Rent 9780534519933 | Statistical Methods for Psychology

Summary Table of Contents

Intended for graduate-level courses in statistics for psychology majors, this best-seller has earned high marks among students and instructors for its clear, conceptual approach and strong emphasis on experimental psychology.

The author presents statistics at an intuitive level to give students a sense of how tests work and how they interrelate. Stressing the value of data analysis before jumping in with a hypothesis test, Howell examines the connection between statistical tests and the theoretical questions posed by such experiments to develop students' conceptual skills. New to the Fourth Edition are:
-- Additional real-life examples from published literature, including new extended examples
-- Stronger emphasis on computer calculations, with new output examples from Minitab "RM", SPSS "RM", JMP IN, and SAS computer packages
-- Greater depth on categorical data analysis that gives more attention to odds ratios and less to goodness-of-fit as a guide to interpretation
-- An entirely new chapter on log-linear models and their use in the behavioral

Basic Concepts

(14)

Important Terms

(3)

Descriptive And Inferential Statistics

... MORE

(1)

Measurement Scales

(3)

Using Computers

(2)

The Plan of The Book

(5)

Describing And Exploring Data

(57)

Plotting Data

(1)

Histograms

(4)

Stem-and-Leaf Displays

(3)

Alternative Methods of Plotting Data

(3)

Describing Distributions

(3)

Using Computer Programs to Display Data

(1)

Notation

(3)

Measures of Central Tendency

(5)

Measures of Variability

(15)

Boxplots: Graphical Representations of Dispersions and Extreme Scores

(3)

Dotplots for Representing Dispersion

(2)

Obtaining Measures of Dispersion Using Minitab

(1)

Percentiles, Quartiles, and Deciles

(1)

The Effect of Linear Transformations on Data

(12)

The Normal Distribution

(15)

The Normal Distribution

(3)

The Standard Normal Distribution

(5)

Setting Probable Limits on an Observation

(1)

Measures Related to z

(4)

Sampling Distributions and Hypothesis Testing

(22)

Two Simple Examples Involving Course Evaluations and Rude Motorists

(1)

Sampling Distributions

(2)

Hypothesis Testing

(1)

The Null Hypothesis

(2)

Test Statistics and Their Sampling Distributions

(1)

Using the Normal Distribution to Test Hypotheses

(3)

Type I And Type II Errors

(3)

One-and Two-Tailed Tests

101

(2)

A Final Worked Example

103

(2)

Back to Course Evaluations and Rude Motorists

105

(4)

Basic Concepts of Probability

109

(24)

Probability

110

(1)

Basic Terminology and Rules

111

(4)

Discrete versus Continuous Variables

115

(1)

Probability Distributions for Discrete Variables

116

(1)

Probability Distributions for Continuous Variables

116

(2)

Permutations and Combinations

118

(3)

The Binomial Distribution

121

(5)

Using the Binomial Distribution to Test Hypotheses

126

(2)

The Multinomial Distribution

128

(5)

Categorical Data And Chi-square

133

(37)

The Chi-Square Distribution

134

(1)

Statistical Importance of the Chi-Square Distribution

135

(2)

The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test---One-Way Classification

137

(7)

Two Classification Variables: Contingency Table Analysis

144

(4)

Chi-Square for Larger Contingency Tables

148

(4)

Summary of the Assumptions of Chi-Square

152

(2)

One-and Two-Tailed Tests

154

(1)

Likelihood Ratio Tests

155

(2)

Measures of Association

157

(13)

Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means

170

(43)

Sampling Distribution of the Mean

171

(1)

Testing Hypotheses about Means---σ Known

172

(3)

Testing a Sample Mean When σ Is Unknown---The One-Sample t Test

175

(7)

Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means---Two Matched Samples

182

(6)

Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means---Two Independent Samples

188

(9)

Heterogeneity of Variance: The Behrens---Fisher Problem

197

(5)

Confidence Intervals

202

(4)

Running Two-Sample t Tests Using SPSS

206

(7)

Power

213

(17)

Factors Affecting the Power of a Test

214

(2)

Effect Size

216

(2)

Power Calculations for the One-Sample t

218

(2)

Power Calculations for Differences Between Two Independent Means

220

(4)

Power Calculations for Matched-Sample t

224

(2)

Power Considerations in Terms of Sample Size

226

(4)

Correlation and Regression

230

(48)

Scatterplot

231

(5)

The Relationship Between Stress and Health

236

(1)

The Covariance

237

(2)

The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r)

239

(2)

The Regression Line

241

(4)

The Accuracy of Prediction

245

(7)

Assumptions Underlying Regression and Correlation

252

(1)

Confidence Limits on Y

253

(2)

A Computer Example Showing Grades as a Function of IQ

255

(2)

Hypothesis Testing

257

(8)

The Role of Assumptions in Correlation and Regression

265

(1)

Factors That Affect the Correlation

266

(2)

Power Calculation for Pearson's r

268

(10)

Alternative Correlational Techniques

278

(21)

