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Understanding Animal Breeding

ISBN: 9780023128516 | 0023128518
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Pearson College Div
Pub. Date: 10/1/1996

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SummaryTable of Contents
This text presents all concepts of animal breeding, while keeping math to a minimum, and no experience in genetics or statistics is required.
PART I ANIMAL BREEDING FROM THE TOP DOWN3(26)
CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS THE "BEST" ANIMAL?
3(13)
Traits, Phenotypes and Genotypes
3... MORE
Analyzing the System
5(5)
Genotype by Environment Interactions
6(1)
Common Misconceptions about Interactions
7(2)
Other Interactions Involving Genotype
9(1)
Breeding Objectives and Industry Structure
10(3)
Traditional Livestock Species
11(1)
Recreational and Companion Animal Species
12(1)
Factors that Distort Breeding Objectives
12(1)
Change Versus Stasis
13(1)
Exercises
14(2)
Study Questions
14(1)
Problems
15(1)
CHAPTER 2 HOW ARE ANIMAL POPULATIONS IMPROVED?
16(13)
Selection
16(5)
Phenotypic Selection
17(1)
Selection Using Information on Relatives
18(2)
Selection for Simply-Inherited Traits
20(1)
Between-Breed Selection
20(1)
Mating and Mating Systems
21(2)
Mating Systems and Industry Structure
22(1)
Selection and Mating Together
23(1)
Exercises
24(5)
Study Questions
24(5)
PART II ANIMAL BREEDING FROM THE BOTTOM UP29(40)
CHAPTER 3 MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
29(19)
Genes, Chromosomes and Genotypes
29(1)
Germ Cells and Their Formation
30(3)
Formation of the Embryo
33(1)
The Randomness of Inheritance
34(3)
Dominance and Epistasis
37(9)
Complete Dominance
38(2)
Partial Dominance
40(1)
No Dominance
41(1)
Overdominance
42(1)
Common Misconceptions about Dominance
43(1)
Epistasis
44(2)
Exercises
46(2)
Study Questions
46(1)
Problems
46(2)
CHAPTER 4 GENES IN POPULATIONS
48(13)
Gene and Genotypic Frequencies
48(1)
The Effect of Selection on Gene and Genotypic Frequencies
49(3)
The Effect of Mating Systems on Gene and Genotypic Frequencies
52(7)
Inbreeding
52(1)
Outbreeding (Crossbreeding)
53(6)
Exercises
59(2)
Study Questions
59(1)
Problems
59(2)
CHAPTER 5 SIMPLY-INHERITED AND POLYGENIC TRAITS
61(8)
Simply-Inherited and Polygenic Traits
61(2)
Common Characteristics of Simply-Inherited and Polygenic Traits
63(1)
Different Breeding Approaches for Simply-Inherited Versus Polygenic Traits
63(2)
Exercises
65(4)
Study Questions
65(4)
PART III SELECTION69(228)
CHAPTER 6 SELECTION FOR SIMPLY-INHERITED TRAITS
69(22)
Simple One-Locus Case
69(1)
Proving Parental Genotypes--Test Matings
70(11)
Probabilities of Outcomes of Matings
72(9)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Selection
81(7)
Exercises
88(3)
Study Questions
88(1)
Problems
89(2)
CHAPTER 7 THE GENETIC MODEL FOR QUANTITATIVE TRAITS
91(20)
The Basic Model
91(3)
Breeding Value
94(5)
Progeny Difference
96(1)
Additive Properties of Breeding Values and Progeny Differences
97(1)
Breeding Value and Selection
98(1)
Gene Combination Value
99(4)
A New Model
101(2)
Producing Ability
103(4)
Permanent and Temporary Environmental Effects
103(1)
The Genetic Model for Repeated Traits
104(2)
The Importance of Producing Ability
106(1)
The Genetic Model and Threshold Traits
107(1)
Exercises
108(3)
Study Questions
108(1)
Problems
109(2)
CHAPTER 8 STATISTICS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO QUANTITATIVE TRAITS
