9781405103404

This complete, yet concise text is designed to help students easily master the anatomy and basic physiology of the nervous system. Accessible and clear, the text highlights interrelationships between systems, structures and the rest of the body as it moves through various regions of the brain. The first nine chapters introduce the main principles and terms in neuroanatomy, and the remaining chapters then use this information to describe the anatomy and function of the various pathways and discrete systems. Navigates students through the general principles and integrative components of the Nervous System Highlights interrelationships between systems, structures, and the rest of the body Emphasizes clinical relevance through clinical cases, questions, and follow-up discussions in each chapter Indicates medical conditions relevant to each chapter in the Clinical Considerations Features an accompanying website, www.blackwellpublishing.com/patestas, which includes all the illustrations, along with animations of key processes; also available on CD-ROM

Maria A. Patestas is Associate Professor of Anatomy at Des Moines University. She has taught gross anatomy, neuroanatomy, embryology, and histology in various programs, and served as the chief coordinator of the physical therapy program neuroanatomy course from 1995 to 2001. In 2000, Dr Patestas received the Outstanding Teacher Award from the Physical Therapy Program Class.

Leslie P. Gartner is Professor of Anatomy in the Department of Biomedical Sciences at the Dental School of the University of Maryland. He has received numerous teaching awards and is the author of Essentials of Oral Histology and Embryology, 3rd Edition (1999), Oral Histology and Embryology, 2nd Edition (1999) as well as the coauthor of the well-respected Textbook of Head and Neck Anatomy, 3rd Edition, with James L. Hiatt (2001), and coauthor of the Color Textbook of Histology, 2nd Edition (2001) and the Color Atlas of Histology, 4th Edition (2005) also with James L. Hiatt. The atlas, which is used by almost half the US medical schools, has been translated into eight languages. He also coauthored Cell Biology and Histology, 4th Edition (2003) with James L. Hiatt and Judy M. Strum and is the Histology consultant to Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 28th Edition (2006).

Preface

viii

Part 1 General Principles of the Nervous System

1

(134)

Introduction to the Nervous System

3

(7)

Cells of the nervous system

3

(2)

Central nervous system

5

(2)

Peripheral nervous system

7

(2)

Questions to ponder

9

(1)

Development of the Nervous System

10

(18)

Clinical case

10

(1)

Early development

11

(1)

Neurulation

12

(6)

Early development of the spinal cord and brain

18

(1)

Development of the spinal cord

19

(2)

Development of the brain

21

(5)

Clinical considerations

26

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

27

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

27

(1)

Questions to ponder

27

(1)

Histophysiology of the Nervous System

28

(16)

Clinical case

28

(1)

Neurons

29

(6)

Neuroglia

35

(3)

Generation and conduction of nerve impulses

38

(4)

Clinical considerations

42

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

43

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

43

(1)

Questions to ponder

43

(1)

Neurotransmitter Substances

44

(10)

Clinical case

44

(3)

Classification of neurotransmitter substances

47

(5)

Clinical considerations

52

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

53

(1)

Questions to ponder

53

(1)

Spinal Cord

54

(14)

Clinical case

54

(1)

Morphology of the spinal cord

55

(5)

Internal morphology of the spinal cord

60

(3)

Vascular supply of the spinal cord

63

(3)

Clinical considerations

66

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

67

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

67

(1)

Questions to ponder

67

(1)

Gross Anatomy of the Brain

68

(16)

Clinical case

68

(1)

Cerebrum

69

(8)

Diencephalon

77

(1)

Cerebellum

77

(3)

Brainstem

80

(2)

Clinical considerations

82

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

82

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

82

(1)

Questions to ponder

83

(1)

Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid

84

(15)

Clinical case

84

(1)

Cranial meninges

85

(7)

Spinal meninges

92

(1)

Venous sinuses of the cranial dura mater

93

(2)

Cerebrospinal fluid

95

(1)

Ventricles of the brain

95

(2)

Clinical considerations

97

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

97

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

97

(1)

Questions to ponder

98

(1)

Vascular Supply of the Central Nervous System

99

(19)

Clinical case

99

(1)

Vascular supply of the spinal cord

100

(1)

Arterial supply of the brain

101

(11)

Venous drainage of the brain

112

(4)

Clinical considerations

116

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

117

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

117

(1)

Questions to ponder

117

(1)

Autonomic Nervous System

118

(17)

Clinical case

118

(1)

Sympathetic nervous system

119

(7)

Parasympathetic nervous system

126

(3)

Enteric nervous system

129

(1)

Neurotransmitters and receptors of the autonomic nervous system

130

(1)

Pelvic autonomic functions

131

(1)

Clinical considerations

132

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

133

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

133

(1)

Questions to ponder

133

(2)

Part 2 Integrative Components of the Nervous System

135

(290)

Ascending Sensory Pathways

137

(34)

Clinical case

137

(1)

Sensory receptors

138

(8)

Anterolateral system

146

(8)

Tactile sensation and proprioception

154

(3)

Sensory pathways to the cerebellum

157

(4)

Clinical considerations

161

(5)

Modulation of nociception

166

(2)

Neuroplasticity

168

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

169

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

170

(1)

Questions to ponder

170

(1)

Motor Cortex and Descending Motor Pathways

171

(19)

Clinical case

171

(1)

Cortical areas controlling motor activity

172

(2)

Descending motor pathways

174

(13)

