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University Physics

ISBN: 9780201571578 | 0201571579
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Pearson College Div
Pub. Date: 6/1/1996

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SummaryTable of Contents
This edition, co-authored by Roger Freedman and Hugh Young, reflects the findings of current research in physics education, while adhering to the highest standards of rigorous, yet accessible content coverage, and pedagogical effectiveness. Goals of this revision include helping students develop physical intuition, and building strong problem-solving skills. Two decades of research on the conceptual pitfalls that commonly plague beginning physics students are reflected in this work. A key focus of the Ninth Edition is to discuss the correct way to analyze a situation or solve a problem, as well as why the wrong way (which may occur to a student first) is indeed wrong.
MECHANICS
Units, Physical Quantities, and Vectors
1(30)
Introduction
1(1)
The Natu... MORE
1(2)
Idealized Models
3(1)
Standards and Units
3(3)
Unit Consistency and Conversions
6(1)
Uncertainty and Significant Figures
7(2)
Estimates and Orders of Magnitude
9(1)
Vectors and Vector Addition
10(3)
Components of Vectors
13(4)
Unit Vectors
17(1)
Products of Vectors
18(13)
Summary/Key Terms
23(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
24(7)
Motion Along a Straight Line
31(30)
Introduction
31(1)
Displacement, Time, and Average Velocity
31(3)
Instantaneous Velocity
34(3)
Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
37(4)
Motion with Constant Acceleration
41(5)
Freely Falling Bodies
46(3)
Velocity and Position by Integration
49(12)
Summary/Key Terms
51(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
52(9)
Motion in Two or Three Dimensions
61(31)
Introduction
61(1)
Position and Velocity Vectors
61(3)
The Acceleration Vector
64(4)
Projectile Motion
68(8)
Motion in a Circle
76(2)
Relative Velocity
78(14)
Summary/Key Terms
82(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
84(8)
Newton's Laws of Motion
92(28)
Introduction
92(1)
Force and Interactions
93(2)
Newton's First Law
95(4)
Newton's Second Law
99(5)
Mass and Weight
104(3)
Newton's Third Law
107(3)
Using Newton's Laws
110(3)
Free-Body Diagrams Visualized
113(7)
Summary/Key Terms
114(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
114(6)
Applications of Newton's Laws
120(44)
Introduction
120(1)
Using Newton's First Law: Particles in Equilibrium
120(5)
Using Newton's Second Law: Dynamics of Particles
125(7)
Frictional Forces
132(7)
Dynamics of Circular Motion
139(6)
The Fundamental Forces of Nature
145(1)
Projectile Motion with Air Resistance: A Case Study in Computer Analysis
146(18)
Summary/Key Terms
149(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
149(15)
Work and Kinetic Energy
164(30)
Introduction
164(1)
Work
164(4)
Work and Kinetic Energy
168(6)
Work and Energy with Varying Forces
174(5)
Power
179(2)
Automotive Power: A Case Study in Energy Relations
181(13)
Summary/Key Terms
184(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
185(9)
Potential Energy and Energy Conservation
194(33)
Introduction
194(1)
Gravitational Potential Energy
194(10)
Elastic Potential Energy
204(5)
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
209(4)
Force and Potential Energy
213(3)
Energy Diagrams
216(11)
Summary/Key Terms
218(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
218(9)
Momentum, Impulse, and Collisions
227(41)
Introduction
227(1)
Momentum and Impulse
227(5)
Conservation of Momentum
232(6)
Inelastic Collisions
238(3)
Elastic Collisions
241(5)
Center of Mass
246(4)
Rocket Propulsion
250(3)
The Neutrino: A Case Study in Modern Physics
253(15)
Summary/Key Terms
256(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
257(11)
Rotation of Rigid Bodies
268(26)
Introduction
268(1)
Angular Velocity and Acceleration
268(4)
Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration
272(2)
Relating Linear and Angular Kinematics
274(2)
Energy in Rotational Motion
276(5)
Parallel-Axis Theorem
281(1)
Moment of Inertia Calculations
282(12)
Summary/Key Terms