111(38)
Individual Values and Population Measures
111(1)
The Normal Distribution
112(3)
The Mean
115(2)
Variation
117(8)
The Importance of Variation
117(2)
Measures of Variation
119(2)
Variation and the Normal Distribution
121(4)
Covariation
125(16)
The Importance of Covariation
126(2)
Measures of Covariation
128(13)
Prediction
141(3)
True and Predicted Values
141(1)
Prediction Equations
142(2)
A Summary Example
144(3)
Exercises
147(2)
Study Questions
147(1)
Problems
148(1)
CHAPTER 9 HERITABILITY AND REPEATABILITY
149(36)
Heritability
149(10)
Common Misconceptions about Heritability
153(1)
Heritability and Resemblance Among Relatives
154(3)
The Importance of Heritability
157(2)
Repeatability
159(8)
Common Misconceptions about Repeatability
162(3)
The Importance of Repeatability
165(2)
Ways to Improve Heritability and Repeatability
167(14)
Environmental Uniformity
167(2)
Accurate Measurement
169(1)
Mathematical Adjustments for Known Environmental Effects
170(3)
Contemporary Groups
173(8)
Exercises
181(4)
Study Questions
181(1)
Problems
182(3)
CHAPTER 10 FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF GENETIC CHANGE
185(27)
Elements of the Key Equation for Genetic Change
185(2)
Accuracy of Selection
186(1)
Selection Intensity
186(1)
Genetic Variation
186(1)
Generation Interval
187(1)
The Key Equation in More Precise Terms
187(12)
The Rate of Genetic Change
188(1)
Accuracy of Selection
188(1)
Selection Intensity
188(6)
Genetic Variation
194(1)
Generation Interval
195(1)
The Key Equation with Phenotypic Selection
195(3)
Partitioning the Key Equation
198(1)
Trade-Offs Among Elements of the Key Equation
199(4)
Accuracy Versus Generation Interval
199(1)
Accuracy Versus Intensity
200(1)
Intensity Versus Generation Interval
200(2)
Intensity Versus Risk
202(1)
Comparing Selection Strategies Using the Key Equation: An Example
203(3)
The Key Equation in Perspective
206(1)
Male versus Female Selection
207(2)
Genetic Change when Sires are Purchased
208(1)
Exercises
209(3)
Study Questions
209(1)
Problems
210(2)
CHAPTER 11 GENETIC PREDICTION
212(30)
Comparing Animals Using Data from Genetically Similar Groups--The Selection Index
212(18)
Prediction Using Regression: A Review
214(1)
Prediction Using a Single Source of Information
215(12)
Prediction Using Multiple Sources of Information
227(3)
Comparing Animals Using Data from Genetically Diverse Groups--Best Linear Unbiased Prediction
230(8)
Types of BLUP Models
231(1)
Capabilities of Advanced BLUP Models
231(7)
Exercises
238(4)
Study Questions
238(2)
Problems
240(2)
CHAPTER 12 LARGE-SCALE GENETIC EVALUATION
242(16)
A History of Across-Herd and Across-Flock Comparisons
243(1)
Sire Summaries
244(4)
Predictions
245(1)
Accuracy Measures
245(3)
Importance of Sire Summaries
248(1)
Genetic Evaluation for Nonsires
248(1)
Types of EPDs
248(1)
Interpreting Genetic Evaluation Information
249(3)
Predictions Are for Comparing Animals
249(1)
The Meaning of Zero
250(1)
Using Accuracy Measures
250(2)
Evaluation or Characterization?
252(1)
Pitfalls in Large-Scale Genetic Evaluation
252(2)
Faulty Data
252(2)
Lack of Relationship Among Contemporary Groups
254(1)
Genotype by Environment Interaction
254(1)
Alternatives to Large-Scale Genetic Evaluation
254(2)
Nucleus Breeding Schemes
255(1)
Exercises
256(2)
Study Questions
256(2)
CHAPTER 13 CORRELATED RESPONSE TO SELECTION
258(19)
What Causes Correlated Response?
