Discovering the Elements of Nature	p. 518
Biology: The Circulation of the Blood	p. 519
The Search for Scientific Knowledge	p. 519
Observation and Experimentation	p. 521
Deductive Reasoning	p. 521
Mathematics and Nature	p. 521
The Mechanical Philosophy	p. 522
The Causes of the Scientific Revolution	p. 523
Developments Within Science	p. 523
Late Medieval Science	p. 523
Renaissance Science	p. 523
The Collapse of Paradigms	p. 525
Developments Outside Science	p. 525
Protestantism	p. 525
Patronage	p. 526
The Printing Press	p. 527
Military and Economic Change	p. 527
Voyages of Exploration	p. 527
The Intellectual Effects of the Scientific Revolution	p. 528
Education	p. 528
Skepticism and Independent Reasoning	p. 528
Science and Religion	p. 529
Magic, Demons, and Witchcraft	p. 531
Humans and the Natural World	p. 534
The Place of Human Beings in the Universe	p. 535
The Control of Nature	p. 535
Women, Men, and Nature	p. 536
Conclusion: Science and Western Culture	p. 538
The Human Body in History: Dissecting the Human Corpse	p. 520
Justice in History: The Trial of Galileo	p. 532
Glossary	p. 1
Credits	p. 1
Index	p. 1
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