This comprehensive introduction to teaching social studies to middle and secondary school students includes many new ideas for teaching in our 21 st century classrooms. Continuing the tradition of social studies innovator Peter Martorella and taking a constructivist approach, the authors address current issues such as diversity, technology, inclusion, and teacher certification. Martorella believed that the fundamental purpose of social studies should be the development of reflective, competent, and concerned citizens. The goal of the book is to assist preservice and inservice middle and secondary teachers in becoming more effective teachers of social studies. To do this, the authors draw on theory, research, and the wisdom of experienced teachers. The text is organized in three parts: the origins of social studies, developing reflective and concerned citizens, and analyzing and improving the teaching of social studies. The book continues to address the need of helping students to develop a global perspective and become open-minded reflective citizens of the world. The blend of teacher insight, current research findings, and well-grounded theories give new and experienced educators the foundation they need to nurture and sustain effective social studies instruction.