Point-Biserial Correlation and Phi: Pearson Correlations by Another Name

279

(7)

Biserial and Tetrachoric Correlation: Non-Pearson Correlation Coefficients

286

(2)

Correlation Coefficients for Ranked Data

288

(4)

Estimating p and the Choice Among Coefficients

292

(1)

Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W)

293

(6)

Simple Analysis of Variance

299

(49)

An Example

300

(1)

The Underlying Model

301

(3)

The Logic of the Analysis of Variance

304

(2)

Calculations in the Analysis of Variance

306

(8)

Computer Solutions

314

(2)

Derivation of the Analysis of Variance

316

(2)

Unequal Sample Sizes

318

(3)

Violations of Assumptions

321

(2)

Transformations

323

(7)

Fixed versus Random Models

330

(1)

Magnitude of Experimental Effect

330

(4)

Power

334

(6)

Computer Analyses

340

(8)

Multiple Comparisons Among Treatment Means

348

(52)

Error Rates

349

(2)

Multiple Comparisons in a Simple Experiment on Morphine Tolerance

351

(3)

A Priori Comparisons

354

(15)

Post Hoc Comparisons

369

(8)

Tukey's Test

377

(1)

The Ryan Procedure (REGWQ)

378

(1)

The Scheffe Test

379

(1)

Dunnett's Test for Comparing All Treatments with a Control

380

(1)

Comparison of Dunnett's Test and the Bonferroni t

381

(1)

Comparison of the Alternative Procedures

381

(1)

Which Test?

382

(1)

Computer Solutions

383

(3)

Trend Analysis

386

(14)

Factorial Analysis of Variance

400

(50)

An Extension of the Eysenck Study

403

(5)

Structural Models and Expected Mean Squares

408

(1)

Interactions

409

(3)

Simple Effects

412

(4)

Analysis of Variance Applied to the Effects of Smoking

416

(3)

Multiple comparisons

419

(1)

Power Analysis for Factorial Experiments

420

(2)

Expected Mean Squares

422

(4)

Magnitude of Experimental Effects

426

(3)

Unequal Sample Sizes

429

(6)

Analysis for Unequal Sample Sizes Using SAS

435

(1)

Higher-Order Factorial Designs

436

(7)

A Computer Example

443

(7)

Repeated-measures Designs

450

(59)

The Structural Model

452

(1)

F Ratios

453

(1)

The Covariance Matrix

454

(1)

Analysis of Variance Applied to Relaxation Therapy

455

(3)

One Between-Subjects Variable and One Within-Subjects Variable

458

(14)

Two Within-Subjects Variables

472

(6)

Two Between-Subjects Variables and One Within-Subjects Variable

478

(7)

Three Within-Subjects Variables

485

(5)

Intraclass Correlation

490

(3)

Other Considerations

493

(1)

A Computer Analysis Using a Traditional Approach

494

(1)

Multivariate Analysis of Variance for Repeated-Measures Designs

494

(15)

Multiple Regression

509

(56)

Multiple Linear Regression

510

(8)

Standard Errors and Tests of Regression Coefficients

518

(1)

Residual Variance

519

(1)

Distribution Assumptions

520

(1)

The Multiple Correlation Coefficient

521

(2)

Geometric Representation of Multiple Regression

523

(3)

Partial and Semipartial Correlation

526

(5)

Suppressor Variables

531

(1)

Regression Diagnostics

532

(5)

Constructing a Regression Equation

537

(7)

The ``Importance'' of Individual Variables

544

(2)

Using Approximate Regression Coefficients

546

(1)

Curvilinear and Configural Variables

547

(1)

Logistic Regression

548

(17)

Analyses of Variance and Covariance as General Linear Models

565

(47)

The General Linear Model

565

(4)

One-Way Analysis of Variance

569

(3)

Factorial Designs

572

(6)

Analysis of Variance with Unequal Sample Sizes

578

(7)

The One-Way Analysis of Covariance

585

(11)

Interpreting an Analysis of Covariance

596

(1)

The Factorial Analysis of Covariance

597

(8)

Using Multiple Covariates

605

(1)

Alternative Experimental Designs

606

(6)

Log-linear Analysis

612

(33)

Two-Way Contingency Tables

614

(4)

Model Specification

618

(4)

Testing Models

622

(3)

Odds and Odds Ratios

625

(1)

Treatment Effects (lambda)

626

(1)

Three-Way Tables

627

(7)

Deriving Models

634

(3)

Treatment Effects

637

(8)

Nonparametric and Distribution-free Statistical Tests

645

(20)

Wilcoxon's Rank-Sum Test

647

(5)

Wilcoxon's Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test

652

(4)

The Sign Test

656

(2)

Kruskal--Wallis One-way Analysis of Variance

658

(1)

Friedman's Rank Test for k Correlated Samples

659

(6)

Appendices

665

(34)

References

699

(8)

Answers to Selected Exercises

707

(12)

Index

719

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Statistical Methods for Psychology

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