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The St. Martin's Guide to Public Speaking

ISBN: 9780312404581 | 0312404581
Edition: 1st
Format: Package
Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's
Pub. Date: 7/30/2002

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SummaryTable of Contents
No book helps students make the transition from principles to practice like The St. Martin's Guide to Public Speaking does. In addition to providing a comprehensive overview of the elements of effective speech making, Tuman and Fraleigh take things further and introduce three innovative tools--Guides to Speaking, Speech Grids, and a fully integrated CD-ROM--that actually show students how to use the book's unique fail-proof method confidently to create successful speeches.
Brief Contentsv
Prefacevii
CD-ROM Video Resourcesxxx
PART ONE The Process of Public Speaking
1(40)
... MORE
Introducing Public Speaking
2(30)
The Benefits of a Public Speaking Class
4(3)
How Public Speaking Benefits You as a Student
4(1)
How Public Speaking Benefits You in Your Career
4(2)
How Public Speaking Benefits You in Your Community
6(1)
Public Speaking Is a Great Tradition
7(3)
Public Speaking Is a Dynamic Discipline
10(9)
The Transaction between Speaker and Audience
10(4)
The Significance of Culture
14(3)
The Emphasis on Critical Thinking
17(1)
The Importance of Ethics
18(1)
Overcoming Speech Anxiety
19(13)
The Nature of Speech Anxiety
19(2)
Reducing the Effects of Speech Anxiety
21(5)
The Audience and the Apprehensive Speaker
26(1)
Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts
27(5)
The Process of Developing a Speech
32(9)
The Importance of Speech Preparation
35(2)
Common Speech Preparation Problems
35(1)
Careful Preparation Leads to Effective Speeches
36(1)
Speech Preparation: A Five-Step Process
37(4)
In Theory 2.1 Ethos, Logos, and Pathos---Important Concepts in Speech Preparation
38(1)
Ethos: The Credibility of the Speaker
38(1)
Logos: Proving Claims to the Audience
38(1)
Pathos: Disposing the Audience to Feel Emotion
39(2)
Preparing Your First Speech: A Basic Speech Guide
41(328)
Inventing Your Speech
41(5)
Analyze Your Audience
41(1)
Select and Refine Your Topic
42(1)
Generate Ideas to Support Your Topic
43(1)
Choose the Best Ideas to Develop Your Topic
44(2)
Organizing and Outlining Your Speech
46(4)
Introduction to Organization
46(1)
Outline the Body of Your Speech
46(2)
Outline the Introduction and Conclusion
48(2)
Incorporate Transitions
50(1)
Using Effective Style
50(1)
Refining and Practicing Your Speech
51(1)
Review Your Outline from a Critical Perspective
51(1)
Prepare for Extemporaneous Delivery
51(1)
Delivering Your Speech
52(4)
Mitigate Communication Apprehension
52(1)
Deliver Your Speech Well
52(1)
Learn from Your First Speech
53(1)
Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts
53(3)
Speech Ethics
56(14)
Ethical Behavior in Public Speaking
58(1)
Practicing Truthful Communication
59(2)
In Theory 3.1 The Truth Bias
61(1)
Crediting the Work of Others
61(3)
Quoting from a Source
62(1)
Paraphrasing the Work of Others
63(1)
Using Sound Reasoning and Evidence
64(2)
Example Reasoning
64(1)
Post Hoc (After the Fact) Fallacy
64(1)
In Theory 3.2 Personal Attacks and Hate Speech
65(1)
Personal Attacks
65(1)
The Ethical Audience
66(4)
Be Courteous
66(1)
Be Open-Minded
66(1)
Listen and Think Critically
67(1)
Hold the Speaker Accountable
67(1)
Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts
68(2)
Listening Skills and Public Speaking
70(18)
How Listening Impacts the Public Speaking Process
72(2)
Processing the Message
73(1)
Retaining What You Have Heard
73(1)
Causes of Ineffective Listening
74(3)
Ineffective Listening during Interviews
74(2)
Ineffective Listening during Audience Interactions
76(1)
Ineffective Listening within the Audience
76(1)
Becoming a More Effective Listener
77(4)
Interactive Listening
77(2)
Maximizing Audience Listening
79(1)
In Theory 4.1 How Audience Differences Can Affect Listening
80(1)
Effective Listening and Critiquing As an Audience Member
81(7)
Be an Interactive Listener
81(3)
Use Your Listening Skills to Offer Constructive Criticism
84(1)
Take Notes on the Message and Delivery
85(1)
Note Specific Examples to Support Feedback
85(1)
Be an Ethical Audience Member
85(1)
Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts
85(3)
Audience Analysis
88(28)
Audience-Centered Messages
90(2)
Determining Situational Characteristics
92(5)
Size of the Audience
92(1)
Time
93(1)
In Theory 5.1 Assessing the Audience by Thinking about Time
94(1)
Location
95(1)
Mobility of the Audience
96(1)
Incorporating Demographics
97(5)
Age
98(1)
Gender
98(1)
Race and Ethnicity
98(1)
Religious Orientation
99(2)
Educational Background
101(1)
Political Affiliation
101(1)
Using Demographics Wisely
102(1)
Establishing Common Ground
102(2)
Identifying Prior Exposure
104(1)
Has My Audience Been Exposed to This Message Before?
