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Surveying : Principles and Applications

ISBN: 9780134383002 | 0134383001
Edition: 4th
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 10/1/1995

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Table of Contents
Preface to the Fourth Editionxii
Preface to the Third Editionxiii
Part I SURVEYING PRINCIPLES1(317)
Basics of Surveying
1(21)
... MORE
Surveying Defined
1(1)
Types of Surveys
1(1)
Classes of Surveys
2(2)
Definitions
4(1)
Surveying Instrumentation
5(1)
Survey Geographic Reference
6(1)
Survey Grid Reference
7(1)
Survey Legal Reference
7(1)
Survey Vertical Reference
7(2)
Distance Measurement
9(1)
Units of Measurement
10(1)
Location Methods
11(1)
Accuracy and Precision
11(1)
Errors
12(1)
Mistakes
13(1)
Accuracy Ratio
13(1)
Stationing
13(1)
Field Notes
14(2)
Field Management
16(1)
Evolution of Surveying
16(6)
Tape Measurements
22(32)
Methods of Linear Measurement
22(1)
Types of Measurement
22(2)
Gunter's Chain
24(1)
Woven Tapes
24(1)
Steel Tapes
25(3)
Standard Conditions for Use of Steel Tapes
28(1)
Taping Accessories
29(3)
Taping Methods
32(4)
Taping Corrections
36(1)
Slope Corrections
36(4)
Erroneous Tape Length Corrections
40(1)
Temperature Corrections
41(1)
Tension and Sag Corrections
42(4)
Random Errors Associated with Systematic Taping Errors
46(2)
Random Taping Errors
48(1)
Techniques for Ordinary Taping Precision
49(1)
Mistakes in Taping
50(4)
Problems
51(3)
Leveling
54(49)
Definitions
54(1)
Theory of Differential Leveling
54(2)
Curvature and Refraction
56(2)
Dumpy Level
58(2)
Telescope
60(1)
Level Tube
60(1)
Leveling Head
61(2)
Tilting Level
63(2)
Automatic Level
65(1)
Precise Level
65(2)
Digital Level
67(3)
Leveling Rods
70(1)
Rod Levels
70(1)
Leveling Operations Definitions
70(3)
Leveling Procedure
73(2)
Leveling Operations
75(3)
Signals
78(1)
Benchmark Leveling (Vertical Control Surveys)
78(1)
Profile and Cross-Section Leveling
79(5)
Reciprocal Leveling
84(1)
Peg Test
85(2)
Three-Wire Leveling
87(2)
Trigonometric Leveling
89(1)
Level Loop Adjustments
90(2)
Suggestions for Rod Work
92(1)
Suggestions for Instrument Work
92(1)
Mistakes in Leveling
93(10)
Problems
94(9)
Angles and Directions
103(24)
General
103(1)
Reference Directions for Vertical Angles
103(1)
Meridians
103(2)
Horizontal Angles
105(2)
Azimuths
107(1)
Bearings
108(1)
Relationship Between Bearings and Azimuths
108(1)
Reverse Directions
109(2)
Azimuth Computations
111(5)
Bearing Computations
116(2)
Comments on Bearings and Azimuths
118(1)
Magnetic Direction
119(8)
Problems
125(2)
Transits/Theodolites
127(35)
Introduction
127(1)
The Transit/Theodolite
127(3)
Circles and Verniers
130(3)
Telescope
133(1)
Leveling Head
134(1)
Plate Levels
134(1)
Transit Setup
134(1)
Measuring Angles by Repetition (Vernier Transit)
135(2)
Geometry of the Transit
137(1)
Adjustment of the Transit
137(6)
Repeating Optical Theodolites
143(2)
Theodolite Setup
145(1)
Angle Measurement with an Optical Theodolite
146(1)
Electronic Theodolites
147(5)
Direction Optical Theodolites
152(1)
Angles Measured with a Direction Theodolite
152(3)
Laying Off Angles
155(1)
Prolonging a Straight Line
156(1)
Interlining (Balancing In)
157(1)
Intersection of Two Straight Lines
158(1)
