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Traffic Engineering

ISBN: 9780134613369 | 0134613368
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 12/1/1997

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SummaryTable of Contents
Appropriate for a one/two-semester undergraduate survey, and/or for graduate courses in Traffic Studies, Highway Capacity Analysis, and Traffic Control and Operations. This unique text presents comprehensive and in-depth coverage of traffic engineering. It covers all modern topics in traffic engineering, including design, construction, operation, maintenance, and system optimization.

This unique book presents comprehensive and in-depth coverage of traffic engineering. KEY TOPICS It discusses all modern topics in tr... MORE
Prefacexiii(2)
Acknowledgementxv
1 Introduction to Traffic Engineering and Its Scope
1(16)
Elements of Traffic Engineering and of Thi... MORE
2(1)
The Transportation System
2(6)
A. Some Basic Numbers
2(1)
B. Goods Movement
3(1)
C. The System of Facilities
3(2)
D. Travel Demand and Transportation Planning
5(1)
E. Influencing the Demand Pattern
6(2)
ISTEA
8(1)
Environmental Requirements
9(1)
Ethical Aspects of Impact Work
10(1)
Responsibility and Liability in Traffic Engineering
11(1)
Standard References for the Traffic Engineer
12(1)
Sources on the Internet
13(1)
A Comment on English vs. Standard International (Metric) Units
13(1)
Summary
14(3)
2 Emerging Issues and Trends in Traffic Engineering
17(24)
Intelligent Transportation Systems
18(9)
A. A New Paradigm
19(1)
B. Routing
20(1)
C. Dynamic Assessment
21(1)
D. Systems Architecture
21(2)
E. ATMS
23(2)
F. Tolls
25(1)
G. Collision Avoidance
26(1)
H. Transit
27(1)
I. International Activity
27(1)
Preserving the Function of the Facility
27(5)
A. Local Streets and Residential Uses
27(1)
B. Maintaining Flow Near a Major Generator
28(1)
C. The Function of a State Road
29(3)
D. Insight from Case Studies
32(1)
Access Management
32(4)
A. Mobility as a Goal
32(1)
B. Transportation Planning Tools
32(1)
C. The Role of Good Traffic Engineering
33(1)
D. Selecting Proper Performance Measures
34(2)
E. Summary
36(1)
Attention to Intermodal Emphasis
36(1)
Performance Measures
36(1)
Mobility and Congestion
37(1)
Trends in Population and Transportation Location
37(1)
Metrication
37(1)
Summary
37(4)
3 Traffic Stream Components and Characteristics
41(31)
Road User Characteristics
42(4)
A. Addressing Variability
42(1)
B. Critical Characteristics for Drivers
43(2)
C. Factors Affecting Human Characteristics
45(1)
Vehicle Characteristics
46(9)
A. Design Vehicles: Basic Dimensions
46(1)
B. Acceleration Performance of Vehicles
46(4)
C. Braking Performance
50(2)
D. Safe Stopping Sight Distance
52(3)
E. Decision Sight Distance
55(1)
Geometric Characteristics of Roadways
55(5)
A. Horizontal Alignment
56(1)
B. Vertical Alignment
57(1)
C. Other Geometric Elements
58(1)
D. Highway Design
58(2)
Traffic Control Devices
60(1)
Traffic Streams
60(1)
Traffic-Stream Parameters
61(7)
A. Volume and Flow
61(4)
B. Speed and Travel Time
65(2)
C. Density
67(1)
D. Spacing and Time Headway
67(1)
Characteristics of Uninterrupted Flow
68(1)
Characteristics of Interrupted Flow
69(3)
4 Traffic Studies: Introduction and Overview
72(18)
Modern Technology
73(1)
Data Fusion
74(1)
Performance Assessment
75(3)
Classical Studies
78(1)
Special Studies
78(1)
Managing the System: Inventories
79(4)
Observance Studies
83(1)
Basic Principles of Probability and Statistics
84(4)
A. Randomness
84(1)
B. The Bernoulli Distribution
85(1)
C. Measures of a Distribution
85(1)
D. The Binomial Distribution
86(2)