285(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
286(8)
Dynamics of Rotational Motion
294(35)
Introduction
294(1)
Torque
294(3)
Torque and Angular Acceleration for a Rigid Body
297(4)
Rigid-Body Rotation about a Moving Axis
301(6)
Work and Power in Rotational Motion
307(2)
Angular Momentum
309(2)
Conservation of Angular Momentum
311(3)
Gyroscopes and Precession
314(15)
Summary/Key Terms
317(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
318(11)
Equilibrium and Elasticity
329(29)
Introduction
329(1)
Conditions for Equilibrium
329(1)
Center of Gravity
330(3)
Solving Rigid-Body Equilibrium Problems
333(4)
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
337(4)
Bulk Stress and Strain
341(2)
Shear Stress and Strain
343(1)
Elasticity and Plasticity
344(14)
Summary/Key Terms
345(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
346(12)
Gravitation
358(34)
Introduction
358(1)
Newton's Law of Gravitation
358(4)
Weight
362(2)
Gravitational Potential Energy
364(3)
The Motion of Satellites
367(3)
The Motion of Planets
370(3)
Spherical Mass Distributions
373(4)
Apparent Weight and the Earth's Rotation
377(2)
Black Holes: A Case Study in Modern Physics
379(13)
Summary/Key Terms
383(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
384(8)
Periodic Motion
392(35)
Introduction
392(1)
The Causes of Oscillation
392(2)
Simple Harmonic Motion
394(6)
Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
400(4)
Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion
404(3)
The Simple Pendulum
407(2)
The Physical Pendulum
409(2)
Damped Oscillations
411(2)
Forced Oscillations, Resonance, and Chaos
413(14)
Summary/Key Terms
416(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
418(9)
Fluid Mechanics
427(33)
Introduction
427(1)
Density
427(1)
Pressure in a Fluid
428(4)
Buoyancy
432(2)
Surface Tension
434(4)
Fluid Flow
438(2)
Bernoulli's Equation
440(4)
Turbulence
444(2)
Viscosity
446(14)
Summary/Key Terms
448(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
449(11)
THERMODYNAMICS
Temperature and Heat
460(39)
Introduction
460(1)
Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
460(2)
Thermometers and Temperature Scales
462(1)
Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale
463(2)
Thermal Expansion
465(5)
Quantity of Heat
470(3)
Calorimetry and Phase Changes
473(5)
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
478(7)
Integrated Circuits: A Case Study in Heat Transfer
485(14)
Summary/Key Terms
487(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
489(10)
Thermal Properties of Matter
499(34)
Introduction
499(1)
Equations of State
499(6)
Molecular Properties of Matter
505(2)
Kinetic-Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas
507(6)
Heat Capacities
513(4)
Molecular Speeds
517(3)
Phases of Matter
520(13)
Summary/Key Terms
523(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
524(9)
The First Law of Thermodynamics
533(26)
Introduction
533(1)
Thermodynamic Systems
533(1)
Work Done During Volume Changes
534(3)
Paths Between Thermodynamic States
537(2)
Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
539(4)
Kinds of Thermodynamic Processes
543(2)
Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas
545(1)
Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas
546(3)
Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas
549(10)
Summary/Key Terms
551(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
552(7)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
559(34)
Introduction
559(1)
Directions of Thermodynamic Processes
559(1)
Heat Engines
560(3)
Internal-Combustion Engines
563(2)
Refrigerators
565(2)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
567(2)
The Carnot Cycle
569(5)
The Kelvin Temperature Scale
574(1)
Entropy
574(5)
Microscopic Interpretation of Entropy
579(3)
Energy Resources: A Case Study in Thermodynamics
582(11)
Summary/Key Terms
585(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
586(7)
WAVES/ACOUSTICS
Mechanical Waves
593(27)
Introduction
593(1)
Types of Mechanical Waves
593(2)
Periodic Waves
595(1)
Mathematical Description of a Wave
596(6)
Speed of a Transverse Wave
602(4)
Speed of a Longitudinal Wave
606(3)
Sound Waves in Gases