Prolonging a Measured Line by Triangulation over an Obstacle
159(1)
Prolonging a Line Past an Obstacle
159(3)
Traverse Surveys
162(52)
General
162(1)
Open Traverse
162(1)
Closed Traverse
163(1)
Balancing Angles
164(2)
Latitudes and Departures
166(1)
Computation of Latitudes and Departures to Determine the Error of Closure and the Accuracy of a Traverse: Example 6.1
167(8)
Traverse Precision and Accuracy
175(1)
Traverse Adjustments
176(1)
Compass Rule Adjustment
177(1)
Effects of Traverse Adjustments on the Original Data
178(2)
Omitted Measurements
180(4)
Rectangular Coordinates of Traverse Stations
184(5)
Geometry of Rectangular Coordinates
189(2)
Illustrative Problems in Rectangular Coordinates
191(11)
Area of a Closed Traverse by the Coordinate Method
202(3)
Area of a Closed Traverse by the Double Meridian Distance Method
205(6)
Summary of Traverse Computations
211(3)
Problems
211(3)
Topographic Surveys
214(27)
General
214(1)
Scales and Precision
214(2)
Location by Right-Angle Offsets
216(3)
Cross Sections and Profiles
219(2)
Stadia Principles
221(2)
Inclined Stadia Measurements
223(4)
Examples of Stadia Measurements
227(4)
Precision of Stadia Measurements
231(1)
Stadia Field Practice
231(2)
Establishing Control by Stadia Methods
233(2)
Self-Reducing Stadia Theodolite
235(1)
Summary of Stadia Field Procedure: Conventional Instrument
236(5)
Problems
238(3)
Electronic Surveying Measurement
241(48)
General
241(1)
Principles of EDM Measurement
242(4)
EDM Characteristics
246(1)
Prisms
246(1)
EDM Accuracies
247(2)
EDM Operation
249(3)
Geometry of EDM Measurements
252(3)
EDM Without Reflecting Prisms
255(2)
Total Stations
257(8)
Field Procedures for Total Stations in Topographic Surveys
265(8)
Construction Layout Using Total Stations
273(3)
Overview of Computerized Surveying Data Systems
276(5)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
281(1)
The New Information Utility
282(3)
Robotic Total Stations
285(4)
Problems
287(2)
Survey Drafting and Computations
289(29)
General
289(1)
Maps and Plans
289(2)
Plotting
291(2)
Contours
293(6)
Summary of Contour Characteristics
299(2)
Profiles
301(1)
Cross Sections, End Areas, and Volumes
302(5)
Prismoidal Formula
307(1)
Construction Volumes
308(1)
Area Computations
309(2)
Area by Graphical Analysis
311(7)
Problems
314(4)
Part II SURVEYING APPLICATIONS318(324)
Highway Curves
318(64)
Route Surveys
318(1)
Circular Curves: General
318(1)
Circular Curve Geometry
319(6)
Circular Curve Deflections
325(2)
Chord Calculations
327(1)
Metric Considerations
328(1)
Field Procedure
329(1)
Moving Up on the Curve
330(1)
Offset Curves
331(8)
Compound Circular Curves
339(1)
Reverse Curves
340(1)
Vertical Curves: General
341(2)
Geometric Properties of the Parabola
343(1)
Computation of the High or Low Point on a Vertical Curve
344(1)
Procedure for Computing a Vertical Curve
345(4)
Design Considerations
349(1)
Spiral Curves: General
350(8)
Spiral Curve Computations
358(2)
Spiral Layout Procedure Summary
360(7)
Approximate Solution for Spiral Problems
367(2)
Superelevation: General
369(1)
Superelevation Design
369(13)
Problems
379(3)
Control Surveys
382(64)
General
382(4)
Universal Transverse Mercator Grid System
386(5)
Modified Transverse Mercator Grid System
391(1)
