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Water Chemistry

by: Snoeyink, Vernon L.; Jenkins, David

Water Chemistry

by: Snoeyink, Vernon L.; Jenkins, David

ISBN 13:
9780471051961
ISBN 10:
0471051969
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/16/1991
Publisher: Wiley

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Summary

A first-level text stressing chemistry of natural and polluted water and its application to waste-water treatment. Discusses principles of chemical kinetics, dilute solution equilibria, effects of temperature and ionic strength, and thermodynamics in relation to water chemistry. Strong emphasis given to graphical procedures. Contains numerous example problems.

Introduction

(23)

Properties of Water

(2)

Composition of Several Types of Water

(11)

Methods of Expressing Concentration

(9)

Additional Reading

(1)

Chemical Kinetics

(34)

Introduction

(1)

Collisions of Reacting Species

(1)

Orientation of Reactants

(1)

The Rate Law

(9)

Reaction Mechanism

(4)

Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate

(4)

Catalysis

(4)

Empirical Rate Laws

(7)

Problems

(2)

Additional Reading

(1)

Chemical Equilibrium

(28)

Introduction

(1)

The Dynamic Nature of Chemical Equilibrium

(2)

The Thermodynamic Basis of Chemical Equilibrium

(11)

Enthalpy and the Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant

(3)

Nonideal Behavior of Ions and Molecules in Solution

(8)

Problems

(3)

Additional Reading

(1)

Acid-Base Chemistry

(111)

Introduction

(1)

Definition of Terms

(7)

Rate of Reaction

(2)

Equilibrium Calculations---A General Approach

(7)

Mass Balances

(1)

Equilibrium Relationships

(1)

The Proton Condition

(1)

The Charge Balance or Electroneutrality Equation

(4)

Strong Acid-Strong Base Calculations

102

(6)

Weak Acid-Weak Base Calculations

108

(6)

Graphical Procedure for Equilibrium Calculations---pC-pH Diagrams

114

(8)

Determination of Temperature and Ionic Strength Effects on Equilibria Using pC-pH Diagrams

122

(3)

Multiprotic Acid-Conjugate Base Equilibrium Calculations

125

(9)

Ionization Fractions and Distribution Diagrams

134

(2)

Mixtures of Acids and Bases---pH Calculation

136

(10)

Strong Acid-Strong Base Mixtures

136

(3)

Weak Acid-Strong Base and Strong Acid-Weak Base Mixtures

139

(7)

pH Buffers and Buffer Intensity

146

(10)

Buffer pH

147

(2)

Buffer Intensity

149

(7)

The Carbonate System

156

(36)

The Carbonate Species and Their Acid-Base Equilibria

156

(6)

Calculation of Carbonate Species Concentrations in Open and Closed Systems

162

(11)

Alkalinity and Acidity

173

(7)

Alkalinity and Acidity Endpoints

180

(3)

Analytical Definition of Alkalinity and Acidity

183

(9)

Problems

192

(3)

Additional Reading

195

(2)

Coordination Chemistry

197

(46)

Introduction

197

(1)

Nomenclature and Definition of Terms

197

(3)

Reaction Rate

200

(1)

Complex Stability and Equilibrium Calculations

201

(8)

Metal Ion Hydrolysis---H2O and OH- as Ligands

209

(8)

Complexes with Other Inorganic Ligands

217

(6)

Complexes with Organic Ligands

223

(18)

The Nature of Copper in Water and Wastewater

225

(1)

Complexation by NTA

226

(5)

Metal Ion Association with Humic Substances

231

(10)

Problems

241

(1)

Additional Reading

242

(1)

Precipitation and Dissolution

243

(73)

Introduction

243

(1)

Precipitation and Dissolution Kinetics

244

(3)

Nucleation

244

(1)

Crystal Growth

245

(1)

Agglomeration and Ripening

246

(1)

Dissolution

247

(1)

Equilibrium Calculations

247

(11)

The Solubility Product

248

(3)

Effect of Temperature on Solubility

251

(1)

The Common Ion Effect

252

(1)

Conditional Solubility Product

253

(1)

Log Concentration Diagrams

254

(4)

Solubility of Salts of Weak Acids and Bases

258

(4)

Effect of Complexation on Solubility

262

(8)

Competitive Effects of Several Ligands

270

(12)

Precipitation of Fe(OH)2(s) and FeCO3(s)---pC-pH and Predominance Area Diagrams

271

(8)

Aluminum Phosphate Precipitation

279

(3)

Calcium Carbonate Solubility and Water Stability

282

(16)

Calcium Carbonate Solubility in Open and Closed Systems

282

(13)

The Effect of Complex Formation on the Solubility of CaCO3(s)

295

(3)

Phosphate Chemistry

298

(15)

Reactions of Phosphates

298

(8)

Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Precipitation

306

(4)

Iron Phosphate Precipitation from Wastewater

310

(3)

Problems

313

(2)

Additional Reading

315

(1)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

316

(115)

Introduction

316

(1)

Redox Stoichiometry

316

(6)

Redox Equilibria

322

(16)

Direction of Reaction

322

(2)

Free Energy and Potential of Half-Reactions

324

(6)

Combination of Half-Reactions

330

(1)

The Nernst Equation

331

(5)

Formal Potentials

336

(1)

The Electron Balance and Equilibrium Calculations

336

(2)

Electron Activity and p∈

338

(5)

Graphical Representation of Redox Equilibria

343

(20)

The p∈-pC Diagrams

344

(4)

The p∈-pH Predominance Area Diagrams

348

(6)

Other Predominance Area Diagrams

354

(4)

The p∈-pH Diagrams Incorporating Solids

358

(5)

Corrosion

363

(15)

The Corrosion Cell

363

(3)

The Galvanic (or Electromotive) Series

366

(2)

Corrosion Reactions

368

(3)

Concentration Cells

371

(3)

Corrosion Control

374

(4)

Iron Chemistry

378

(8)

Iron in Groundwaters

378

(4)

Acid Mine Drainage

382

(4)

Chlorine Chemistry

386

(18)

Forms of Aqueous Chlorine

387

(1)

Chlorine Equilibria

388

(2)

Chlorine Reactions with Inorganic Species

390

(9)

Chlorine Reactions with Organic Substances

399

(5)

Biologically Important Redox Reactions

404

(10)

The Nitrogen Cycle

405

(2)

Electron Acceptors in Microbial Systems

407

(5)

Microbial Yields

412

(2)

Electrochemical Measurements

414

(12)

Potentiometric Measurements

414

(8)

Amperometric (Polarographic) Measurements

422

(4)

Problems

426

(4)

Additional Reading

430

(1)

Appendix 1. Ionization Fractions

431

(4)

Appendix 2. Answers to Problems

435

(7)

Appendix 3. Useful Data

442

(11)

Index

453

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Water Chemistry

Water Chemistry

9780471051961

0471051969

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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