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Structured Computer Organization

ISBN: 9780130959904 | 0130959901
Edition: 5th
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: PRENTICE HALL
Pub. Date: 1/1/2006

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SummaryTable of ContentsAuthor Biography
For sophomore/senior-level courses in Computer Organization and Architecture. This best-selling modern introduction to computer hardware and architecture provides a structured approach to computer architecture, presenting a computer as a series of layers, each built upon the ones below and each understandable as a separate entity. The book is written in a style and level of detail that covers all the major areas, but is still accessible to a broad range of students. It is specifically written for undergraduate students rather than adapted from ... MORE
PREFACExvi
1 INTRODUCTION
1(38)
1.1 STRUCTURED COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
2(11)
... MORE
1.1.1 Languages, Levels, and Virtual Machines
2(2)
1.1.2 Contemporary Multilevel Machines
4(4)
1.1.3 Evolution of Multilevel Machines
8(5)
1.2 MILESTONES IN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
13(11)
1.2.1 The Zeroth Generation--Mechanical Computers (1642-1945)
13(3)
1.2.2 The First Generation--Vacuum Tubes (1945-1955)
16(3)
1.2.3 The Second Generation--Transistors (1955-1965)
19(2)
1.2.4 The Third Generation--Integrated Circuits (1965-1980)
21(2)
1.2.5 The Fourth Generation--Very Large Scale Integration (1980-?)
23(1)
1.3 THE COMPUTER ZOO
24(5)
1.3.1 Technological and Economic Forces
25(1)
1.3.2 The Computer Spectrum
26(3)
1.4 EXAMPLE COMPUTER FAMILIES
29(7)
1.4.1 Introduction to the Pentium II
29(2)
1.4.2 Introduction to the UltraSPARC II
31(3)
1.4.3 Introduction to the picoJava II
34(2)
1.5 OUTLINE OF THIS BOOK
36(3)
2 COMPUTER SYSTEMS ORGANIZATION
39(78)
2.1 PROCESSORS
39(17)
2.1.1 CPU Organization
40(2)
2.1.2 Instruction Execution
42(4)
2.1.3 RISC versus CISC
46(1)
2.1.4 Design Principles for Modern Computers
47(2)
2.1.5 Instruction-Level Parallelism
49(4)
2.1.6 Processor-Level Parallelism
53(3)
2.2 PRIMARY MEMORY
56(12)
2.2.1 Bits
56(1)
2.2.2 Memory Addresses
57(1)
2.2.3 Byte Ordering
58(3)
2.2.4 Error-Correcting Codes
61(4)
2.2.5 Cache Memory
65(2)
2.2.6 Memory Packaging and Types
67(1)
2.3 SECONDARY MEMORY
68(21)
2.3.1 Memory Hierarchies
69(1)
2.3.2 Magnetic Disks
70(3)
2.3.3 Floppy Disks
73(1)
2.3.4 IDE Disks
73(2)
2.3.5 SCSI Disks
75(1)
2.3.6 RAID
76(4)
2.3.7 CD-ROMs
80(4)
2.3.8 CD-Recordables
84(2)
2.3.9 CD-Rewritables
86(1)
2.3.10 DVD
86(3)
2.4 INPUT/OUTPUT
89(24)
2.4.1 Buses
89(2)
2.4.2 Terminals
91(8)
2.4.3 Mice
99(2)
2.4.4 Printers
101(5)
2.4.5 Modems
106(3)
2.4.6 Character Codes
109(4)
2.5 SUMMARY
113(4)
3 THE DIGITAL LOGIC LEVEL
117(86)
3.1 GATES AND BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
117(11)
3.1.1 Gates
118(2)
3.1.2 Boolean Algebra
120(2)
3.1.3 Implementation of Boolean Functions
122(1)
