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Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

by: Jaccard, James; Becker, Michael A.

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

by: Jaccard, James; Becker, Michael A.

ISBN 13:
9780534569259
ISBN 10:
0534569250
Edition: 4th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/29/2001
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

Part I: STATISTICAL PRELIMINARIES. 1. Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries. 2. Frequency and Probability Distributions. 3. Measures of Central Tendency and Variability. 4. Percentiles, Percentile Ranks, Standard Scores, and the Normal Distribution. 5. Pearson Correlation and Regression: Descriptive Aspects. 6. Probability. 7. Estimation and Sampling Distributions. 8. Hypothesis Testing: Inferences About a Single Mean. Part II: THE ANALYSIS OF BIVARIATE RELATIONSHIPS. 9. Research Design and Statistical Preliminaries for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships. 10. Independent Groups t Test. 11. Correlated Groups t Test. 12. One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance. 13. One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance. 14. Pearson Correlation and Regression: Inferential Aspects. 15. Chi-Square Test. 16. Nonparametric Statistics. Part III: ADDITIONAL TOPICS. 17. Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance. 18. Overview and Extension: Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Test for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships and Procedures for More Complex Designs.

Preface

To the Student

xxi

Part 1 Statistical Preliminaries

(238)

Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries

(32)

The Study of Statistics

(2)

Research in the Behavioral Sciences

(1)

Variables

(1)

Measurement

(8)

Discrete and Continuous Variables

(2)

Populations and Samples

(2)

Biased Sampling

(1)

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

(1)

The Concept of Probability

(1)

Mathematical Preliminaries: A Review

(8)

Statistics and Computers

(6)

Summary

(5)

Frequency and Probability Distributions

(33)

Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Variables: Ungrouped Scores

(4)

Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Variables: Grouped Scores

(3)

Frequency Distributions for Qualitative Variables

(1)

Outliers

(1)

Frequency Graphs

(8)

Misleading Graphs

(1)

Graphs of Relative Frequencies, Percentages, Cumulative Frequencies, and Cumulative Relative Frequencies

(1)

Probability Distributions

(3)

Empirical and Theoretical Distributions

(1)

Method of Presentation

(2)

Examples from the Literature

(8)

Summary

(4)

Measures of Central Tendency and Variability

(33)

Measures of Central Tendency for Quantitative Variables

(10)

Measures of Variability for Quantitative Variables

(5)

Computational Formula for the Sum of Squares

(2)

Relationship Between Central Tendency and Variability

(1)

Graphs of Central Tendency and Variability

(3)

Measures of Central Tendency and Variability for Qualitative Variables

(1)

Skewness and Kurtosis

(1)

Sample Versus Population Notation

(1)

Method of Presentation

(1)

Example from the Literature

(8)

Summary

(5)

Percentiles, Percentile Ranks, Standard Scores, and the Normal Distribution

100

(25)

Percentiles and Percentile Ranks

101

(4)

Standard Scores

105

(4)

Standard Scores and the Normal Distribution

109

(4)

Standard Scores and the Shape of the Distribution

113

(1)

Method of Presentation

113

(12)

Summary

120

(1)

The Normal Distribution Formula

121

(4)

Pearson Correlation and Regression: Descriptive Aspects

125

(32)

Use of Pearson Correlation

125

(1)

The Linear Model

126

(4)

The Pearson Correlation Coefficient

130

(8)

Correlation and Causation

138

(1)

Interpreting the Magnitude of a Correlation Coefficient

139

(1)

Regression

140

(5)

Additional Issues Associated with the Use of Correlation and Regression

145

(12)

Summary

153

(4)

Probability

157

(24)

Probabilities of Simple Events

159

(1)

Conditional Probabilities

160

(1)

Joint Probabilities

161

(1)

Adding Probabilities

162

(1)

Relationships Among Probabilities

162

(2)

Sampling with Versus Without Replacement

164

(2)

Beliefs and Probability Theory

165

(1)

Counting Rules

166

(3)

The Binomial Expression

169

(12)

Summary

176

(5)

Estimation and Sampling Distributions

181

(24)

