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Thinking for Yourself Developing Critical Thinking Skills Through Reading and Writing

by: Mayfield, Marlys

Thinking for Yourself Developing Critical Thinking Skills Through Reading and Writing

by: Mayfield, Marlys

ISBN 13:
9780838407356
ISBN 10:
0838407358
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 06/27/2003
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Summary

Focusing on the teaching of thinking through writing, the sixth edition provides new high-interest readings, cartoons, and Internet research exercises.

Preface

xvii

Introduction Introduction to Critical Thinking

(11)

Learning How You Think

(1)

Discovery Exercise

Experiencing How We Actually Think: An Exercise for the Whole Class To Complete Together

(1)

Learning from Sharing How We Think

(1)

What Is Critical Thinking?

(2)

Comparisons to Creative Thinking

(2)

Why Learn Critical Thinking?

(1)

The Habits of Critical Thinking

(1)

Box: Habits of a Critical Thinker

(2)

PART I BASICS OF CRITICAL THINKING

Chapter 1 Observation Skills: What's Out There?

(32)

Discovery Exercises

Comparing Our Perceptions

(1)

What Is Observing?

(1)

Observing a Cube

(1)

Observation and Insight

(1)

Using Observation Skills to Develop New Knowledge

(1)

Reading

Look at Your Fish, by Samuel H. Scudder

(3)

Core Discovery Writing Application

Observing the Familiar: Vegetables or Fruit

(5)

Evaluating Your Work by Using the Scoring Boxes

(1)

Alternate Core Discovery Writing Application

(9)

Observing the Unfamiliar: A Tool

(9)

The Observation Process: Sensing, Perceiving, Thinking

(3)

Barriers to Observation

(1)

How Discomfort Leads Us to Think

(1)

Diagram: A Choice for Thinking

(1)

Building Arguments

Observation Skills

(1)

The Rewards of Skilled Observation

(1)

Reading

The Innocent Eye,

by Dorr Bothwell

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Chapter Quiz

(1)

Composition Writing Application

Survival as a Result of Observing: A Descriptive Narrative Essay

(1)

Reading

Desert Solitaire,

by Edward Abbey (1925-89)

(3)

Optional Internet Research Assignment

(1)

Chapter 2 Word Precision: How Do I Describe It?

(30)

On Finding the Right Word

(1)

Discovery Exercises

Taking an Interest in Dictionaries

(2)

How Well Do You Use Your Dictionary?

(1)

Clear Thinking Depends on Clear Word Definitions

(1)

What Makes a Definition?

(1)

Diagram: Definition Boundaries

(1)

Exercise

Word Boundaries

(1)

Kinds of Definitions

(2)

The Connotations of Words

(1)

The Importance of Defining Key Ideas

(1)

Word Concepts

(1)

Defining Reality

(1)

Defining Truth

(1)

What Is Critical Reading?

(3)

Building Arguments

Word Choices

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Chapter Quiz

(1)

Composition Writing Application

A Short Essay of Definition

(3)

Box: Clustering

(1)

Readings

Modern Slavery,

by Kevin Bales

(2)

Fighting for Our Lives,

by Deborah Tannen

(1)

Saved,

by Malcolm X

(3)

Advanced Optional Writing Assignment

(1)

Optional Internet Research Assignment

(1)

Chapter 3 Facts: What's Real?

(34)

Discovery Exercises

Beginning with the Word Fact

(1)

Learning To Recognize Facts

(1)

Verifying Facts

(1)

Facts and Reality

(1)

Facts Are Not Absolutes

(2)

Discerning Facts from Fiction

(1)

Feelings Can Be Facts

(3)

Facts and Social Pressure

(1)

Diagram: Standard and Comparison Lines in the Asch Experiment

(1)

Facts and Our Limited Senses

(1)

Reading

The Blind Men and The Elephant

(4)

Statements of Fact

(4)

Core Discovery Writing Application

Using a List of Facts to Describe a Photograph

(3)

Standard We Use to Determine Facts

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Chapter Quiz

(1)

Composition Writing Application

Writing a Short Fact-Finding Report

(2)

Reading

The Accident and Aftermath,

by Hayden Herrera

(3)

Advanced Optional Writing Assignment

(1)

Readings

Lies My Teacher Told Me,

by James W. Loewen

(4)

Fast Food Nation,

by Eric Schlosser

103

(1)

Building Arguments

Facts

106

(1)

Optional Internet Research Assignment

107

(1)

Chapter 4 Inferences: What Follows?