E. One- and Two-Parameter Distributions
88(1)
F. Histograms
88(1)
Applications
88(1)
Summary
88(2)
5 Statistics and Applications in Traffic Engineering
90(31)
Some Basic Principles
91(8)
A. Addition of Random Variables
91
B. The Normal Distribution
82(13)
C. Central Limit Theorem
95(1)
D. Sum of Normal Distributions
96(1)
E. The Binomial Distribution Related to the Bernoulli Distribution
96(1)
F. The Binomial and the Normal Distributions
97(1)
G. The Poisson Distribution
97(1)
H. Correlation and Dependence
98(1)
Common Estimators
99(1)
Confidence Bounds
99(1)
Estimating Sample Sizes
100(2)
The Concept of Hypothesis Testing
102(3)
A. Hypothesis Testing Is Action-Oriented
103(1)
B. Before and After Tests with Two Distinct Choices
103(2)
Before and After Tests with Generalized Alternative Hypothesis
105(3)
A Hypothesis on the Underlying Distribution f(x)
108(4)
Application: Discharge Rates at a Signalized Intersection
112(2)
A. Data Base
113(1)
B. Basic Statistics
114(1)
C. A Rare Insight: The Distribution of the Estimates of the Mean
114(1)
D. Pooling the Data
114(1)
Additional Statistical Tests
114(4)
Summary
118(3)
6 Volume Studies and Characteristics
121(31)
Volume and Demand
122(3)
Volume and Other Stream Flow Parameters
125(1)
Temporal and Spatial Variation of Volume
125(5)
Data Collection Techniques and Technology
130(3)
A. Short Counts
130(2)
B. Recording Data in the Field
132(1)
C. Historic Methods
132(1)
D. Modern Methods
133(1)
Intersection Volume Studies
133(2)
A. Special Procedures for Signalized Intersections
134(1)
B. Arrival versus Departure Volumes
134(1)
D. Analysis and Presentation of Intersection Volumes
135(1)
Small-Network Volume Studies
135(6)
A. Control Counts
135(1)
B. Coverage Counts
136(1)
C. An Illustration
137(3)
D. Estimating VMT
140(1)
State Programs to Estimate AADT and VMT
141(4)
A. Establishing Daily and Monthly Variation Factors
141(2)
B. Deciding Upon Inclusion in the Group
143(1)
C. Coverage Counts and Their Adjustment
144(1)
D. VMT and PMT
145(1)
Origins and Destinations
145(2)
A. Lights-On Studies
145(1)
B. License Plate Studies
146(1)
C. Post Card Studies
146(1)
D. Roadside Interviews
146(1)
E. Other Interviews
147(1)
Cordon and Screenline Studies
147(1)
Summary
148(4)
7 Speed, Travel Time, and Delay Studies
152(29)
Presentations for Areas and Facilities
152(2)
The Basic Measurement
154(3)
A. Two Speed Indicators
154(2)
B. Another Measurement Technique
156(1)
C. Yet Another Measurement Technique
156(1)
D. What is the Point?
156(1)
E. Travel Times by Floating Car
157(1)
Spot Speed Studies
157(11)
A. Speed Definitions
157(1)
B. Applications of Spot Speeds
157(1)
C. Field Techniques and Practical Considerations
158(1)
D. Presentation of Data
159(2)
E. Common Statistics Used to Describe the Distribution
161(2)
F. Applying the Normal Distribution to Analysis of Spot Speed Data
163(3)
G. Testing for Normalcy: The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test
166(2)
Travel Time Studies
168(5)
A. Field Techniques
169(1)
B. Illustrative Applications of Travel Time Studies
169(4)
Intersection Delay Studies
173(2)
Summary
175(6)
8 Accident Studies
181(25)
Approaches to Highway Safety
182(2)
A. Reducing Accident Occurrence
182(1)
B. Reducing the Severity of Accidents
182(1)
C. Improving Crash Survivability
183(1)
D. Programmatic Safety Efforts
183(1)
E. Design Aspects of Safety
183(1)
Accident Data Collection and Record Systems
184(4)
A. Accident Reporting
184(1)
B. Manual Filing Systems
185(2)
C. Computer Record Systems
187(1)
Accident Statistics: Providing Systematic Insight
188(6)
A. Types of Statistics
188(1)
B. Accident Rates and Their Use