Finite Versus Infinite Populations

181

(1)

Estimation of the Population Mean

182

(2)

Estimation of the Population Variance and Standard Deviation

184

(3)

Degrees of Freedom

187

(1)

Sampling Distribution of the Mean and the Central Limit Theorem

188

(9)

Polls and Random Samples

191

(6)

Types of Sampling Distributions

197

(8)

Summary

202

(3)

Hypothesis Testing: Inferences About a Single Mean

205

(34)

A Simple Analogy for Principles of Hypothesis Testing

205

(1)

Statistical Inference and the Normal Distribution: The One-Sample z Test

206

(4)

Defining Expected and Unexpected Results

210

(1)

Failing to Reject Versus Accepting the Null Hypothesis

211

(1)

Type I and Type II Errors

212

(2)

Effects of Alpha and Sample Size on the Power of Statistical Tests

214

(2)

Statistical and Real-World Significance

216

(1)

Directional Versus Nondirectional Tests

216

(3)

Statistical Inference Using Estimated Standard Errors: The One-Sample t Test

219

(6)

Confidence Intervals

225

(4)

Method of Presentation

229

(2)

Examples from the Literature

231

(8)

Summary

233

(6)

Part 2 The Analysis of Bivariate Relationships

239

(256)

Research Design and Statistical Preliminaries for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships

240

(19)

Principles of Research Design: Statistical Implications

240

(11)

Confounding and Disturbance Variables

247

(4)

Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Test to Analyze a Relationship: A Preview

251

(8)

Summary

255

(4)

Independent Groups t Test

259

(43)

Use of the Independent Groups t Test

259

(2)

Inference of a Relationship Using the Independent Groups t Test

261

(10)

Strength of the Relationship

271

(9)

Nature of the Relationship

280

(1)

Methodological Considerations

281

(1)

Numerical Example

281

(3)

Planning an Investigation Using the Independent Groups t Test

284

(2)

Method of Presentation

286

(1)

Examples from the Literature

287

(15)

Summary

294

(8)

Correlated Groups t Test

302

(27)

Use of the Correlated Groups t Test

302

(1)

Inference of a Relationship Using the Correlated Groups t Test

303

(5)

Strength of the Relationship

308

(3)

Nature of the Relationship

311

(1)

Methodological Considerations

311

(1)

Power of Correlated Groups Versus Independent Groups t Tests

312

(2)

Numerical Example

314

(2)

Planning an Investigation Using the Correlated Groups t Test

316

(1)

Method of Presentation

317

(1)

Examples from the Literature

318

(11)

Summary

321

(1)

Computational Procedures for the Nullified Score Approach

322

(7)

One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance

329

(40)

Use of One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance

329

(1)

Inference of a Relationship Using One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance

330

(14)

Relationship of the F Test to the t Test

344

(1)

Strength of the Relationship

344

(1)

Nature of the Relationship

345

(4)

Unstandardized Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals

349

(1)

Methodological Considerations

350

(1)

Numerical Example

350

(4)

Planning an Investigation Using One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance

354

(1)

Method of Presentation

354

(2)

Examples from the Literature

356

(13)

Summary

360

(1)

Rationale for the Degrees of Freedom

361

(8)

One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance

369

(33)

Use of One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance

369

(2)

Inference of a Relationship Using One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance

371

(9)

Strength of the Relationship

380

(1)

Nature of the Relationship

381

(2)

Unstandardized Effect Size and Confidence Intervals

383

(1)

Methodological Considerations

383

(2)

Numerical Example

385

(3)

Planning an Investigation Using One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance

388

(1)

Method of Presentation

389

(1)

Examples from the Literature

390

(12)

Summary

395

(1)

Determining the Nature of the Relationship Under Sphericity Violations

395

(7)

Pearson Correlation and Regression: Inferential Aspects

402

(31)

Use of Pearson Correlation

402

(1)

Inference of a Relationship Using Pearson Correlation

403

(4)

Strength of the Relationship

407

(1)

Confidence Intervals for the Correlation Coefficient

407

(1)

Nature of the Relationship

408

(1)