3.1.4 Circuit Equivalence
123(5)
3.2 BASIC DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS
128(13)
3.2.1 Integrated Circuits
128(1)
3.2.2 Combinational Circuits
129(5)
3.2.3 Arithmetic Circuits
134(5)
3.2.4 Clocks
139(2)
3.3 MEMORY
141(13)
3.3.1 Latches
141(2)
3.3.2 Flip-Flops
143(2)
3.3.3 Registers
145(1)
3.3.4 Memory Organization
146(4)
3.3.5 Memory Chips
150(2)
3.3.6 RAMs and ROMs
152(2)
3.4 CPU CHIPS AND BUSES
154(16)
3.4.1 CPU Chips
154(2)
3.4.2 Computer Buses
156(3)
3.4.3 Bus Width
159(1)
3.4.4 Bus Clocking
160(5)
3.4.5 Bus Arbitration
165(2)
3.4.6 Bus Operations
167(3)
3.5 EXAMPLE CPU CHIPS
170(11)
3.5.1 The Pentium II
170(6)
3.5.2 The UltraSPARC II
176(3)
3.5.3 The picoJava II
179(2)
3.6 EXAMPLE BUSES
181(12)
3.6.1 The ISA Bus
181(2)
3.6.2 The PCI Bus
183(6)
3.6.3 The Universal Serial Bus
189(4)
3.7 INTERFACING
193(5)
3.7.1 I/O Chips
193(2)
3.7.2 Address Decoding
195(3)
3.8 SUMMARY
198(5)
4 THE MICROARCHITECTURE LEVEL
203(100)
4.1 AN EXAMPLE MICROARCHITECTURE
203(15)
4.1.1 The Data Path
204(7)
4.1.2 Microinstructions
211(2)
4.1.3 Microinstruction Control: The Mic-1
213(5)
4.2 AN EXAMPLE ISA: IJVM
218(9)
4.2.1 Stacks
218(2)
4.2.2 The IJVM Memory Model
220(2)
4.2.3 The IJVM Instruction Set
222(4)
4.2.4 Compiling Java to IJVM
226(1)
4.3 AN EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION
227(16)
4.3.1 Microinstructions and Notation
227(5)
4.3.2 Implementation of IJVM Using the Mic-1
232(11)
4.4 DESIGN OF THE MICROARCHITECTURE LEVEL
243(21)
4.4.1 Speed versus Cost
243(2)
4.4.2 Reducing the Execution Path Length
245(8)
4.4.3 A Design with Prefetching: The Mic-2
253(1)
4.4.4 A Pipelined Design: The Mic-3
253(7)
4.4.5 A Seven-Stage Pipeline: The Mic-4
260(4)
4.5 IMPROVING PERFORMANCE
264(19)
4.5.1 Cache Memory
265(5)
4.5.2 Branch Prediction
270(6)
4.5.3 Out-of-Order Execution and Register Renaming
276(5)
4.5.4 Speculative Execution
281(2)
4.6 EXAMPLES OF THE MICROARCHITECTURE LEVEL
283(15)
4.6.1 The Microarchitecture of the Pentium II CPU
283(5)
4.6.2 The Microarchitecture of the UltraSPARC-II CPU
288(3)
4.6.3 The Microarchitecture of the picoJava II CPU
291(5)
4.6.4 A Comparison of the Pentium, UltraSPARC, and picoJava
296(2)
4.7 SUMMARY
298(5)
5 THE INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE LEVEL
303(100)
5.1 OVERVIEW OF THE ISA LEVEL
305(13)
5.1.1 Properties of the ISA Level
305(2)
5.1.2 Memory Models
307(2)
5.1.3 Registers
309(2)
5.1.4 Instructions
311(1)
5.1.5 Overview of the The Pentium II ISA Level
311(2)
5.1.6 Overview of the The UltraSPARC II ISA Level
313(4)
5.1.7 Overview of the Java Virtual Machine
317(1)
5.2 DATA TYPES
318(4)
5.2.1 Numeric Data Types
319(1)
5.2.2 Nonnumeric Data Types
319(1)
5.2.3 Data Types on the Pentium II
320(1)
5.2.4 Data Types on the UltraSPARC II
321(1)
5.2.5 Data Types on the Java Virtual Machine
321(1)
5.3 INSTRUCTION FORMATS
322(10)
5.3.1 Design Criteria for Instruction Formats
322(3)
5.3.2 Expanding Opcodes
325(2)
5.3.3 The Pentium II Instruction Formats
327(1)
