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Vertebrates : Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution

by: Kardong, Kenneth V.

Vertebrates : Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution

by: Kardong, Kenneth V.

ISBN 13:
9780072528305
ISBN 10:
0072528303
Edition: 4th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 05/02/2005
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math
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Summary

This one-semester text is designed for an upper-level majors course. Vertebrates features a unique emphasis on function and evolution of vertebrates, complete anatomical detail, and excellent pedagogy. Vertebrate groups are organized phylogenetically, and their systems discussed within such a context. Morphology is foremost, but the author has developed and integrated an understanding of function and evolution into the discussion of anatomy of the various systems.

Preface

Introduction

(46)

Comparative Verrtebrate Morphology

(2)

Designs of Students

(1)

Vertebrate Design---Form and Function

(1)

Grand Design

(1)

Historical Predecessors---Evolution

(7)

The Process behind the Change

(1)

Linnaeus

(1)

Naturalists

(1)

J-B. de Lamarck

(1)

Acquired Characteristics

(1)

Upward to Perfection

(1)

Natural Selection

(1)

A. R. Wallace

(1)

Charles Darwin

(1)

Critics and Controversy

(1)

Historical Predecessors---Morphology

(3)

Georges Cuvier

(1)

Richard Owen

(2)

Why Are There No Flying Elephants?

(1)

Morphological Concepts

(4)

Similarities

(2)

Symmetry

(1)

Segmentation

(2)

Evolutionary Morphology

(2)

Function and Biological Role

(1)

Preadaptation

(2)

Evolution as Remodeling

(1)

Phylogeny

(7)

Of Bean Stalks and Bushes

(2)

Simplification

(1)

Patterns of Phylogeny

(1)

Grades and Clades

(4)

Paleontology

(12)

Fossilization and Fossils

(3)

Recovery and Restoration

(3)

From Animal to Fossil

(2)

Dating Fossils

(1)

Stratigraphy

(1)

Index Fossils

(1)

Radiometric Dating

(1)

Geological Ages

(4)

Tools of the Trade

(6)

The Question

(1)

The Function

(3)

The Biological Role

(2)

Overview

(2)

Origin of Chordates

(33)

Chordate Phylogeny

(2)

Chordate Characteristics

(4)

Notochord

(2)

Pharyngeal Slits

(1)

Endostyle or Thyroid Gland

(1)

Dorsal and Tubular Nerve Cord

(1)

Postanal Tail

(1)

Chordate Body Plan

(1)

Protochordates

(18)

Hemichordata

(1)

Enteropneusta---``Acorn Worms''

(2)

Pterobranchia

(1)

Hemichordate Phylogenetic Affinities

(1)

Urochordata

(2)

Ascidiacea---``Sea Squirts''

(1)

Larvacea (Appendicularia)

(3)

Thaliacea

(1)

Cephalochordata

(5)

Overview of Protochordates

(1)

Chordate Origins

(6)

Cephalochordates from Annelids and Arthropods

(1)

Cephalochordates from Echinoderms

(1)

The Evidence

(1)

Appearance of Chordate Characteristics

(1)

Selective Advantage

(1)

Larval Echinoderm to Chordate Tadpole

(1)

The Critics

(1)

Phylogeny, Paedomorphism, and Origins

(2)

Overview

(3)

The Vertebrate Story

(45)

Introduction

(4)

Innovations

(1)

Vertebral Column

(1)

Head

(1)

Origin of Vertebrates

(1)

Step 1: Prevertebrate

(1)

Step 2: Agnathan

(1)

Step 3: Gnathostome

(1)

The Controversial Calcichordates

(1)

Vertebrate Classification

(1)

Agnathans

(8)

Living Agnathans

(1)

Myxinoidea

(1)

Petromyzontida

(1)

Early Vertebrate Fossils

(1)

Conodonts

(2)

Ostracoderms

(1)

Pteraspidomorpha

(1)

Other Ostracoderms

(2)

Overview of Agnathan Evolution

(1)

Gnathostomes

(4)

Placodermi

(1)

Chondrichthyes

(2)

Elasmobranchii---Sharks and Rays

(1)

Holocephali---Chimaeras

(1)