609(1)
Energy in Wave Motion
610(10)
Summary/Key Terms
613(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
614(6)
Wave Interference and Normal Modes
620(26)
Introduction
620(1)
Boundary Conditions for a String and the Principle of Superposition
620(2)
Standing Waves on a String
622(5)
Normal Modes of a String
627(4)
Longitudinal Standing Waves and Normal Modes
631(5)
Interference of Waves
636(1)
Resonance
637(9)
Summary/Key Terms
640(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
641(5)
Sound and Hearing
646(23)
Introduction
646(1)
Sound Waves
646(4)
Sound Intensity
650(4)
Beats
654(2)
The Doppler Effect
656(5)
Shock Waves
661(8)
Summary/Key Terms
664(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
664(5)
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electric Charge and Electric Field
669(35)
Introduction
669(1)
Electric Charge
669(2)
Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter
671(1)
Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
672(2)
Coulomb's Law
674(5)
Electric Field and Electric Forces
679(4)
Electric-Field Calculations
683(6)
Electric Field Lines
689(1)
Electric Dipoles
690(14)
Summary/Key Terms
694(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
695(9)
Gauss's Law
704(27)
Introduction
704(1)
Electric Charge and Electric Flux
704(3)
Calculating Electric Flux
707(4)
Gauss's Law
711(3)
Applications of Gauss's Law
714(5)
Charges of Conductors
719(12)
Summary/Key Terms
723(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
724(7)
Electric Potential
731(40)
Introduction
731(1)
Electric Potential Energy
731(6)
Electric Potential
737(6)
Calculating Electric Potential
743(3)
Equipotential Surfaces
746(3)
Potential Gradient
749(2)
The Cathode-Ray Tube
751(3)
Calculating Potentials Due to Charged Conductors: A Case Study in Computer Analysis
754(17)
Summary/Key Terms
759(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
761(10)
Capacitance and Dielectrics
771(28)
Introduction
771(1)
Capacitors and Capacitance
772(4)
Capacitors in Series and Parallel
776(3)
Energy Storage in Capacitors and Electric-Field Energy
779(3)
Dielectrics
782(5)
Molecular Model of Induced Charge
787(2)
Gauss's Law in Dielectrics
789(10)
Summary/Key Terms
790(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
791(8)
Current, Resistance, and Electromotive Force
799(33)
Introduction
799(1)
Current
799(4)
Resistivity
803(2)
Resistance
805(4)
Electromotive Force and Circuits
809(6)
Energy and Power in Electric Circuits
815(4)
Theory of Metallic Conduction
819(2)
Physiological Effects of Currents
821(11)
Summary/Key Terms
823(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
824(8)
Direct-Current Circuits
832(33)
Introduction
832(1)
Resistors in Series and Parallel
832(5)
Kirchhoff's Rules
837(5)
Electrical Measuring Instruments
842(4)
Resistance-Capacitance Circuits
846(4)
Power Distribution Systems: A Case Study in Circuit Analysis
850(15)
Summary/Key Terms
853(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
854(11)
Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces
865(38)
Introduction
865(1)
Magnetism
865(2)
Magnetic Field
867(3)
Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux
870(3)
Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field
873(4)
Applications of Motion of Charged Particles
877(3)
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
880(3)
Force and Torque on a Current Loop
883(5)
The Direct-Current Motor
888(2)
The Hall Effect
890(13)
Summary/Key Terms
892(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
893(10)
Sources of Magnetic Field
903(38)
Introduction
903(1)
Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge
903(3)
Magnetic Field of a Current Element
906(2)
Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor
908(3)
Force between Parallel Conductors
911(2)
Magnetic Field of a Circular Current Loop
913(2)
Ampere's Law
915(3)
Applications of Ampere's Law
918(4)
Magnetic Materials
922(5)
Displacement Current
927(14)
Summary/Key Terms
930(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
932(9)
Electromagnetic Induction
941(30)
Introduction
941(1)
Induction Experiments
941(2)
Faraday's Law