189(1)
C. Examples of Statistical Displays and Their Use
190(1)
D. Determining High-Accident Locations
191(2)
E. Statistical Analysis of Before-After Accident Data
193(1)
Site Analysis
194(12)
A. Collision Diagrams
194(1)
B. Condition Diagrams
195(1)
C. Interpretation of Results
195(3)
D. Development of Countermeasures
198(8)
9 Traffic Capacity Analysis Concepts
206(12)
Capacity
207(3)
A. The Concept of Capacity Defined
207(1)
B. Capacity Values for Ideal Conditions
208(2)
C. The v/c Ratio and Its Use
210(1)
Level of Service
210(2)
A. The Level of Service Concept
210(1)
B. Service Flow Rates and Service Volumes
210(2)
C. Level of Service Criteria Changes in the 1997 Update of the HCM and Beyond
212(1)
Adjusting Capacity and Service Flow Rate to Reflect Prevailing Conditions
212(4)
A. Geometric Conditions Affecting Capacity and Service Flow Rates
212(1)
B. Prevailing Traffic Conditions Affecting Capacity
213(3)
C. Prevailing Control Factors Affecting Capacity
216(1)
Summary
216(2)
10 Highway Capacity Analysis of Multilane, Uninterrupted Flow Facilities
218(31)
Basic Characteristics of Multilane Flow
220(7)
A. General Characteristics
221(2)
B. Capacity Values
223(1)
C. Levels of Service
223(4)
Estimating Free-Flow Speed
227(4)
A. Estimating Free-Flow Speed for Multilane Highways
227(3)
B. Estimating Free-Flow Speed for Freeways
230(1)
C. Use of Estimated Free-Flow Speeds
231(1)
Computational Procedures
231(8)
A. Basic Relationships
231(2)
B. Adjustment for Heavy Vehicles in the Traffic Stream
233(6)
C. Adjustment for Driver Population
239(1)
Applications of the Computational Methodology
239(6)
A. Finding Capacity and Service Flow Rates
239(2)
B. Finding Existing or Forecast Level of Service
241(2)
C. Design Applications: Determining Type of Facility and Number of Lanes
243(2)
The HCS Package
245(4)
11 Areas of Concentrated Turbulence on Uninterrupted Flow Facilities: Weaving, Merging, and Diverging
249(33)
Analysis of Weaving Areas
250(15)
A. Movements in a Weaving Area
250(1)
B. Critical Geometric Variables
251(4)
C. The 1997 HCM Computational Methodology
255(7)
D. Sample Problems in Weaving Area Analysis
262(3)
Analysis of Ramps and Ramp Terminals
265(14)
A. Structure of the Ramp-Freeway Terminal Methodology
266(1)
B. Converting Volumes to Equivalent Flow Rates Under Ideal Conditions
266(1)
C. Estimating v(12) Immediately Upstream of Ramp Influence Areas
267(1)
D. Capacity of Ramp-Freeway Junctions
267(2)
E. Levels of Service at Ramp-Freeway Junctions
269(1)
F. Special Applications
270(3)
G. Worksheets for Analysis
273(1)
H. Sample Problems in Ramp Analysis
273(6)
HCS Software
279(1)
Procedure Sources
279(3)
12 Calibrating Relationships for Freeway Analysis
282(27)
Calibrating Basic Speed-Flow-Density Relationships
282(6)
A. Use of Field Data
283(1)
B. Finding a Mathematical Description of Observed Data: Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
284(1)
C. Examples of Mathematical Forms Used to Describe Speed-Flow-Density Relationships: Some Historic Studies
285(2)
D. Derivation of Flow-Speed and Flow-Density Relationships
287(1)
Finding Capacity and Defining Level of Service from Basic Speed-Flow-Density Curves
288(6)
A. Finding Capacity
288(6)
B. Developing Level of Service Criteria
294(1)
Studies for the 1997 HCM Update
294(4)
Calibration of Adjustment Factors for Freeway Capacity Analysis
298(6)
A. Calibrating the Heavy-Vehicle Factor
300(4)
B. Calibrating the Driver Population Factor
304(1)
Adjustment Factors to Free-Flow Speed
304(1)
Calibration of Procedures for Weaving and Ramp Analysis
305(1)
Summary
305(4)
13 Analysis of Two-Lane Rural Highways