108

(40)

Discovery Exercise

Recognizing Inferential Thinking

108

(2)

Understanding the Words Infer and Inference

110

(1)

Discovery Exercises

Drawing Inferences from Evidence

111

(1)

Drawing Inferences from Facts

112

(1)

Distinguishing Inferences from Facts

112

(4)

How Inferences Can Go Right and Wrong

116

(1)

Reading

A Study in Scarlet,

by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

116

(1)

Drawing Inferences from Careful Observation

120

(3)

Core Discovery Writing Application

Using Facts and Inferences to Describe a Photograph

123

(3)

Generalizations Are Inferences

125

(1)

Composition Writing Application

Writing a Paragraph from Facts, Inferences, and Generalizations

126

(2)

Core Discovery Writing Application

Analyzing the Use of Facts and Inferences in a Newspaper Article

128

(1)

Reading

Tougher Grading Better for Students

129

(4)

Building Arguments

Inferences

131

(1)

Chapter Summary

131

(2)

Chapter Quiz

133

(1)

Readings

The Three Perceptives,

by Idries Shah

133

(2)

Stone Boy,

by Gina Berriault

135

(13)

Objectives Review of Part I

PART II PROBLEMS OF CRITICAL THINKING

Chapter 5 Assumptions: What's Taken for Granted?

148

(30)

Discovery Exercises

What Is an Assumption?

149

(2)

Understanding Assumptions

151

(1)

Types of Assumptions

152

(2)

Identifying Hidden Assumptions in Reasoning

154

(3)

Diagram: Argument with Rug of Assumptions

157

Hidden Assumptions in Arguments

156

(1)

Discovery Exercise

Articulating Hidden Assumptions Underlying Arguments

157

(1)

Value or Belief Assumptions

158

(2)

Assumption Layers in Arguments

160

(2)

Diagram: Pyramid of Value Assumptions

162

(1)

Assumptions, Incongruities, and Thinking

163

(2)

Chapter Summary

165

(1)

Building Arguments

Assumptions: Building an Argument

166

(1)

Chapter Quiz

166

(1)

Composition Writing Application

Expository Essay: Solving a Problem by Uncovering Assumptions

167

(4)

Diagram: Thesis as a Frame

168

(3)

Readings

Lateral and Vertical Thinking,

by Edward de Bono

171

(3)

Winterblossom Garden,

by David Low

174

(2)

Advanced Optional Writing Assignment

176

(1)

Optional Internet Research Assignment

177

(1)

Chapter 6 Opinions: What's Believed?

178

(17)

Discovery Exercises

Comparing a Sample of Opinions

179

(1)

Why Do We Get Confused by the Word Opinion?

179

(1)

An Exercise in Evaluating Opinions

180

(1)

Types of Opinions

181

(1)

Distinguishing Between Responsible and Irresponsible Opinions

182

(1)

Looking at Public Opinion Polls

183

(2)

Opinions as Claims in Arguments

185

(1)

Diagram: Argument Structure

186

(1)

Composition Writing Application

First Option: A Short Argument Supporting an Opinion

187

(1)

Second Option: A Short Expository Essay About an Opinion

187

(1)

Third Option: A Short Essay Analyzing Three Opinions 188

Peer Review

188

(2)

Chapter Summary

189

(1)

Building Arguments

Opinions

189

(1)

Chapter Quiz

190

(1)

Readings

A Nation of Victims,

by Charles J. Sykes

190

(2)

Loss of Innocence,

by James P. Steyer

192

(2)

Advanced Optional Writing Assignment

Opinion on Sykes' or Steyer's Essay

194

(1)

Chapter 7 Evaluations: What's Judged?

195

(24)

Discovery Exercises

Defining Evaluate

196

(1)

Recognizing Evaluative Words

196

(1)

On Evaluations

197

(1)

Premature Evaluations

198

(1)

Evaluations Are Not Facts

199

(1)

Expectations Influence Evaluations

200

(1)

Recognizing Evaluations in Word Connotations

201

(1)

Discovery Exercise

Recognizing Evaluative Words' Persuasive Powers

202

(1)

Skilled Use of Evaluations

203

(1)

Readings

The Maltese Falcon

204

(1)

Discarding the Concept o f Man as "Killer Ape,"

by Richard Leakey

204

(1)

Propaganda and Hidden Evaluations

205

(1)

Building Arguments

Evaluations

207

(1)

Chapter Summary

208

(1)

Chapter Quiz

209

(1)

Composition Writing Application

First Option: Observing and Analyzing Evaluations in Advertisements

209

(1)

Second Option: Writing a Critical Review

210

(1)

Readings

Evaluation,

by Barbara Ehrenreich

211

(4)

Porn, Pervasive Presence: The Creepy Wallpaper of Our Lives,

by William E Buckley Jr.