Teleostomi

(5)

Acanthodii

(1)

Osteichthyes

(2)

Actinopterygii

(1)

Sarcopterygii

(2)

Overview of Fish Phylogeny

101

(1)

Tetrapods

101

(5)

Primitive Tetrapods

102

(1)

Labyrinthodonts

102

(2)

Lepospondyls

104

(1)

Lissamphibia-Modern Amphibians

105

(1)

Urodela (Caudata)

105

(1)

Salientia (Anura)

106

(1)

Gymnophiona (Apoda)

106

(1)

Amniotes

106

(19)

Stem--Amniotes

108

(1)

Sauropsids

108

(1)

Mesosaurs

108

(1)

Reptilia

108

(8)

Synapsida

116

(1)

Pelycosauria

117

(1)

Therapsida

117

(3)

Mammalia

120

(5)

Biological Design

125

(33)

Introduction: Size and Shape

125

(3)

Size

128

(3)

Relationships among Length, Area, and Volume

128

(2)

Surface Area

130

(1)

Volume and Mass

130

(1)

Shape

131

(3)

Allometry

131

(1)

Transformation Grids

132

(2)

On the Consequences of Being the Right Size

134

(1)

Biomechanics

134

(18)

Fundamental Principles

135

(1)

Basic Quantities---Length, Time, and Mass

135

(1)

Units

136

(1)

Derived Quantities---Velocity, Acceleration, Force, and Relatives

136

(1)

Reference Systems

137

(1)

Center of Mass

137

(1)

Vectors

137

(1)

Basic Force Laws

138

(1)

Free Bodies and Forces

138

(1)

Torques and Levers

139

(2)

Land and Fluid

141

(1)

Life on Land: Gravity

141

(1)

Life in Fluids

142

(2)

Machines

144

(1)

Strength of Materials

145

(1)

Loads

146

(1)

Biological Design and Biological Failure

146

(1)

Tissue Response to Mechanical Stress

147

(1)

Responsiveness of Bone

148

(4)

Biophysics and Other Physical Processes

152

(4)

Diffusion and Exchange

152

(1)

Pressures and Partial Pressures

152

(1)

Countercurrent, Concurrent, and Crosscurrent Exchange

153

(1)

Optics

154

(1)

Depth Perception

155

(1)

Accommodation

155

(1)

Overview

156

(2)

Life History

158

(51)

Introduction

158

(1)

Early Embryology

159

(13)

Fertilization

159

(2)

Cleavage

161

(1)

Amphioxus

161

(1)

Fishes

162

(1)

Amphibians

162

(1)

Reptiles and Birds

162

(1)

Mammals

163

(1)

Overview of Cleavage

164

(1)

Gastrulation and Neurulation

164

(2)

Amphioxus

166

(1)

Fishes

166

(1)

Amphibians

167

(1)

Reptiles and Birds

168

(1)

Mammals

169

(3)

Organogenesis

172

(14)

Histogenesis

174

(1)

Epithelium

174

(2)

Covering and Lining Epithelium

176

(1)

Glandular Epithelium

176

(1)

Connective Tissues

177

(1)

General Connective Tissues

177

(1)

Special Connective Tissues

178

(1)

Bone Development and Growth

179

(1)

Endochondral Bone Development

179

(2)

Intramembranous Bone Development

181

(1)

Comparative Bone Histology

181

(2)

Bone Remodeling and Repair

183

(1)

Joints

184

(2)

Neural Crest and Ectodermal Placodes

186

(1)

Extraembryonic Membranes

186

(3)

Reptiles and Birds

187

(1)

Mammals

187

(1)

Eutherian Placenta

188

(1)

Other Placentae

189

(1)

Overview of Early Embryonic Development

189

(2)

Development of the Coelom and Its Compartments

191

(3)

Maturation

194

(3)

Metamorphosis

194

(1)

Heterochrony

195

(1)

Peramorphosis

195

(2)

Paedomorphosis

197

(1)

Ontogeny and Phylogeny

197

(9)

Biogenetic Law

197

(1)

von Baer's Law

198

(1)

Overview of the Biogenetic Law

199

(1)

Hox Genes and Their Kingdoms

200

(1)