309(25)
Design Standards
309(1)
Passing on Two-Lane Rural Highways: A Unique Operational Feature
310(1)
Capacity Analysis Procedures for Two-Lane Highways
311(21)
A. Capacity and Level of Service
311(3)
B. Computational Procedures for General Terrain Sections
314(3)
C. Computational Procedures for Specific Grades
317(5)
D. Sample Problems for General Terrain and Sustained Grade Sections
322(7)
E. General Planning Methodology
329(1)
F. Operational and Design Improvements for Two-Lane Highways
330(2)
Summary
332(2)
14 Traffic Control Devices
334(42)
The Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices
334(2)
A. History and Background
335(1)
B. General Principles of the MUTCD
335(1)
C. Contents of the MUTCD
336(1)
Communicating with the Driver
336(1)
Traffic Markings
337(7)
A. Longitudinal Markings
338(2)
B. Transverse Markings
340(1)
C. Word and Symbol Markings
341(1)
D. Intersection Markings
342(2)
E. Object Markers and Delineators
344(1)
Traffic Signs
344(14)
A. Regulatory Signs
345(5)
B. Warning Signs
350(2)
C. Guide Signs
352(6)
Traffic Signals
358(6)
A. Traffic Control Signals
358(6)
B. Pedestrian Signals
364(1)
C. Other Traffic Signals
364(1)
Traffic Signal Hardware and Street Display
364(10)
A. Standards for Traffic Control Equipment
365(1)
B. Intersection Signal Controllers
365(2)
C. Arterial and System Hardware
367(1)
D. Detectors
368(1)
E. Display Hardware
369(2)
F. Other Hardware Issues
371(3)
Summary and Conclusion
374(2)
15 Introduction to Intersection Control
376(25)
Hierarchy of Intersection Control
376(2)
Assessing the Viability of Basic Rules-of-the-Road
378(3)
Assessing the Need for Signalization: Warrants
381(12)
A. Data Requirements
381(1)
B. Existing Warrants
382(7)
C. Potential Future Warrants
389(4)
Stop and Yield Control
393(4)
A. Warrants
393(4)
Summary
397(4)
16 Basic Principles of Intersection Signalization
401(28)
Terms and Definitions
401(2)
Four Basic Mechanisms
403(20)
A. Discharge Headways, Saturation Flow, Lost Times, and Capacity
403(4)
B. The "Critical Lane" and "Time Budget" Concepts
407(4)
C. The Effect of Left-Turning Vehicles and the Concept of "Through Car Equivalence"
411(2)
D. Delay and Other Measures of Effectiveness at Signalized Intersections
413(10)
Summary
423(6)
17 Fundamentals of Signal Design and Timing
429(37)
Signal Phasing and the Development of Phase Plans
429(11)
A. Basic Signalization: The Two-Phase Signal
431(1)
B. Left-Turn Protection Using Exclusive Left-Turn Phasing
431(2)
C. Leading and Lagging Green Phases: Splitting the Exclusive Left-Turn Phase
433(1)
D. Eight-Phase Actuated Control
434(2)
E. Some Special Cases: Examples
436(2)
F. Right-Turn Phasing and Right-Turn-On-Red
438(2)
G. Summary and Conclusion
440(1)
Some Important Details of Intersection Signalization
440(11)
A. Change and Clearance Intervals
440(4)
B. Pedestrian Considerations at Signalized Intersections
444(4)
C. Special Considerations Related to Left Turn at Signalized Intersections
448(3)
Simple Signal Timing: Getting Started
451(10)
Summary
461(5)
18 Analysis of Signalized Intersections
466(76)
Conceptual Framework for the 1994 HCM Method
467(5)
A. Critical Lane Group Concept
467(1)
B. The v/s Ratio: Normalizing Traffic Volumes/Flow Rates
467(1)
C. Capacity
468(1)
D. Level of Service
468(1)
E. Critical Analytic Concepts
469(2)
F. Effective Green Times and the Application of Lost Times
471(1)
The 1994 HCM Model
472(40)
A. Input Module
472(3)
B. Volume Adjustment Module
475(3)
C. Saturation Flow Rate Module
478(7)
D. Modeling Permitted Left Turns
485(10)
E. Modeling the Left-Turn Adjustment Factor for Compound (Protected/Permitted) Phasing