Planning an Investigation Using Pearson Correlation

408

(1)

Method of Presentation for Pearson Correlation

408

(1)

Examples from the Literature

409

(2)

Regression

411

(3)

Numerical Example

414

(4)

Method of Presentation for Regression

418

(15)

Summary

423

(1)

Testing Null Hypotheses Other Than p = 0

423

(2)

Confidence Intervals for the Correlation Coefficient

425

(8)

Chi-Square Test

433

(30)

Use of the Chi-Square Test

433

(1)

Two-Way Contingency Tables

434

(1)

Chi-Square Tests of Independence and Homogeneity

435

(1)

Inference of a Relationship Using the Chi-Square Test

435

(6)

2 x 2 Tables

441

(1)

Strength of the Relationship

442

(1)

Nature of the Relationship

443

(1)

Methodological Considerations

444

(1)

Numerical Example

445

(1)

Use of Quantitative Variables in the Chi-Square Test

446

(1)

Planning an Investigation Using the Chi-Square Test

447

(1)

Method of Presentation

448

(1)

Examples from the Literature

449

(2)

Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test

451

(12)

Summary

455

(1)

Determining the Nature of the Relationship Using a Modified Bonferroni Procedure

456

(7)

Nonparametric Statistics

463

(32)

Rank Scores

464

(2)

Nonparametric Statistics and Outliers

466

(1)

Analysis of Ranked Data Using Parametric Formulas

467

(1)

Rank Tests for Two Independent Groups

467

(4)

Rank Test for Two Correlated Groups

471

(3)

Rank Test for Three or More Independent Groups

474

(3)

Rank Test for Three or More Correlated Groups

477

(3)

Rank Test for Correlation

480

(3)

Examples from the Literature

483

(12)

Summary

486

(1)

Corrections for Ties for Nonparametric Rank Tests

486

(9)

Part 3 Additional Topics

495

(64)

Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance

496

(48)

Factorial Designs

497

(1)

Use of Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance

498

(1)

The Concepts of Main Effects and Interactions

499

(7)

Inference of Relationships Using Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance

506

(8)

Strength of the Relationships

514

(1)

Nature of the Relationships

515

(3)

Methodological Considerations

518

(1)

Numerical Example

518

(8)

Unequal Sample Sizes

526

(1)

Planning an Investigation Using Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance

527

(2)

Method of Presentation

529

(2)

Examples from the Literature

531

(13)

Summary

536

(8)

Overview and Extension: Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Test for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships and Procedures for More Complex Designs

544

(15)

Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Test for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships

544

(1)

Case I: The Relationship Between Two Qualitative Variables

545

(1)

Case II: The Relationship Between a Qualitative Independent Variable and a Quantitative Dependent Variable

545

(4)

Case III: The Relationship Between a Quantitative Independent Variable and a Qualitative Dependent Variable

549

(1)

Case IV: The Relationship Between Two Quantitative Variables

549

(1)

Procedures for More Complex Designs

550

(3)

Alternative Approaches to Null Hypothesis Testing

553

(6)

Summary

554

(5)

Appendix A Table of Random Numbers

559

(3)

Appendix B Proportions of Scores in a Normal Distribution

562

(10)

Appendix C Factorials

572

(1)

Appendix D Critical Values for the Distribution

573

(2)

Appendix E Power and Sample Size

575

(24)

Appendix F Critical Values for the F Distribution

599

(4)

Appendix G Studentized Range Values (q)

603

(3)

Appendix H Critical Values for Pearson r

606

(2)

Appendix I Fisher's Transformation of Pearson r (r')

608

(2)

Appendix J Critical Values for the Chi-Square Distribution

610

(2)

Appendix K Critical Values for the Mann--Whitney U Test

612

(3)

Appendix L Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

615

(2)

Appendix M Critical Values for Spearman r

617

(2)

Appendix N Formulas for Unbiased Estimators of Proportion of Explained Variance

619

(1)

Answers to Selected Exercises

620

(19)

Glossary of Major Symbols

639

(5)

References

644

(7)

Index

651

(7)

Credits

658

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

9780534569259

0534569250

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

9780534569259

0534569250

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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