Egg to Adult

200

(1)

Shaping Up: Positions and Parts

201

(1)

Evolutionary Significance

201

(1)

Epigenomics

202

(1)

Induction

202

(1)

Phylogeny

203

(3)

Overview

206

(3)

Integument

209

(25)

Embryonic Origin

210

(1)

General Features of the Integument

210

(3)

Dermis

210

(2)

Epidermis

212

(1)

Phylogeny

213

(12)

Integument of Fishes

213

(1)

Primitive Fishes

214

(1)

Chondrichthyes

214

(1)

Bony Fishes

214

(2)

Integument of Tetrapods

216

(1)

Amphibians

216

(1)

Reptiles

217

(1)

Birds

218

(3)

Mammals

221

(4)

Specializations of the Integument

225

(5)

Nails, Claws, Hooves

225

(1)

Horns and Antlers

226

(1)

Baleen

227

(1)

Scales

228

(1)

Dermal Armor

228

(1)

Mucus

228

(1)

Color

229

(1)

Overview

230

(4)

Skeletal System: The Skull

234

(55)

Introduction

235

(1)

Chondrocranium

235

(3)

Embryology

235

(3)

Splanchnocranium

238

(4)

Embryology

238

(1)

Origin of Jaws

239

(1)

Types of Jaw Attachments

240

(2)

Dermatocranium

242

(1)

Parts of the Dermatocranium

242

(1)

Dermal Bone Series

242

(1)

Overview of Skull Morphology

243

(3)

Braincase

243

(3)

Jaws

246

(1)

Hyoid Apparatus

246

(1)

Cranial Kinesis

246

(1)

Phylogeny of the Skull

247

(28)

Agnathans

247

(1)

Ostracoderms

247

(1)

Cyclostomes

248

(1)

Gnathostomes

249

(1)

Fishes

249

(7)

Early Tetrapods

256

(2)

Primitive Amniotes

258

(2)

Modern Reptiles

260

(5)

Birds

265

(2)

Synapsids

267

(8)

Overview of Skull Function and Design

275

(5)

Prey Capture

277

(1)

Feeding in Water

277

(3)

Feeding in Air

280

(1)

Swallowing

280

(1)

Overview

280

(9)

Cranial Neural Crest

280

(1)

Emergence of Mammals

281

(1)

Evolutionary Modifications of Immature Forms: Akinesis in Mammals

282

(3)

Composite Skull

285

(4)

Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton

289

(31)

Introduction

289

(1)

Basic Components

290

(6)

Vertebrae

290

(1)

Regions of the Vertebral Column

290

(1)

Centra

290

(2)

Ribs

292

(2)

Sternum

294

(1)

Gastralia

294

(2)

Embryonic Development

296

(2)

Fishes

296

(1)

Tetrapods

297

(1)

Phylogeny

298

(13)

Fishes

298

(1)

Agnathans

298

(1)

Gnathostomes

298

(5)

Tetrapods

303

(1)

Early Tetrapods

303

(5)

Amniotes

308

(3)

Form and Function

311

(7)

Fluid Environment

311

(1)

Terrestrial Environment

312

(1)

Design of Vertebrae

313

(1)

Direction of the Neural Spine

313

(1)

Height of the Neural Spine

314

(1)

Regionalization of the Vertebral Column

315

(3)

Overview

318

(2)

Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton

320

(45)

Introduction

320

(1)

Basic Components

321

(1)

Fins

321

(1)

Limbs

321

(1)

Origin of Paired Fins

322

(3)

Gill-Arch Theory

322

(1)

Fin-Fold Theory

323

(1)

Embryonic Development of Tetrapod Limbs

324

(1)

Phylogeny

325

(11)

Fishes

325

(1)

Agnathans

325

(1)

Placoderms

326

(1)

Chondrichthyans

326

(2)

Acanthodians

328

(1)

Bony Fishes

328

(2)

Tetrapods

330

(1)

Pectoral Girdle

330

(3)

Pelvic Girdle

333

(1)

Manus and Pes

333

(3)

Evolution of the Appendicular System

336

(6)

Dual Origin of the Pectoral Girdle

336

(1)

Adaptive Advantage of Lobe Fins

337

(4)