495(8)
F. Capacity Analysis Module
503(2)
G. Level of Service Module
505(5)
H. Analysis of Actuated Signals
510(2)
Sample Problem 1: With Full Details
512(11)
A. Volume Adjustment Module
513(2)
B. Saturation Flow Rate Module
515(2)
C. Capacity Analysis Module
517(2)
D. Level of Service Module
519(2)
E. NETSIM Results from HCM-Cinema
521(1)
F. Alternative Considerations
522(1)
Sample Problem 2: Looking at Alternatives
523(7)
A. Base Case
524(1)
B. Adding NB Volume
524(3)
C. A Potential Remedy: Addition of LT Bays and Protected Phasing for NB and SB Approaches
527(1)
D. Varying the Cycle Length
527(1)
E. Another Signal Timing Option: Leading SB LT Phase
528(1)
F. A Final Phasing Option: Leading and Lagging N-S Compound Phasing
529(1)
G. Summary
529(1)
The 1997 HCM: Revisions and Updates
530(12)
A. Level of Service Criteria
531(1)
B. Treatment of Yellow and All-Red Times
531(1)
C. Lane Utilization Adjustment
531(1)
D. Left-Turn Equivalents
531(2)
E. Estimating the Proportion of Left Turns in the Left Lane (P(L))
533(1)
F. Changes in the Delay Formula
533(1)
G. Other Revisions
533(9)
19 Actuated Signals and Detection
542(15)
Actuated Control and Controllers
542(1)
Detection for Actuated Signalization
543(1)
Actuated Control Features and Operation
543(3)
Signal Timing Parameters and Detector Placement
546(1)
A. Minimum Green Time
546(1)
B. Passage Time and the Allowable Gap
546(1)
C. Maximum Green Times
547(1)
D. Some Detector Location Strategies
547(1)
Pedestrian Requirements
547(1)
An Example: Semi-Actuated Control
548(3)
An Example: Full-Actuated Control
551(3)
Summary
554(3)
20 Calibration of Parameters for Critical Movement Analysis
557(15)
Saturation Flow Rates
558(3)
A. Measuring Prevailing Saturation Flow Rates
558(2)
B. Measuring Ideal Saturation Flow Rate
560(1)
Lost Times
561(1)
A. Measurement of Start-Up Lost Time
561(1)
B. Measurement of Clearance Lost Time
562(1)
Adjustment Factors
562(6)
A. Simple Factors: Area Type, Lane Width, and Grade
563(1)
B. Parking Factor
564(1)
C. Heavy-Vehicle Factor
565(1)
D. Bus Blockage Factor
565(1)
E. Right-Turn Factors
566(1)
F. Left-Turn Factors
567(1)
Normalizing Signalized-Intersection Analysis
568(1)
The Delay Equation
568(4)
21 Techniques for Addressing Freeway System Congestion
572(20)
Freeway Entrance-Ramp Control
572(3)
A. Strategies
572(1)
B. Warrants
573(1)
C. Advantages
574(1)
Incidents and Capacity Reductions
575(4)
A. Insight into Effect of Capacity Reductions
575(1)
B. Shifts in Traffic Patterns Due to Capacity Reductions
576(1)
C. Effect of Weather
576(1)
D. Effect of Incidents and Accidents
576(1)
E. Components of Incident Response
577(1)
F. Work Zones
578(1)
Congestion Due to a Bottleneck
579(4)
A. Different Flow-Density Curves
579(1)
B. Rate of Growth
580(1)
C. Types of Bottlenecks
581(1)
D. Identification of Bottlenecks
581(2)
Cumulative Demand and Capacity
583(9)
A. Conventional Technique
584(1)
B. Descriptive Statistics
585(1)
C. Need for Enhanced Technique
585(3)
D. Enhanced Technique for Bottlenecks
588(1)
E. Comment
588(4)
22 Signal Coordination for Progressive and Congested Conditions
592(40)
Factors Affecting Coordination
592(4)
A. Benefits
593(1)
B. Purpose of the Signal System
594(1)
C. Factors Lessening Benefits
594(2)
D. Exceptions to the Coordinated Scheme
596(1)
The Time-Space Diagram and Ideal Offsets
596(1)
Signal Progression on One-Way Streets
597(4)
A. Determining Ideal Offsets
597(2)
B. Effect of Vehicles Queued at Signals
599(2)
C. A Note on Queue Estimation
601(1)
The Special Problem of Progressions on Two-Way Streets and in Networks
601(3)
A. Offset Determination on a Two-Way Street