258(1)
Genetic, Phenotypic, and Environmental Correlations
259(7)
Keeping Genetic, Phenotypic, and Environmental Correlations Straight
262(3)
More Perspective on Correlations between Traits
265(1)
Factors Affecting Correlated Response
266(5)
Correlated Response to Phenotypic Selection
268(3)
Selecting for Correlated Traits
271(2)
The Good News/Bad News about Genetic Correlations and Correlated Response
273(1)
Exercises
273(4)
Study Questions
273(1)
Problems
274(3)
CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE-TRAIT SELECTION
277(20)
Methods of Multiple-Trait Selection
277(11)
Tandem Selection
278(1)
Independent Culling Levels
278(2)
Economic Selection Indexes
280(7)
Combination Methods
287(1)
Selection Intensity and Multiple-Trait Selection
288(4)
Loss of Selection Intensity and Correlations between Traits
290(1)
Loss of Selection Intensity in Perspective
291(1)
Exercises
292(5)
Study Questions
292(1)
Problems
293(4)
PART IV MATING SYSTEMS297(108)
CHAPTER 15 MATING SYSTEMS FOR SIMPLY-INHERITED TRAITS
297(9)
Mating to Produce Particular Gene Combinations
297(4)
Repeated Backcrossing to Import an Allele
301(2)
Exercises
303(3)
Study Questions
303(1)
Problems
304(2)
CHAPTER 16 MATING STRATEGIES BASED ON ANIMAL PERFORMANCE: RANDOM AND ASSORTATIVE MATING
306(7)
Strategies for Making Individual Matings
306(4)
Random Mating
306(1)
Assortative Mating
307(3)
Combination Strategies
310(1)
Strategies for Crossing Breeds or Lines
310(1)
Exercises
311(2)
Study Questions
311(2)
CHAPTER 17 MATING STRATEGIES BASED ON PEDIGREE RELATIONSHIP: INBREEDING AND OUTBREEDING
313(37)
Inbreeding
313(28)
Effects of Inbreeding
313(8)
Measuring Inbreeding and Relationship
321(4)
Calculating Inbreeding and Relationship Coefficients
325(13)
Linebreeding
338(1)
Reasons to Inbreed
338(3)
Inbreeding and Industry Structure
341(1)
Outbreeding
341(5)
Effects of Outbreeding
341(4)
Reasons to Outbreed
345(1)
Outbreeding and Industry Structure
346(1)
Exercises
346(4)
Study Questions
346(2)
Problems
348(2)
CHAPTER 18 HYBRID VIGOR
350(20)
A Population Model for Hybrid Vigor
350(3)
Measuring Hybrid Vigor
353(2)
Individual, Maternal and Paternal Hybrid Vigor
355(2)
Loss of Hybrid Vigor
357(5)
Predicting Hybrid Vigor
362(5)
Exercises
367(3)
Study Questions
367(1)
Problems
368(2)
CHAPTER 19 CROSSBREEDING SYSTEMS
370(35)
Evaluating Crossbreeding Systems
371(3)
Merit of Component Breeds
372(1)
Hybrid Vigor
372(1)
Breed Complementarity
372(1)
Consistency of Performance
373(1)
Replacement Considerations
373(1)
Simplicity
373(1)
Accuracy of Genetic Prediction
373(1)
Rotational Systems
374(9)
Spatial Rotations Using Purebred Sires
374(4)
Spatial Rotations Using Crossbred Sires
378(4)
Rotations in Time
382(1)
Terminal Sire Systems
383(5)
Static Terminal Systems
384(2)
Rotational/Terminal Systems
386(2)
Composite Animals
388(12)
Pure Composite Systems
389(7)
Composite/Terminal Systems
396(1)
Breeding Composite Seedstock
396(4)
Exercises
400(5)
Study Questions
400(1)
Problems
401(4)
PART V NEW TECHNIQUES, OLD STRATEGIES405(20)
CHAPTER 20 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ANIMAL BREEDING
405(16)
Reproductive Technologies
405(6)
Artificial Insemination
406(1)
Embryo Transfer and Related Technologies
406(2)
Sex Control
408(1)
Cloning
409(2)
Same-Sex Mating
411(1)
Molecular Technologies
411(7)
DNA Fingerprinting for Animal Identification
411(2)
Other Applications of DNA Fingerprinting
413(1)
Marker Assisted Selection for Simply-Inherited Traits
413(2)
Marker Assisted Selection for Polygenic Traits
415(2)
Gene Transfer
417(1)
Exercises
418(3)
Study Questions
418(3)
CHAPTER 21 COMMONSENSE ANIMAL BREEDING
421(4)
Be Knowledgeable
421(1)
Use Good Information
422(1)
Take Time to Think
423(1)
Be Consistent
423(1)
Keep It Simple
423(1)
Be Patient
424(1)
Exercises
424(1)
Study Questions
424(1)
GLOSSARY425(14)
APPENDIX439(11)
The Algebra of Variances and Covariances439(1)
A Sampling of Proofs Using the Algebra of Variances and Covariances440(10)
Heritability as a Ratio of Variances441(1)
Heritability as a Regression Coefficient441(1)
Repeatability as a Ratio of Variances442(1)
Predicting Producing Ability from an Individual's Own Records442(4)
Predicting Breeding Value from Progeny Records446(4)
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS450(65)
Chapter 1 Answers450(2)
Chapter 3 Answers452(3)
Chapter 4 Answers455(3)
Chapter 6 Answers458(5)
Chapter 7 Answers463(3)
Chapter 8 Answers466(3)
Chapter 9 Answers469(5)
Chapter 10 Answers474(4)
Chapter 11 Answers478(5)
Chapter 13 Answers483(6)
Chapter 14 Answers489(2)
Chapter 15 Answers491(5)
Chapter 17 Answers496(9)
Chapter 18 Answers505(3)
Chapter 19 Answers508(5)
Quick Key513(2)
INDEX515

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