Onto the Land

341

(1)

Form and Function

342

(20)

Swimming

342

(1)

Terrestrial Locomotion

342

(1)

Early Gaits

342

(1)

Early Modes of Locomotion

343

(4)

Cursorial Locomotion

347

(3)

Aerial Locomotion

350

(10)

Origin of Bird Flight

360

(1)

Fossorial Locomotion

360

(2)

Overview

362

(3)

The Muscular System

365

(41)

Introduction

365

(1)

Organization of Muscles

366

(5)

Classification of Muscles

366

(1)

Skeletal Muscle

367

(1)

Cardiac Muscle

368

(1)

Smooth Muscle

368

(1)

Structure of Skeletal Muscles

368

(2)

Tendons

370

(1)

Basis of Muscle Contraction

370

(1)

Resting and Active Muscle

370

(1)

Molecular Mechanisms of Contraction

370

(1)

Muscle Function

371

(13)

Muscle Fibers

371

(1)

Tension-Length Curves for a Single Muscle Fiber

371

(1)

Properties of Muscle Fibers

371

(2)

Muscle Organs and Fibers

373

(1)

Whole Muscle Force Generation

373

(1)

Tension-Length Curves for a Whole Muscle

374

(2)

Graded Force

376

(1)

Cross-Sectional Area

376

(1)

Fiber Orientation

377

(1)

Velocity of Shortening

377

(1)

Distance of Shortening

378

(1)

Bone-Muscle Lever Systems

378

(2)

Sequencing of Muscle Actions

380

(1)

Overview of Muscle Mechanics

381

(1)

Muscle Actions

381

(2)

Muscle Homologies

383

(1)

Embryonic Origin of Muscles

384

(3)

Postcranial Musculature

384

(1)

Appendicular Musculature

384

(1)

Axial Musculature

385

(1)

Cranial Musculature

386

(1)

Jaw and Pharyngeal Musculature

386

(1)

Extrinsic Eye Muscles

386

(1)

Comparative Anatomy

387

(14)

Postcranial Musculature

387

(1)

Axial Musculature

387

(3)

Appendicular Musculature

390

(6)

Cranial Musculature

396

(1)

Branchiomeric Musculature

396

(4)

Hypobranchial Musculature

400

(1)

Overview

401

(5)

The Respiratory System

406

(39)

Introduction

406

(3)

Respiratory Organs

409

(5)

Gills

409

(1)

Lungs

409

(1)

Gas Bladders

409

(1)

Cutaneous Respiratory Organs

410

(1)

Accessory Air-breathing Organs

410

(1)

Breathing and Embryos

411

(3)

Ventilatory Mechanisms

414

(3)

Cilia

414

(1)

Muscular Mechanisms

414

(1)

Water Ventilation: Dual Pump

414

(1)

Air Ventilation: Buccal Pump

415

(1)

Air Ventilation: Aspiration Pump

416

(1)

Phylogeny

417

(15)

Agnathans

417

(2)

Elasmobranchs

419

(1)

Bony Fishes

420

(1)

Overview of Fish Respiration

420

(1)

Gills

420

(1)

Lungs and Gas Bladders

421

(2)

Amphibians

423

(1)

Amphibian Larvae

423

(2)

Amphibian Adults

425

(1)

Reptiles

426

(1)

Mammals

427

(1)

Ventilation

428

(1)

Gas Exchange

429

(1)

Birds

430

(2)

Form and Function

432

(5)

Patterns of Gas Transfer

432

(1)

Rates of Gas Transfer

433

(4)

Breathing in Water

437

(1)

Breathing in Air

437

(1)

Evolution of Respiratory Organs

437

(5)

Acid-Base Regulation

437

(1)

Ventilation

438

(1)

Ciliary Pumps

438

(1)

Muscular Pumps

439

(1)

Water-to-Land Transition

439

(1)

Air-breathing Organs

439

(1)

Advantages of Movement to Land

439

(1)

Air-breathing Mechanisms

440

(1)

Bird Lungs and Air Sacs

441

(1)

Overview

442

(3)

The Circulatory System

445

(51)

Introduction

445

(1)

Cardiovascular System

446

(42)