943(7)
Lenz's Law
950(2)
Motional Electromotive Force
952(3)
Induced Electric Fields
955(2)
Eddy Currents
957(1)
Maxwell's Equations
958(2)
Superconductivity: A Case Study in Magnetic Properties
960(11)
Summary/Key Terms
963(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
964(7)
Inductance
971(26)
Introduction
971(1)
Mutual Inductance
971(3)
Self-Inductance and Inductors
974(2)
Magnetic-Field Energy
976(3)
The R-L Circuit
979(3)
The L-C Circuit
982(5)
The L-R-C Series Circuit
987(10)
Summary/Key Terms
989(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
990(7)
Alternating Current
997(28)
Introduction
997(1)
Phasors and Alternating Currents
997(2)
Resistance and Reactance
999(5)
The L-R-C Series Circuit
1004(4)
Power in Alternating-Current Circuits
1008(3)
Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits
1011(3)
Transformers
1014(11)
Summary/Key Terms
1017(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1019(6)
Electromagnetic Waves
1025(28)
Introduction
1025(1)
Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
1025(3)
Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light
1028(5)
Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Waves
1033(2)
Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves
1035(7)
Electromagnetic Waves in Matter
1042(1)
Standing Electromagnetic Waves
1042(3)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
1045(1)
Radiation from an Antenna
1046(7)
Summary/Key Terms
1048(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1050(3)
OPTICS
The Nature and Propagation of Light
1053(32)
Introduction
1053(1)
The Nature of Light
1053(2)
Reflection and Refraction
1055(5)
Total Internal Reflection
1060(3)
Dispersion
1063(1)
Polarization
1064(8)
Scattering of Light
1072(1)
Huygens' Principle
1073(12)
Summary/Key Terms
1076(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1078(7)
Geometric Optics
1085(33)
Introduction
1085(1)
Reflection and Refraction at a Plance Surface
1085(3)
Reflection at a Spherical Surface
1088(7)
Graphical Methods for Mirrors
1095(2)
Refraction at a Spherical Surface
1097(4)
Thin Lenses
1101(4)
Graphical Methods for Lenses
1105(13)
Summary/Key Terms
1110(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1111(7)
Optical Instruments
1118(20)
Introduction
1118(1)
Cameras and Projectors
1118(5)
The Eye
1123(3)
The Magnifier
1126(1)
The Microscope
1127(2)
Telescopes
1129(2)
Lens Aberrations
1131(7)
Summary/Key Terms
1133(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1134(4)
Interference
1138(27)
Introduction
1138(1)
Interference and Coherent Sources
1138(4)
Two-Source Interference of Light
1142(3)
Intensity in Interference Patterns
1145(4)
Interference in Thin Films
1149(5)
The Michelson Interferometer
1154(2)
The Photon: A Case Study in Quantum Physics
1156(9)
Summary/Key Terms
1158(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1159(6)
Diffraction
1165(28)
Introduction
1165(1)
Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
1165(2)
Diffraction from a Single Slit
1167(3)
Intensity in the Single-Slit Pattern
1170(3)
Multiple Slits
1173(3)
The Diffraction Grating
1176(3)
X-Ray Diffraction
1179(3)
Circular Apertures and Resolving Power
1182(3)
Holography
1185(8)
Summary/Key Terms
1187(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1188(5)
MODERN PHYSICS
Relativity
1193(36)
Introduction
1193(1)
Invariance of Physical Laws
1193(3)
Relativity of Simultaneity
1196(2)
Relativity of Time Intervals
1198(4)
Relativity of Length
1202(4)
The Lorentz Transformations
1206(4)
Spacetime Diagrams
1210(1)
The Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves
1211(2)
Relativistic Momentum
1213(3)
Relativistic Work and Energy
1216(3)
Newtonian Mechanics and Relativity
1219(10)
Summary/Key Terms
1221(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1223(6)
Appendices1229(6)
A The International System of Units
1229(2)
B Useful Mathematical Relations
1231(1)
C The Greek Alphabet
1232(1)
D Periodic Table of the Elements
1233(1)
E Unit Conversion Factors
1234(1)
F Numerical Constants
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems1235(13)
Index1248

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