State Plane Coordinate Grid System
392(1)
Lambert Projection
392(2)
Computations for the Lambert Projection
394(1)
Computations for the Transverse Mercator Secant Projection
395(2)
Use of Grid Coordinates
397(8)
Examples
405(7)
Horizontal Control Techniques
412(3)
Project Control
415(9)
Control Survey Markers
424(8)
Direction of a Line by Observation on Polaris
432(2)
Time
434(3)
Polaris
437(1)
Procedure for Observing Polaris
437(4)
Computation Techniques for Azimuth Determination---Tabular Solution: Example 11.5
441(2)
Direction of a Line by Gyrotheodolite
443(3)
Problems
445(1)
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
446(24)
Background
446(1)
Global Positioning
447(3)
Receivers
450(3)
Satellites
453(1)
Errors
454(1)
Current GPS Surveying Techniques
455(2)
GPS Applications
457(1)
Survey Planning
458(1)
Initial Ambiguity Resolution
459(5)
Vertical Positioning
464(5)
Conclusion
469(1)
Construction Surveys
470(57)
General
470(1)
Accuracy and Mistakes
470(1)
Construction Control
470(1)
Measurement for Interim and Final Payments
471(1)
Final Measurements for As-Built Drawings
471(1)
Municipal Roads Construction
472(12)
Highway Construction
484(12)
Sewer and Tunnel Construction
496(13)
Bridge Construction
509(12)
Building Construction
521(3)
Other Construction Surveys
524(3)
Problems
526(1)
Land Surveying
527(46)
General
527(3)
Public Land Surveys
530(21)
Property Conveyance
551(6)
Rural Land Surveys
557(8)
Urban Land Surveys
565(5)
Cadastral Surveying
570(3)
Problems
571(2)
Hydrographic Surveys
573(28)
General
573(1)
Objectives of Hydrographic Mapping and Electronic Charting
574(1)
Planning
574(1)
Survey Vessels
575(1)
Vertical Control: Depth and Tidal Measurements
575(4)
Position-Fixing Techniques
579(16)
Sounding Plan
595(2)
Horizontal Control
597(1)
Processing and Presentation of Data
597(4)
Problems
599(2)
Photogrammetry
601(41)
Introduction
601(1)
Camera Systems
601(7)
Photographic Scale
608(2)
Flying Heights and Altitude
610(1)
Relief (Radial) Displacement
611(2)
Flight Lines and Photograph Overlap
613(2)
Ground Control for Mapping
615(4)
Mosaics
619(2)
Stereoscopic Viewing and Parallax
621(5)
Photogrammetric Plotting Instruments
626(7)
Orthophotos
633(3)
Photogrammetric Mapping: Advantages and Disadvantages
636(1)
Applications of Air Photo Interpretation for the Engineer and the Surveyor
637(5)
Problems
640(2)
Appendix A: Random Errors and Survey Specifications642(32)
A.1 Random Errors
642(2)
A.2 Probability Curve
644(2)
A.3 Most Probable Value
646(1)
A.4 Standard Error
646(1)
A.5 Measures of Precision
647(1)
A.6 Illustrative Problem
648(2)
A.7 Propagation of Errors
650(1)
A.8 Weighted Observations
651(3)
A.9 Principle of Least Squares
654(1)
A.10 Two-Dimensional Errors
655(3)
A.11 Specifications for Horizontal Control Surveys: Canada
658(6)
A.12 Specifications for Traditional Horizontal Control Surveys: United States
664(5)
A.13 Vertical Control
669(1)
A.14 Modern Control Specifications
669(1)
A.15 Minimum Standards and Specifications for Land Title Surveys
669(5)
Appendix B: Trigonometric Definitions and Identities674(4)
Appendix C: Glossary678(6)
Appenix D: Answers to Selected Chapter Problems684(5)
Index689

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