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Statistical Methods for Psychology

by: Howell, David C.

Statistical Methods for Psychology

by: Howell, David C.

ISBN 13:
9780534389703
ISBN 10:
0534389708
Edition: 5th
Copyright: 01/01/2001
Publisher: WADSWORTH PUB CO INC
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Basic Concepts

(15)

Important Terms

(3)

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

(1)

Measurement Scales

(3)

Using Computers

(1)

The Plan of the Book

(5)

Describing and Exploring Data

(58)

Plotting Data

(2)

Histograms

(2)

Stem-and-Leaf Displays

(3)

Alternative Methods of Plotting Data

(4)

Describing Distributions

(3)

Using Computer Programs to Display Data

(2)

Notation

(2)

Measures of Central Tendency

(6)

Measures of Variability

(16)

Boxplots: Graphical Representations of Dispersions and Extreme Scores

(3)

Obtaining Measures of Dispersion Using Minitab

(2)

Percentiles, Quartiles, and Deciles

(1)

The Effect of Linear Transformations on Data

(11)

The Normal Distribution

(18)

The Normal Distribution

(3)

The Standard Normal Distribution

(3)

Using the Tables of the Standard Normal Distribution

(3)

Setting Probable Limits on an Observation

(1)

Measures Related to z

(5)

Sampling Distributions and Hypothesis Testing

(24)

Two Simple Examples Involving Course Evaluations and Rude Motorists

(3)

Sampling Distributions

(1)

Hypothesis Testing

(2)

The Null Hypothesis

(2)

Test Statistics and Their Sampling Distributions

100

(1)

Using the Normal Distribution to Test Hypotheses

101

(3)

Type I and Type II Errors

104

(3)

One- and Two-Tailed Tests

107

(3)

What Does It Mean to Reject the Null Hypothesis?

110

(1)

Effect Size

110

(1)

A Final Worked Example

111

(1)

Back to Course Evaluations and Rude Motorists

112

(3)

Basic Concepts of Probability

115

(26)

Probability

116

(2)

Basic Terminology and Rules

118

(4)

Discrete versus Continuous Variables

122

(1)

Probability Distributions for Discrete Variables

123

(1)

Probability Distributions for Continuous Variables

124

(2)

Permutations and Combinations

126

(3)

The Binomial Distribution

129

(5)

Using the Binomial Distribution to Test Hypotheses

134

(2)

The Multinomial Distribution

136

(5)

Categorical Data and Chi-Square

141

(36)

The Chi-Square Distribution

143

(1)

Statistical Importance of the Chi-Square Distribution

144

(2)

The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test---One-Way Classification

146

(3)

Two Classification Variables: Contingency Table Analysis

149

(3)

Chi-Square for Larger Contingency Tables

152

(7)

Chi-Square for Ordinal Data

159

(1)

Summary of the Assumptions of Chi-Square

159

(2)

One-and Two-Tailed Tests

161

(1)

Likelihood Ratio Tests

162

(1)

Measures of Assocation

163

(14)

Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means

177

(46)

Sampling Distribution of the Mean

178

(3)

Testing Hypotheses about Means---σ Known

181

(2)

Testing a Sample Mean When σ Is Unknown---The One-Sample t Test

183

(8)

Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means---Two Matched Samples

191

(7)

Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means---Two Independent Samples

198

(8)

Confidence Intervals

206

(5)

A Second Worked Example

211

(2)

Heterogeneity of Variance: The Behrens--Fisher Problem

213

(10)

Power

223

(20)

Factors Affecting the Power of a Test

225

(2)

Effect Size

227

(2)

Power Calculations for the One-Sample t

229

(3)

Power Calculations for Differences Between Two Independent Means

232

(3)

Power Calculations for Matched-Sample t

235

(2)

Power Considerations in Terms of Sample Size

237

(1)

Post-Hoe Power

238

(5)

Correlation and Regression

243

(52)

Scatterplot

245

(5)

The Relationship Between Stress and Health

250

(2)

The Covariance

252

(1)

The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r)

253

(2)

The Regression Line

255

(5)

The Accuracy of Prediction

260

(7)

Assumptions Underlying Regression and Correlation

267

(1)

Confidence Limits on Y

268

(2)

A Computer Example Showing the Role of Test-Taking Skills

270

(3)

Hypothesis Testing

273

(9)

The Role of Assumptions in Correlation and Regression

282

(1)

Factors That Affect the Correlation

282

(3)

Power Calculation for Pearson's r

285

(10)

Alternative Correlational Techniques

295

(24)

Point-Biserial Correlation and Phi: Non-Pearson Correlations by Another Name

297

(8)

Biserial and Tetrachoric Correlation: Non-Pearson Correlation Coefficients

305

(1)

Correlation Coefficients for Ranked Data

306

(3)

Analysis of Contingency Tables with Ordered Variables

309

(3)

Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W)

312

(7)

Simple Analysis of Variance

319

(50)

An Example

320

(1)

The Underlying Model

321

(3)

