The Rawshaniyya, who flourished in the traditional homeland of the Pashtuns in the Kabul/Indus basin in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, were a powerful religio-political movement. Drawing on a wide range of previously neglected sources, the author examines the history and doctrines of the movement in the broader context of tribal politics and exoteric Islam. The extensive corpus of Rawshani is considered in the context of early Pashtun literature and Indo-Persian tradition.