Clinical considerations

187

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

188

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

189

(1)

Questions to ponder

189

(1)

Basal Ganglia

190

(29)

Clinical case

190

(1)

Components of the basal ganglia

191

(5)

Nuclei associated with the basal ganglia

196

(1)

Input, intrinsic, and output nuclei of the basal ganglia

196

(2)

Connections of the basal ganglia

198

(7)

Circuits connecting the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebral cortex

205

(2)

Other circuits of the basal ganglia

207

(1)

Neurotransmitters of the basal ganglia

208

(1)

``Direct'' and ``indirect'' loops (pathways) of the basal ganglia

209

(1)

Circuits that modulate activity of the basal ganglia

210

(2)

Clinical considerations

212

(5)

Synonyms and eponyms

217

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

218

(1)

Questions to ponder

218

(1)

Cerebellum

219

(22)

Clinical case

219

(1)

Morphology of the cerebellum

220

(7)

Cerebellar peduncles

227

(2)

Deep cerebellar nuclei

229

(2)

Afferents (input) to the cerebellum

231

(4)

Efferents (output) from the cerebellum

235

(1)

Functional organization of the cerebellum: intrinsic circuitry

236

(2)

Clinical considerations

238

(2)

Synonyms and eponyms

240

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

240

(1)

Questions to ponder

240

(1)

Reticular Formation

241

(12)

Clinical case

241

(1)

Morphology of the reticular formation

241

(1)

Zones of the reticular formation

242

(3)

Nuclei associated with the reticular formation

245

(1)

Input to and output from the reticular formation

245

(1)

Functions of the reticular formation

245

(5)

Clinical considerations

250

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

251

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

251

(1)

Questions to ponder

252

(1)

Cranial Nerves

253

(29)

Clinical case

253

(3)

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

256

(1)

Optic nerve (CN II)

256

(2)

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

258

(2)

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

260

(1)

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

261

(5)

Abducent nerve (CN VI)

266

(2)

Facial nerve (CN VII)

268

(4)

Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

272

(1)

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

272

(2)

Vagus nerve (CN X)

274

(3)

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

277

(1)

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

277

(3)

Synonyms and eponyms

280

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

280

(1)

Questions to ponder

281

(1)

Visual System

282

(22)

Clinical case

282

(1)

Eye

282

(5)

Central visual pathways

287

(4)

Visual reflexes

291

(7)

Clinical considerations

298

(4)

Synonyms and eponyms

302

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

302

(1)

Questions to ponder

303

(1)

Auditory System

304

(14)

Clinical case

304

(1)

Ear

304

(4)

Auditory transmission

308

(1)

Central auditory pathways

309

(6)

Clinical considerations

315

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

316

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

316

(1)

Questions to ponder

317

(1)

Vestibular System

318

(18)

Clinical case

318

(1)

Vestibular apparatus

319

(6)

Vestibular nerve (CN VIII)

325

(1)

Central pathways of the vestibular system

326

(3)

Control of ocular movements

329

(3)

Vestibular nystagmus

332

(2)

Caloric nystagmus

334

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

334

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

334

(1)

Questions to ponder

335

(1)

Olfactory System

336

(8)

Clinical case

336

(1)

Olfactory receptor cells

336

(2)

Olfactory transduction

338

(1)

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

338

(1)

Central connections of the alfactory system

339

(3)

Clinical considerations

342

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

342

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

342

(1)

Questions to ponder

343

(1)

Limbic System

344

(17)

Clinical case

344

(1)

Limbic lobe

345

(10)

Brainstem centers associated with limbic system function

355

(1)

Pathways of the limbic system

356

(2)

Clinical considerations

358

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

359

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

359

(1)

Questions to ponder

360

(1)

Hypothalamus

361

(24)

Clinical case

361

(1)

Borders

362

(1)

Hypothalamic zones and component nuclei

362

(6)

Hypothalamic regions (areas) and component nuclei

368

(2)

Connections of the hypothalamus

370

(1)

Pathways of the hypothalamus

370

(4)

Functions of the hypothalamus

374

(2)

Hypothalamohypophyseal connections

376

(6)

Clinical considerations

382

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

383

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

383

(1)

Questions to ponder

384

(1)

Thalamus

385

(13)

Clinical case

385

(1)

Borders

385

(1)

Anatomy

385

(3)

Internal and external medullary laminae

388

(1)

Thalamic nuclei

389

(6)

Clinical considerations

395

(1)

Synonyms and eponyms

396

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

396

(1)

Questions to ponder

397

(1)

Cerebral Cortex

398

(27)

Clinical case

398

(2)

Cells of the cerebral cortex

400

(2)

Types of cortex

402

(1)

Cell layers of the neocortex

402

(2)

Vertical columnar organization of the cerebral cortex

404

(1)

Afferents (input) to the cerebral cortex

404

(1)

Efferents (output) from the cerebral cortex

404

(2)

Internal capsule and corona radiata

406

(2)

Lobes of the cerebral cortex

408

(1)

Functional areas of the cerebral cortex

408

(9)

Cerebral dominance

417

(1)

Clinical considerations

417

(4)

Synonyms and eponyms

421

(1)

Follow-up to clinical case

422

(1)

Questions to ponder

423

(2)

Questions to ponder: answers to odd questions

425

(10)

Index

435

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A Textbook Of Neuroanatomy

A Textbook Of Neuroanatomy

140510340X

Summary

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