The Logic of the Analysis of Variance

324

(2)

Calculations in the Analysis of Variance

326

(7)

Computer Solutions

333

(3)

Derivation of the Analysis of Variance

336

(2)

Unequal Sample Sizes

338

(2)

Violations of Assumptions

340

(2)

Transformations

342

(8)

Fixed versus Random Models

350

(1)

Magnitude of Experimental Effect

350

(4)

Power

354

(6)

Computer Analyses

360

(9)

Multiple Comparisons Among Treatment Means

369

(52)

Error Rates

370

(3)

Multiple Comparisons in a Simple Experiment on Morphine Tolerance

373

(2)

A Priori Comparisons

375

(16)

Post Hoc Comparisons

391

(7)

Tukey's Test

398

(1)

The Ryan Procedure (REGWQ)

399

(1)

The Scheffe Test

400

(1)

Dunnett's Test for Comparing All Treatments with a Control

401

(1)

Comparison of Dunnett's Test and the Bonferroni t

402

(1)

Comparison of the Alternative Procedures

402

(2)

Which Test?

404

(1)

Computer Solution

404

(4)

Trend Analysis

408

(13)

Factorial Analysis of Variance

421

(50)

An Extension of the Eysenck Study

424

(5)

Structural Models and Expected Mean Squares

429

(1)

Interactions

430

(2)

Simple Effects

432

(4)

Analysis of Variance Applied to the Effects of Smoking

436

(2)

Multiple Comparisons

438

(2)

Power Analysis for Factorial Experiments

440

(2)

Expected Mean Squares

442

(4)

Magnitude of Experimental Effects

446

(3)

Unequal Sample Sizes

449

(6)

Analysis for Unequal Sample Sizes Using SAS

455

(1)

Higher-Order Factorial Designs

456

(8)

A Computer Example

464

(7)

Repeated-Measures Designs

471

(62)

The Structural Model

474

(1)

F Ratios

475

(1)

The Covariance Matrix

476

(1)

Analysis of Variance Applied to Relaxation Therapy

477

(3)

One Between-Subjects Variable and One Within-Subjects Variable

480

(14)

Two Within-Subjects Variables

494

(1)

Two Between-Subjects Variables and One Within-Subjects Variable

494

(6)

Two Within-Subjects Variables and One Between-Subjects Variable

500

(8)

Three Within-Subjects Variables

508

(4)

Intraclass Correlation

512

(3)

Other Considerations

515

(1)

A Computer Analysis Using a Traditional Approach

516

(3)

Multivariate Analysis of Variance for Repeated-Measures Designs

519

(14)

Multiple Regression

533

(70)

Multiple Linear Regression

534

(9)

Standard Errors and Tests of Regression Coefficients

543

(1)

Residual Variance

544

(1)

Distribution Assumptions

545

(1)

The Multiple Correlation Coefficient

546

(2)

Geometric Representation of Multiple Regression

548

(4)

Partial and Semipartial Correlation

552

(5)

Suppressor Variables

557

(1)

Regression Diagnostics

558

(5)

Constructing a Regression Equation

563

(8)

The ``Importance'' of Individual Variables

571

(2)

Using Approximate Regression Coefficients

573

(1)

Mediating and Moderating Relationships

574

(9)

Logistic Regression

583

(20)

Analysis of Variance and Covariance as General Linear Models

603

(52)

The General Linear Model

604

(3)

One-Way Analysis of Variance

607

(3)

Factorial Designs

610

(8)

Analysis of Variance with Unequal Sample Sizes

618

(7)

The One-Way Analysis of Covariance

625

(11)

Interpreting an Analysis of Covariance

636

(2)

The Factorial Analysis of Covariance

638

(9)

Using Multiple Covariates

647

(1)

Alternative Experimental Designs

648

(7)

Log-Linear Analysis

655

(36)

Two-Way Contingency Tables

658

(4)

Model Specification

662

(3)

Testing Models

665

(4)

Odds and Odds Ratios

669

(1)

Treatment Effects (Lambda)

669

(2)

Three-Way Tables

671

(7)

Deriving Models

678

(4)

Treatment Effects

682

(9)

Resampling and Nonparametric Approaches to Data

691

(36)

Bootstrapping as a General Approach

694

(2)

Bootstrapping with One Sample

696

(3)

Resampling with Two Paired Samples

699

(3)

Resampling with Two Independent Samples

702

(2)

Bootstrapping Confidence Limits on a Correlation Coefficient

704

(3)

Wilcoxon's Rank-Sum Test

707

(6)

Wilcoxon's Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test

713

(4)

The Sign Test

717

(2)

Kruskal--Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance

719

(1)

Friedman's Rank Test for k Correlated Samples

720

(7)

Appendices

727

(36)

References

763

(10)

Answers to Selected Exercises

773

(18)

Index

791

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Statistical Methods for Psychology

Statistical Methods for Psychology

9780534389703

0534389708

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Statistical Methods for Psychology

Statistical Methods for Psychology

9780534389703

0534389708

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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