9780470450291

TRIZ is a brilliant toolkit for nurturing engineering creativity and innovation. This accessible, colourful and practical guide has been developed from problem-solving workshops run by Oxford Creativity, one of the world's top TRIZ training organizations started by Gadd in 1998. Gadd has successfully introduced TRIZ to many major organisations such as Airbus, Sellafield Sites, Saint-Gobain, DCA, Doosan Babcock, Kraft, Qinetiq, Trelleborg, Rolls Royce and BAE Systems, working on diverse major projects including next generation submarines, chocolate packaging, nuclear clean-up, sustainability and cost reduction.Engineering companies are increasingly recognising and acting upon the need to encourage successful, practical and systematic innovation at every stage of the engineering process including product development and design. TRIZ enables greater clarity of thought and taps into the creativity innate in all of us, transforming random, ineffective brainstorming into targeted, audited, creative sessions focussed on the problem at hand and unlocking the engineers' knowledge and genius to identify all the relevant solutions.For good design engineers and technical directors across all industries, as well as students of engineering, entrepreneurship and innovation, TRIZ for Engineers will help unlock and realise the potential of TRIZ. The individual tools are straightforward, the problem-solving process is systematic and repeatable, and the results will speak for themselves. This highly innovative book: Satisfies the need for concise, clearly presented information together with practical advice on TRIZ and problem solving algorithms Employs explanatory techniques, processes and examples that have been used to train thousands of engineers to use TRIZ successfully Contains real, relevant and recent case studies from major blue chip companies Is illustrated throughout with specially commissioned full-colour cartoons that illustrate the various concepts and techniques and bring the theory to life Turns good engineers into great engineers.

Heather A. E. Benson, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the School of Pharmacy at Curtin University, Australia, where she leads the Skin Delivery Research Group. Internationally recognized for her research in skin biology and drug/peptide delivery, Dr. Benson has published more than 100 peer-reviewed publications on the topic of drug delivery.

Adam C. Watkinson, MBA, PhD, has worked in topical and transdermal drug delivery for twenty-three years and played key roles in the development of Axiron (transdermal testosterone) and Sancuso (transdermal granisetron) while at Acrux and ProStrakan, respectively. He has published extensively on his research, is the author of several patents, and holds an Honorary Chair at the School of Pharmacy at the University of London. He runs Storith Consulting, a firm offering advice in the areas of drug development and topical and transdermal drug delivery.

Preface ix

About the Editors xi

Contributors xiii

Part One Current Science, Skin Permeation, and Enhancement Approaches

1. Skin Structure, Function, and Permeation 3
Heather A.E. Benson

2. Passive Skin Permeation Enhancement 23
Majella E. Lane, Paulo Santos, Adam C. Watkinson, and Jonathan Hadgraft

3. Electrical and Physical Methods of Skin Penetration Enhancement 43
Jeffrey E. Grice, Tarl W. Prow, Mark A.F. Kendall, and Michael S. Roberts

4. Clinical Applications of Transdermal Iontophoresis 67
Dhaval R. Kalaria, Sachin Dubey, and Yogeshvar N. Kalia

5. In Vitro Skin Permeation Methodology 85
Barrie Finnin, Kenneth A. Walters, and Thomas J. Franz

6. Skin Permeation Assessment: Tape Stripping 109
Sandra Wiedersberg and Sara Nicoli

7. Skin Permeation Assessment: Microdialysis 131
Rikke Holmgaard, Jesper B. Nielsen, and Eva Benfeldt

8. Skin Permeation: Spectroscopic Methods 155
Jonathan Hadgraft and Majella E. Lane

9. Skin Permeation Assessment in Man: In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation 167
Paul A. Lehman, Sam G. Raney, and Thomas J. Franz

10. Risk Assessment 183
Jon R. Heylings

Part Two Topical and Transdermal Product Development

11. An Overview of Product Development from Concept to Approval 203
Adam C. Watkinson

12. Regulatory Aspects of Drug Development for Dermal Products 217
William K. Sietsema

13. Toxicological and Pre-clinical Considerations for Novel Excipients and New Chemical Entities 233
Andrew Makin and Jens Thing Mortensen

14. Topical Product Formulation Development 255
Marc B. Brown, Robert Turner, and Sian T. Lim

15. Transdermal Product Formulation Development 287
Kenneth J. Miller

16. Sensitivity and Irritation Testing 309
Belum Viswanath Reddy, Geetanjali Sethi, and Howard I. Maibach

17. New Product Development for Transdermal Drug Delivery: Understanding the Market Opportunity 345
Hugh Alsop

18. Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery Today 357
Adam C. Watkinson

19. Current and Future Trends: Skin Diseases and Treatment 367
Simon G. Danby, Gordon W. Duff, and Michael J. Cork

Index 409

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Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Principles and Practice

Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Principles and Practice

0470450290

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