5.3.4 The UltraSPARC II Instruction Formats
328(2)
5.3.5 The JVM Instruction Formats
330(2)
5.4 ADDRESSING
332(16)
5.4.1 Addressing Modes
333(1)
5.4.2 Immediate Addressing
334(1)
5.4.3 Direct Addressing
334(1)
5.4.4 Register Addressing
334(1)
5.4.5 Register Indirect Addressing
335(1)
5.4.6 Indexed Addressing
336(2)
5.4.7 Based-Indexed Addressing
338(1)
5.4.8 Stack Addressing
338(3)
5.4.9 Addressing Modes for Branch Instructions
341(1)
5.4.10 Orthogonality of Opcodes and Addressing Modes
342(2)
5.4.11 The Pentium II Addressing Modes
344(2)
5.4.12 The UltraSPARC II Addressing Modes
346(1)
5.4.13 The JVM Addressing Modes
346(1)
5.4.14 Discussion of Addressing Modes
347(1)
5.5 INSTRUCTION TYPES
348(22)
5.5.1 Data Movement Instructions
348(1)
5.5.2 Dyadic Operations
349(1)
5.5.3 Monadic Operations
350(2)
5.5.4 Comparisons and Conditional Branches
352(1)
5.5.5 Procedure Call Instructions
353(1)
5.5.6 Loop Control
354(2)
5.5.7 Input/Output
356(3)
5.5.8 The Pentium II Instructions
359(3)
5.5.9 The UltraSPARC II Instructions
362(2)
5.5.10 The picoJava II Instructions
364(5)
5.5.11 Comparison of Instruction Sets
369(1)
5.6 FLOW OF CONTROL
370(13)
5.6.1 Sequential Flow of Control and Branches
371(1)
5.6.2 Procedures
372(4)
5.6.3 Coroutines
376(3)
5.6.4 Traps
379(1)
5.6.5 Interrupts
379(4)
5.7 A DETAILED EXAMPLE: THE TOWERS OF HANOI
383(5)
5.7.1 The Towers of Hanoi in Pentium II Assembly Language
384(1)
5.7.2 The Towers of Hanoi in UltraSPARC II Assembly Language
384(2)
5.7.3 The Towers of Hanoi in JVM Assembly Language
386(2)
5.8 THE INTEL IA-64
388(9)
5.8.1 The Problem with the Pentium II
390(1)
5.8.2 The IA-64 Model: Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing
391(2)
5.8.3 Predication
393(2)
5.8.4 Speculative Loads
395(1)
5.8.5 Reality Check
396(1)
5.9 SUMMARY
397(6)
6 THE OPERATING SYSTEM MACHINE LEVEL
403(80)
6.1 VIRTUAL MEMORY
404(25)
6.1.1 Paging
405(2)
6.1.2 Implementation of Paging
407(2)
6.1.3 Demand Paging and the Working Set Model
409(3)
6.1.4 Page Replacement Policy
412(2)
6.1.5 Page Size and Fragmentation
414(1)
6.1.6 Segmentation
415(3)
6.1.7 Implementation of Segmentation
418(3)
6.1.8 Virtual Memory on the Pentium II
421(5)
6.1.9 Virtual Memory on the UltraSPARC
426(2)
6.1.10 Virtual Memory and Caching
428(1)
6.2 VIRTUAL I/O INSTRUCTIONS
429(7)
6.2.1 Files
430(1)
6.2.2 Implementation of Virtual I/O Instructions
431(4)
6.2.3 Directory Management Instructions
435(1)
6.3 VIRTUAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PARALLEL PROCESSING
436(10)
6.3.1 Process Creation
437(1)
6.3.2 Race Conditions
438(4)
6.3.3 Process Synchronization Using Semaphores
442(4)
6.4 EXAMPLE OPERATING SYSTEMS
446(30)
6.4.1 Introduction
446(9)
6.4.2 Examples of Virtual Memory
455(4)
6.4.3 Examples of Virtual I/O
459(11)
6.4.4 Examples of Process Management
470(6)
6.5 SUMMARY
476(7)
7 THE ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE LEVEL
483(40)
7.1 INTRODUCTION TO ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
484(10)
