There is a clear discrepancy between the ideal role of political parties expressed in many textbooks and the reality that we see playing out in politics. This book fills that void by explaining the difficulties that parties run into in seeking to play out these ideals. Parties have long-term commitments and principles, but must adjust in the short-run based on the size and composition of their existing electoral base, current social and economic conditions, the composition of their congressional party, and interpretations of the meaning of recent elections. The process may at times seem erratic and as if parties lack principles, but the parties are seeking to represent the differing perspectives on policy that dominate our society.