215

(2)

Advanced Optional Writing Assignment

217

(1)

Optional Internet Research Assignment

217

(2)

Chapter 8 Viewpoints: What's the Filter?

219

(27)

Discovery Exercises

Understanding the Term Viewpoint

220

(1)

What Types of Viewpoints Are There?

220

(1)

Viewpoints in Literature

221

(1)

On Unconscious Viewpoints

222

(2)

Discovery Exercise

Recognizing Political and Social Points of View

224

(1)

Recognizing Viewpoints Left and Right

225

(1)

Diagram: The Left-to-Right Political Spectrum

225

(1)

Diagram: The Two-Axis Model of Political Views

226

(1)

Reading

Beyond the Myth of Objectivity,

by Jay Davis

227

(3)

Composition Writing Application

A Survey of Two Alternative Viewpoints in Two Publications

230

(6)

Hidden Viewpoints: The Use of News Framing

233

(1)

Discovery Assignment

Observing How a Newspaper Frames Its Information

234

(1)

Chapter Summary

235

(1)

Building Arguments

Viewpoints

235

(1)

Chapter Quiz

236

(1)

Advanced Optional Writing Assignment

Essay: Comparing and Contrasting the Reading Audience of Two Magazines

236

(2)

Readings

The Loyalty Questionnaire from To The Stars,

by George Takei

238

(3)

The Real Story Versus the Official Story,

by Junôt Diaz

241

(2)

Objectives Review of Part II

243

(3)

PART III FORMS AND STANDARDS OF CRITICAL THINKING

Chapter 9 Argument: What's a Good Argument?

246

(29)

Discovery Exercise

Reading and Judging Arguments

247

(1)

Critical Reading of Arguments

248

(1)

What Viewpoint Is the Source of This Argument?

249

(1)

What Is the Issue of Controversy?

250

(2)

Box: Arguments and Reports: Different Purposes, Structures, and Standards

252

(1)

Is It an Argument or a Report?

252

(3)

How Is the Argument Structured in Terms of Reasons and Conclusions?

255

(8)

Identifying the Conclusion of an Argument

256

(7)

Exercise

Identifying Reasons and Conclusions

259

(1)

More on Distinguishing Reasons from Conclusions 260

Implied Conclusions

260

(1)

Conclusions in a Series

260

(1)

Conclusion at the Beginning

261

(1)

Conclusion in the Middle

261

(1)

Exercise

More Practice in Identifying Reasons and Conclusions

261

(1)

Exercise

More Practice with Longer Arguments

262

(1)

Core Discovery Writing Application

Writing a Short Persuasive Argument: A Letter of Complaint

263

(5)

What Are the Strengths and Weaknesses of This Argument?

266

(1)

Detecting Missing Information

266

(1)

Detecting False or Contradictory Information

268

(1)

Reading

The Junkman's Answer to Terrorism: Use More Asbestos

268

(3)

Chapter Summary

270

(1)

Readings

Striking a Balance: Civil Liberties Versus National Securitiy

271

(1)

Arguments

by John Ashcroft and Anthony D. Romero

272

(3)

Chapter 10 Fallacies: What's a Faulty Argument?

275

(27)

Discovery Exercise

Recognizing Fallacies

276

(1)

Fallacies of Trickery

276

(1)

Box: Fallacies of Trickery Covered in This Chapter

277

(1)

Trickery with Language

277

(1)

Trickery with Emotions

277

(1)

Trickery with Distraction

277

(1)

Fallacies That Use Language Trickery

278

(6)

Word Ambiguity

278

(2)

Misleading Use of Euphemisms

280

(1)

Prejudicial Language

281

(3)

Fallacies Involving Trickery with Emotions

284

(8)

Emotional Appeals to Fear and Pity

285

(1)

Appeal to False Authority

286

(3)

Appeal to Prejudice: Personal Attack and Poisoning the Well

289

(3)

Fallacies Using the Trickery of Distraction

292

(6)

Red Herring

292

(2)

Pointing to Another Wrong

294

(1)

Straw Man

295

(1)

Circular Reasoning

296

(2)

Chapter Summary

298

(1)

Chapter Quiz

299

(3)

Chapter 11 Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Fallacies: How Do I Reason from Evidence?