Blood

446

(1)

Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

446

(1)

Arteries

447

(1)

Hemodynamics of Circulation

447

(1)

Veins

448

(1)

Microcirculation

448

(1)

Single and Double Circulation

449

(1)

Embryonic Development of the Cardiovascular System

450

(1)

Phylogeny of the Cardiovascular System

451

(4)

Arterial Vessels

455

(5)

Venous Vessels

460

(7)

Hearts

467

(1)

Basic Vertebrate Heart

467

(2)

Fishes

469

(3)

Amphibians

472

(2)

Reptiles

474

(7)

Birds and Mammals

481

(1)

Cardiovascular System: Matching Design to Environmental Demands

481

(3)

Accessory Air-breathing Organs

484

(1)

Diving Birds and Mammals

484

(1)

Heart Flow

484

(1)

Ontogeny of Cardiovascular Function

485

(1)

Fetal Circulation in Placental Mammals

485

(1)

Changes at Birth

485

(2)

Heat Transfer

487

(1)

Lymphatic System

488

(4)

Lymphatic Vessels

489

(2)

Lymphatic Tissue

491

(1)

Form and Function

491

(1)

Overview

492

(4)

The Digestive System

496

(42)

Introduction

496

(1)

Preview

497

(1)

Components of the Digestive System

497

(31)

Buccal Cavity

497

(1)

Boundaries

497

(1)

Palate

498

(1)

Teeth

499

(10)

Tongue

509

(1)

Pharynx

510

(3)

Alimentary Canal

513

(2)

Esophagus

515

(1)

Stomach

515

(1)

Intestines

516

(2)

Cloaca

518

(1)

Specializations of the Alimentary Canal

518

(2)

Vascularization of the Gastrointestinal Tract

520

(1)

Fishes

520

(1)

Tetrapods

521

(3)

Associated Glands of Digestion

524

(1)

Oral Glands

524

(2)

Liver

526

(1)

Pancreas

527

(1)

Function and Evolution of the Digestive System

528

(7)

Absorption

528

(1)

Feces

528

(1)

Mechanical Breakdown of Food

529

(1)

Mastication

529

(1)

Gizzards

529

(1)

Chemical Breakdown of Food

529

(1)

Gastric Fermentation

530

(3)

Intestinal Fermentation

533

(1)

Gastric versus Intestinal Fermenters

533

(2)

Size and Fermentation

535

(1)

Digesting Toxins

535

(1)

Overview

535

(3)

The Urogenital System

538

(47)

Introduction

538

(1)

Urinary System

538

(18)

Structure of the Mammalian Kidney

538

(2)

Embryonic Development

540

(1)

Nephrotome to Nephric Tubules

540

(1)

Tripartite Concept of Kidney Organization

541

(3)

Kidney Phylogeny

544

(1)

Fishes

544

(1)

Tetrapods

545

(1)

Kidney Function and Structure

546

(1)

Excretion: Removing the Products of Nitrogen Metabolism

546

(2)

Osmoregulation: Regulating Water and Salt Balance

548

(7)

Evolution

555

(1)

Preadaptation

555

(1)

Origin of Vertebrates

555

(1)

Reproductive System

556

(27)

Structure of the Mammalian Reproductive System

556

(1)

Embryonic Development

556

(1)

Gonads and Gametes

556

(2)

Reproductive Tracts

558

(1)

Overview

558

(2)

Female Reproductive System

560

(1)

Ovary

560

(1)

Genital Ducts

560

(2)

Oviduct

562

(1)

Uterus

563

(2)

Male Reproductive System

565

(1)

Testis

565

(1)

Genital Ducts

565

(3)

Copulatory Organs

568

(4)

Cloaca

572

(5)

Urinary Bladder

577

(1)

Function and Evolution

578

(1)

Potency and Fertility

578

(1)

External and Internal Fertilization

579

(2)

Delays in Gestation

581

(2)

Overview

583

(2)

The Endocrine System

585

(33)

Survey of Endocrine Organs

585

(20)

Thyroid Gland

585

(1)

Structure and Phylogeny

585

(2)

Function

587

(2)

Ultimobranchial Body and Parathyroid Gland

589

(1)