601(2)
B. Offset Determination in a Grid
603(1)
The Bandwidth Concept and Maximum Bandwidth
604(6)
A. Bandwidth and Efficiency of a Progression
605(2)
B. Finding Bandwidths: A Trial-and-Error Approach and a Case Study
607(2)
C. Historical Perspective on the Use of Bandwidth
609(1)
Forward and Reverse Progressions
610(1)
Effective Progressions on Two-Way Streets
611(3)
A. Alternate Progression
612(1)
B. Double Alternate System
613(1)
C. Simultaneous System
614(1)
Insights from the Importance of Signal Spacing and Cycle Length
614(3)
Oversaturated Traffic
617(1)
Signal Remedies
618(5)
A. Metering Plans
618(1)
B. Shorter Cycle Lengths
619(1)
C. Equity Offsets
620(2)
D. Imbalanced Split
622(1)
Nonsignal Remedies: Some Considerations
623(1)
Summary
623(9)
23 Computer Traffic Signal Control Systems for Arterials and Networks
632(21)
Basic Principles and Flow of Information
632(4)
A. The Most Basic System
632(2)
B. Collection of Traffic Data
634(1)
C. Traffic Data Used for Plan Selection
634(2)
Issues Influencing the Evolution of Computer Control Systems
636(2)
General Description of the Control System
638(1)
Communications
639(1)
A Current Issue: Decentralization
640(1)
Toronto and Other Early Projects
641(4)
A. Early Systems, Other Than Toronto
642(2)
B. Widespread Use of Computer Control
644(1)
C. The Toronto System
644(1)
UTCS, the Urban Traffic Control System
645(2)
Projects Throughout the World
647(2)
A. Great Britain
647(1)
B. Australia
648(1)
C. Spain
648(1)
D. Japan
648(1)
E. Germany
649(1)
F. France
649(1)
Summary
649(4)
24 Arterial Design and Management
653(42)
Kramer's Concept of an Ideal Suburban Arterial
653(1)
Arterial Performance
654(1)
The Through Vehicle Is the Measure
655(1)
Signal Spacing in a Planning Context
656(2)
An Overall Approach to Arterial Management
658(7)
A. Advance Planning
658(1)
B. Design and Design Elements
659(4)
C. Redesign as Part of Rehabilitation Work
663(1)
D. Reallocation of Arterial Space as Needed
663(1)
E. Other Aspects of Operation
663(2)
Access Management
665(2)
One-Way Streets and Networks
667(1)
Special-Use Lanes and Streets
668(2)
Goods Activity on Arterials
670(2)
Transit Vehicles on Urban Streets
672(6)
A. Bus-Stop Location
672(1)
B. Bus-Priority Techniques
673(2)
C. Characteristics of Bus Routes
675(2)
D. Length of Bus Stop
677(1)
E. Passenger-Car Equivalents of a Bus
677(1)
Special Signalization Issues
678(4)
A. Transitions from One Plan to Another
678(1)
B. Coordinating Multiphase Signals
679(1)
C. Multiple and Submultiple Cycle Lengths
679(1)
D. The Diamond Interchange
680(2)
HCM Procedure for Arterials
682(6)
A. Arterial Class
684(1)
B. Arterial Speeds
684(1)
C. Arterial Running Time
685(1)
D. Potential for Intersection and Arterial LOS Balance
686(1)
E. Design Implications of Arterial Level of Service
687(1)
Summary
688(7)
25 Traffic Simulation: Principles and Tools
695
Basics of Simulation
696(2)
A. Random Number Generation
696(1)
B. Time-Based versus Event-Based Simulations
697(1)
C. Modeling the Mechanisms
697(1)
D. Calibrating the Mechanisms and/or the Model
698(1)
E. Validating the Mechanisms and/or the Model
698(1)
Issues in Traffic Simulation
698(2)
A. Number of Replications
698(1)
B. Length of Run
699(1)
C. Detail of Specific Detailed Mechanisms
700(1)
D. Avoiding Using the Model Beyond Its Limits
700(1)
E. Selecting Performance Measures for the Model
700(1)
F. User-Friendly Input and Output
700(1)
A Set of Traffic Models
700(1)
TRAF-NETSIM
700(1)
Visualization Packages
701(1)
FRESIM
701(1)
Specifying Tomorrow's Traffic Simulation Model
701(4)
Summary
705

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