302

(45)

Discovery Exercises

Defining Key Terms

303

(1)

Answering a Survey on Test Performance

303

(1)

Looking at Inductive Reasoning

303

(2)

Reasoning from Sensory Observation

305

(1)

Reasoning from Enumeration

306

(1)

Analogical Reasoning

307

(1)

Discovering Patterns

308

(1)

Reasoning from and About Causes

309

(2)

Reasoning with Hypotheses

311

(3)

Reasoning Through Statistics and Probability

314

(3)

Composition Writing Application

Working from Facts to Inferences to Hypotheses

317

(5)

Chapter Summary

319

(1)

Chapter Quiz

320

(1)

Building Arguments

Induction

321

(1)

Reading

The Global 2000 Study of 1975: An Interagency Forecast Prepared Under President Jimmy Carter

322

(24)

Fallacies of Inductive Reasoning

326

(1)

Box: Fallacies of Inductive Reasoning Covered in This Chapter

327

(1)

The Hasty Generalization

327

(1)

The Either-or Fallacy, or False Dilemma

329

(1)

The Questionable Statistic

330

(1)

Contradictions and Inconsistencies

333

(1)

The Loaded Question

336

(1)

The False Analogy

337

(1)

Discovery Exercise

Evaluating Analogies

338

(1)

False Cause

339

(1)

The Slippery Slope

342

(1)

Chapter Summary

343

(1)

Chapter Quiz

344

(2)

Advanced Optional Short Research Assignment

Detecting Fallacies in an Argument

346

(1)

Chapter 12 Deductive Reasoning: How Do I Reason from Premises?

347

(24)

Discovery Exercises

What Is Deductive Reasoning?

348

(1)

Evaluating Deductive Arguments

348

(1)

About Deductive Reasoning

349

(2)

The Basic Vocabulary of Logic

351

(4)

Argument

351

(1)

Reasoning

351

(1)

Syllogism

352

(1)

Premises and Conclusion

352

(1)

Validity

353

(1)

Soundness

353

(2)

Standardized Forms in Syllogisms

355

(2)

Discovery Exercise

Practice in Constructing Syllogisms

356

(1)

What Syllogisms Do

357

(4)

What Is Said and Is It True?

357

(2)

Is There a Hidden Premise?

359

(1)

Is the Reasoning Correct?

359

(4)

Exercise

Reviewing the Vocabulary of Logic

361

(1)

The Interplay of Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

361

(1)

Box: Chart Comparing Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

362

(1)

Composition Writing Application

Writing a Deductive Argument

363

(4)

Building Arguments

Deduction

364

(1)

Chapter Summary

365

(1)

Chapter Quiz

366

(1)

Readings

The Declaration of Independence (excerpt),

by Thomas Jefferson

367

(2)

Letter from a Birmingham Jail (excerpt),

by Martin Luther King, Jr.

369

(1)

Objectives Review of Part III

370

(1)

Appendix The Research Paper

371

(13)

Research Paper Assignments in This Text

371

(1)

Two Research Writing Applications:

First Research Option: Analysis of Two Arguments Pro and Con on a Recent Controversial Issue

371

(5)

Instructions for the Argument Analysis Assignment

372

(1)

Outline Form Used in This Assignment

372

(1)

Total Format

373

(1)

Research Preparation

373

(2)

Arguments, Not Reports

375

(1)

Length and Viewpoints of Arguments Selected

375

(1)

Second Research Writing Option: An Argumentative Essay Writing an Argumentative Research Essay

376

(3)

Preparation Instructions

376

(1)

Writing the First Draft

377

(1)

Final Touches

377

(1)

Suggested Handbooks for Guidance in Research Writing

377

(2)

Student Model Paper: Analysis of Two Arguments on the Issue

Can Civil Liberties be Maintained Given the New National Security Policies?

379

(5)

Index

384

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Thinking for Yourself Developing Critical Thinking Skills Through Reading and Writing

Thinking for Yourself Developing Critical Thinking Skills Through Reading and Writing

9780838407356

0838407358

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Thinking for Yourself Developing Critical Thinking Skills Through Reading and Writing

Thinking for Yourself Developing Critical Thinking Skills Through Reading and Writing

9780838407356

0838407358

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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