Ultimobranchial Body

589

(1)

Parathyroid Gland

589

(2)

Form and Function

591

(1)

Adrenal Gland

591

(1)

Structure and Phylogeny

591

(3)

Function

594

(1)

Pancreatic Islets

595

(1)

Structure and Phylogeny

595

(1)

Function

595

(2)

Pituitary Gland

597

(1)

Structure

597

(1)

Phylogeny

597

(3)

Function

600

(3)

Gonads

603

(1)

Pineal Gland

603

(1)

Secondary Endocrine Organs

603

(1)

Gastrointestinal Tract

604

(1)

Kidneys

604

(1)

Endocrine Coordination

605

(10)

Mammalian Reproduction

605

(1)

Male

605

(1)

Female

606

(6)

Metamorphosis in Frogs

612

(1)

Fundamentals of Hormonal Control

613

(1)

Functional and Structural Linkage

613

(1)

Target Tissue Responses

614

(1)

The Endocrine System and the Environment

614

(1)

Evolution

615

(1)

Overview

616

(2)

The Nervous System

618

(45)

Introduction

618

(3)

Types of Cells within the Nervous System

618

(1)

Neuroglia

618

(1)

Neurons

619

(1)

Transmission of Information

619

(2)

Neurosecretory Cells

621

(1)

Peripheral Nervous System

621

(17)

Spinal Nerves

622

(1)

Cranial Nerves

623

(7)

Evolution

630

(2)

Functions of the Peripheral Nervous System

632

(1)

Spinal Reflexes

632

(1)

The Autonomic Nervous System

633

(5)

Central Nervous System

638

(22)

Embryology

639

(1)

Spinal Cord

639

(3)

Spinal Reflexes

642

(1)

Spinal Tracts

642

(1)

Brain

643

(1)

Phylogeny

643

(1)

Form and Function

644

(14)

Functional Associations of Parts of the Central Nervous System

658

(2)

Overview

660

(3)

Sensory Organs

663

(43)

Introduction

663

(1)

Components of a Sensory Organ

664

(1)

General Sensory Organs

664

(2)

Free Sensory Receptors

664

(1)

Encapsulated Sensory Receptors

665

(1)

Associated Sensory Receptors

665

(1)

Proprioception

665

(1)

Mechanisms of Perceiving Stimuli from General Sensory Receptors

666

(1)

Special Sensory Organs

666

(35)

Chemoreceptors

666

(1)

Nasal Passages

667

(2)

Vomeronasal Area

669

(1)

Mouth

670

(1)

Radiation Receptors

671

(2)

Photoreceptors

673

(11)

Infrared Receptors

684

(1)

Mechanoreceptors

684

(1)

Lateral Line System

685

(1)

Vestibular Apparatus

686

(2)

Auditory System

688

(1)

Functions of the Ear

689

(9)

Electroreceptors

698

(1)

Structure and Phylogeny

698

(1)

Form and Function

699

(2)

Additional Special Sensory Organs

701

(1)

Overview

701

(5)

Conclusions

706

(19)

Introduction

706

(3)

Structural Analysis

709

(1)

Functional Analysis

710

(4)

How Does It Work?

710

(1)

Functional Coupling, Functional Compromise

711

(1)

Multiple Functions

712

(1)

Performance

713

(1)

Ecological Analysis

714

(1)

Evolutionary Analysis

714

(5)

Historical Constraints

714

(1)

Primitive and Advanced

714

(1)

Diversity of Type/Unity of Pattern

715

(2)

Mosaic Evolution

717

(1)

Morphology and Modules

717

(2)

Mode and Tempo of Evolution

719

(3)

Remodeling

720

(1)

Embryonic Changes

721

(1)

Hox Genes

721

(1)

Evolutionary Significance

722

(1)

The Promise of Vertebrate Morphology

722

(3)

Appendix A

725

(2)

Appendix B

727

(3)

Appendix C

730

(4)

Appendix D

734

(4)

Glossary

738

(14)

Credits

752

(5)

Index

757

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Vertebrates : Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution

Vertebrates : Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution

9780072528305

0072528303

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Vertebrates : Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution

Vertebrates : Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution

9780072528305

0072528303

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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