7.1.1 What Is an Assembly Language?
484(1)
7.1.2 Why Use Assembly Language?
485(3)
7.1.3 Format of an Assembly Language Statement
488(3)
7.1.4 Pseudoinstructions
491(3)
7.2 MACROS
494(4)
7.2.1 Macro Definition, Call, and Expansion
494(2)
7.2.2 Macros with Parameters
496(1)
7.2.3 Advanced Features
497(1)
7.2.4 Implementation of a Macro Facility in an Assembler
498(1)
7.3 THE ASSEMBLY PROCESS
498(8)
7.3.1 Two-Pass Assemblers
498(1)
7.3.2 Pass One
499(3)
7.3.3 Pass Two
502(3)
7.3.4 The Symbol Table
505(1)
7.4 LINKING AND LOADING
506(13)
7.4.1 Tasks Performed by the Linker
508(3)
7.4.2 Structure of an Object Module
511(1)
7.4.3 Binding Time and Dynamic Relocation
512(3)
7.4.4 Dynamic Linking
515(4)
7.5 SUMMARY
519(4)
8 PARALLEL COMPUTER ARCHITECTURES
523(90)
8.1 DESIGN ISSUES FOR PARALLEL COMPUTERS
524(30)
8.1.1 Communication Models
526(4)
8.1.2 Interconnection Networks
530(9)
8.1.3 Performance
539(6)
8.1.4 Software
545(6)
8.1.5 Taxonomy of Parallel Computers
551(3)
8.2 SIMD COMPUTERS
554(5)
8.2.1 Array Processors
554(1)
8.2.2 Vector Processors
555(4)
8.3 SHARED-MEMORY MULTIPROCESSORS
559(27)
8.3.1 Memory Semantics
559(5)
8.3.2 UMA Bus-Based SMP Architectures
564(5)
8.3.3 UMA Multiprocessors Using Crossbar Switches
569(2)
8.3.4 UMA Multiprocessors Using Multistage Switching Networks
571(2)
8.3.5 NUMA Multiprocessors
573(2)
8.3.6 Cache Coherent NUMA Multiprocessors
575(10)
8.3.7 COMA Multiprocessors
585(1)
8.4 MESSAGE-PASSING MULTICOMPUTERS
586(23)
8.4.1 MPPs--Massively Parallel Processors
587(5)
8.4.2 COWs--Clusters of Workstations
592(1)
8.4.3 Scheduling
593(5)
8.4.4 Communication Software for Multicomputers
598(3)
8.4.5 Application-Level Shared Memory
601(8)
8.5 SUMMARY
609(4)
9 READING LIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
613(18)
9.1 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
613(7)
9.1.1 Introduction and General Works
613(1)
9.1.2 Computer Systems Organization
614(1)
9.1.3 The Digital Logic Level
615(1)
9.1.4 The Microarchitecture Level
616(1)
9.1.5 The Instruction Set Architecture Level
617(1)
9.1.6 The Operating System Machine Level
617(1)
9.1.7 The Assembly Language Level
618(1)
9.1.8 Parallel Computer Architectures
618(2)
9.1.9 Binary and Floating-Point Numbers
620(1)
9.2 ALPHABETICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
620(11)
A BINARY NUMBERS
631(12)
A.1 FINITE-PRECISION NUMBERS
631(2)
A.2 RADIX NUMBER SYSTEMS
633(2)
A.3 CONVERSION FROM ONE RADIX TO ANOTHER
635(2)
A.4 NEGATIVE BINARY NUMBERS
637(3)
A.5 BINARY ARITHMETIC
640(3)
B FLOATING-POINT NUMBERS
643(10)
B.1 PRINCIPLES OF FLOATING POINT
644(2)
B.2 IEEE FLOATING-POINT STANDARD 754
646(7)
INDEX653
Andrew S. Tanenbaum is a professor of computer science at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam where he has taught courses in computer organization, operating systems and networks for over 30 years to thousands of students

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