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Techniques in Organic Chemistry : Miniscale, Standard-Taper Microscale, Williamson Microscale

by: Mohrig; Hammond; Schatz

Techniques in Organic Chemistry : Miniscale, Standard-Taper Microscale, Williamson Microscale

by: Mohrig; Hammond; Schatz

ISBN 13:
9780716766384
ISBN 10:
0716766388
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 07/19/2002
Publisher: W. H. Freeman

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Preface

PART 1 BASIC TECHNIQUES

(150)

Safety

(14)

Causes of Laboratory Accidents

(3)

Safety Features in Your Laboratory

(1)

Preventing Accidents

(2)

What to Do If an Accident Occurs

(1)

Chemical Toxicology

(2)

Where to Find Chemical Safety Information

(3)

Protecting the Environment

(2)

Laboratory Glassware

(7)

Desk Equipment

(1)

Standard Taper Miniscale Glassware

(2)

Microscale Glassware

(2)

Cleaning Laboratory Glassware

(1)

The Laboratory Notebook

(4)

Organization of the Laboratory Notebook

(3)

Calculation of the Percent Yield

(1)

Using Handbooks and Online Databases

(5)

Handbooks

(2)

Online Resources

(3)

Measuring Mass and Volume

(8)

Weighing

(2)

Measuring Volume

(6)

Heating and Cooling Methods

(8)

Boiling Stones

(1)

Heating Devices

(6)

Cooling Methods

(1)

Assembly of Reaction Apparatus

(8)

Refluxing a Reaction Mixture

(2)

Anhydrous Reaction Conditions

(1)

Addition of Reagents During a Reaction

(1)

Removal of Noxious Vapors

(4)

Extraction and Drying Agents

(22)

Extraction: The Theory

(1)

Miniscale Extractions

(2)

Additional Information About Extractions

(3)

Summary of the Miniscale Extraction Procedure

(1)

Using Pasteur Pipets to Transfer Liquids in Microscale Operations

(2)

Microscale Extractions

(5)

Equipment and Techniques Common to All Microscale Extractions

(2)

Extractions with an Organic Phase More Dense Than Water

(1)

Extractions with an Organic Phase Less Dense Than Water

(2)

Drying Organic Liquids

(2)

Methods for Separating Drying Agents and Organic Liquids

(2)

Recovery of the Organic Product from the Dried Extraction Solution

(2)

Recrystallization

(15)

Theory of Recrystallization

(3)

Selecting a Proper Recrystallization Solvent

(1)

What to Do If No Crystals Appear in the Cooled Solution

(1)

Pointers for Successful Recrystallizations

(1)

Miniscale Procedure for Recrystallizing a Solid

(5)

Removing Impurities from the Recrystallization Solution

(2)

Summary of the Miniscale Recrystallization Procedure

(1)

Microscale Recrystallization Methods

(4)

Recrystallizing 300 Milligrams or Less of a Solid

(1)

Recrystallizing up to 150 Milligrams of a Solid in a Craig Tube

(2)

Summary of the Microscale Recrystallization Procedures

(1)

Melting Points and Melting Ranges

(11)

Melting Point Theory

(3)

Apparatus for Determining Melting Ranges

(2)

Determining Melting Ranges

(3)

Mixture Melting Point

101

(1)

Thermometer Calibration

102

(1)

Summary of Melting-Point Determination

103

(1)

Boiling Points and Distillation

104

(29)

Determination of Boiling Points

104

(2)

Boiling Points and Separation of Mixtures

106

(3)

Simple Distillation

109

(9)

Miniscale Short-Path Distillation

113

(1)

Microscale Distillation Using Standard Taper Apparatus

113

(3)

Microscale Distillation Using Williamson Apparatus

116

(2)

Fractional Distillation

118

(4)

Azeotropic Distillation

122

(1)

Vacuum Distillation

123

(6)

Steam Distillation

129

(4)

Sublimation

133

(3)

Assembling the Apparatus for a Sublimation

133

(2)

Carrying Out a Sublimation

135

(1)

Refractometry

136

(4)

Theory of Refractometry

13.1

(137)

The Refractometer

137

(1)

Steps in Determining a Refractive Index

138

(1)

Temperature Correction

139

(1)

Optical Activity and Polarimetry

140

(11)

Mixtures of Optical Isomers: Separation/Resolution

140

(3)

Polarimetric Instrumentation

143

(2)

Specific Rotation

145

(1)

Using the Polarimeter

146

(1)

Enantiomeric Excess (Optical Purity)

147

(1)

Chiral Shift Reagents and Chiral Chromatography

147

(4)

PART 2 CHROMATOGRAPHY

151

(44)

Thin-Layer Chromatography

153

(10)

Principles of Thin-Layer Chromatography

153

(2)

Plates for Thin-Layer Chromatography

155

(1)

Sample Application

156

(2)

Development of a TLC Plate

158

(1)

Choice of Developing Solvent

159

(1)

Visualization Techniques

160

(2)

Summary of TLC Procedure

162

(1)

Gas-Liquid Chromatography

163

(15)

Instrumentation

164

(2)

Columns and Liquid Stationary Phases

166

(3)

Detectors

169

(1)

Interpreting Chromatograms

170

(2)

Practical GC Operating Procedures

172

(2)

Identification of Components Shown on a Chromatogram

174

(1)

Quantitative Analysis

175

(3)

Liquid Chromatography

178

(17)

Adsorbents

179

(2)

Elution Solvents

181

(1)

Column Dimensions

182

(2)

Preparing a Miniscale Column

184

(1)

Elution Techniques

185

(2)

Microscale Column Chromatography

187

(2)

Summary of Column Chromatography Procedure

189

(1)

Flash Chromatography

189

(2)

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

191

(4)

PART 3 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS

195

(105)

Infrared Spectroscopy

197

(27)

Theory of Molecular Vibration

197

(1)

IR Spectrum

198

(3)

IR Instrumentation

201

(1)

Techniques of Sample Preparation

202

(4)

Interpreting IR Spectra

206

(11)

Sources of Confusion

217

(7)

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

224

(60)

NMR Instrumentation

225

(3)

Preparing Samples for NMR Analysis

228

(4)

Summary of Steps for Preparing an NMR Sample

232

(1)

Interpreting NMR Spectra

232

(1)

How Many Types of Hydrogens Are Present?

232

(1)

Counting Hydrogens (Integration)

233

(1)

Chemical Shift

234

(9)

Spin-Spin Splitting (Coupling)

243

(9)

Sources of Confusion

252

(10)

Interpreting 1H NMR Spectra

262

(8)

13C NMR

270

(6)

DEPT Experiments

276

(8)

Mass Spectrometry

284

(16)

Mass Spectrometer

284

(2)

The Molecular Ion

286

(3)

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

289

(1)

Fragmentation of the Molecule

290

(6)

Case Study

296

(2)

Sources of Confusion

298

(2)

Integrated Spectroscopy Problems

300

Appendix The Literature of Organic Chemistry

(1)

Index

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Techniques in Organic Chemistry : Miniscale, Standard-Taper Microscale, Williamson Microscale

Techniques in Organic Chemistry : Miniscale, Standard-Taper Microscale, Williamson Microscale

9780716766384

0716766388

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