104(1)
What Was the Result of the Audience's Prior Exposure?
104(1)
If the Message Failed Before, Why Was It Unsuccessful?
104(1)
Identifying Audience Disposition
105(2)
Techniques for Conducting Audience Analysis
107(9)
Surveying Your Audience
107(2)
Interviewing Your Audience
109(1)
Observing Your Audience
110(2)
Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts
112(2)
Speech Grid Application: The Evolution of a Speech Grid
114(2)
Topic Selection
116(24)
Developing a Set of Potential Topics
118(4)
Brainstorm Topics
118(1)
Use Word Association
119(1)
Use Mind Mapping
120(1)
Research for Topics
121(1)
Selecting the Best Topic
122(3)
Consider Audience Members' Knowledge and Interests
122(1)
Consider Your Own Knowledge and Interests
123(1)
Consider the Context of Your Speech
124(1)
Be Timely in Selecting Your Topic
124(1)
In Theory 6.1 Staying with Your Topic Choice
125(1)
Refining Your Topic
125(15)
Decide on the Rhetorical Purpose of Your Speech
126(2)
Narrow Your Topic
128(4)
Draft Your Specific Purpose and Thesis or Topic Statement
132(3)
Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts
135(2)
Speech Grid Application: The Evolution of a Speech Grid
137(3)
Research and Evidence
140(38)
The Importance of Research and Evidence
142(1)
Types of Evidence
143(3)
Examples
144(2)
Narratives
145(1)
Facts
145(1)
Statistics
145(1)
The Credibility of Research Sources
146(2)
Expertise
146(1)
Objectivity
146(1)
Recency
147(1)
What Makes a Good Researcher?
148(2)
Inventory Your Research Needs
148(1)
Discover Sources of Information on Your Topic
148(1)
Prioritize Your Sources
149(1)
Research Your Sources Systematically
149(1)
Identify Gaps in Your Research and Find the Needed Information
150(1)
Major Information Resources for Researching Your Speech
150(20)
Library Research
150(6)
Internet Research
156(8)
In Theory 7.1 The Importance of Credible Internet Sources
164(3)
Interview Research
167(3)
The Format for Presenting Evidence in Speeches
170(8)
Present Evidence in Claim-Source-Support Order
171(1)
Document Internet Sources
172(1)
Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts
172(3)
Speech Grid Application: The Evolution of a Speech Grid
175(3)
Organizing and Outlining
178(46)
The Importance of Good Organization
180(1)
Outlining Your Speech: Linear Organization
181(23)
Outlining the Body of Your Speech
182(11)
Outlining Your Introduction
193(8)
Outlining Your Conclusion
201(3)
A Sample Linear Speech Outline
204(4)
Alternatives to Linear Organization
208(6)
Deferred-Thesis Pattern
208(2)
Web Pattern
210(1)
Narrative
211(1)
In Theory 8.1 When the Audience Prefers a Nonlinear Format
212(2)
Preparing an Extemporaneous Outline
214(10)
The Form of an Extemporaneous Outline
214(1)
The Content of an Extemporaneous Outline
214(1)
A Sample Extemporaneous Outline
215(2)
Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts
217(3)
Speech Grid Application: The Evolution of a Speech Grid
220(4)
Developing an Effective Message
224(38)
The Importance of an Effectively Developed Message
226(1)
Increasing Audience Understanding
227(5)
Definition
228(1)
Illustration with Examples
229(1)
Explanation
230(1)
Description
230(1)
Illustration by Analogy
231(1)
Proving Facts to Your Audience
232(11)
Use of Evidence
232(1)
Principles of Evidence Use: An Application
233(2)
Use of Reasoning
235(8)
In Theory 9.1 Ethical Persuasion and the Universal Audience
243(1)
Developing Subpoints to Motivate Your Audience
243(5)
Emotional Appeals
244(1)
Appeals to Fear
245(1)
Cost-Benefit Arguments
246(1)
Foot-in-the-Door and Door-in-the-Face Strategies
247(1)
Organizing Main Points and Subpoints to Persuade Your Audience
248(4)
Two-Sided Arguments
248(1)
Motivated-Sequence Format
249(2)
Comparative-Advantage Format
251(1)
Pulling It All Together: Aiding Understanding, Proving Facts, and Motivating Your Audience
252(10)
Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts
253(3)
Speech Grid Application: The Evolution of a Speech Grid
256(6)
Language and Speech
262(22)
The Significance of Language and Word Choice
264(3)
Denotative Meaning
265(1)
Connotative Meaning
266(1)
Spoken Language and the Audience
266(1)
Presenting Your Message Clearly
267(5)
Use Understandable Language
267(3)
Use Concrete Words
270(1)
Use Words Properly
270(1)
Use Concise Language
271(1)
Expressing Your Ideas Creatively
272(4)
Use Repetition
272(1)
Use Hypothetical Examples
273(1)
Use Personal Examples
273(1)
Use Vivid Language to Convey Imagery
274(1)
Use Similes and Metaphors
275(1)
Choosing Appropriate Language
276(8)
Avoid Negative Stereotypes
276(1)
In Theory 10.1 Labels, Stereotypes, and Identity
277(1)
Use Gender-Neutral References
278(1)
Use Appropriate References to Ethnic Groups
279(1)
Avoid Unnecessary References to Ethnicity, Gender, Sexuality, or Religion
279(1)
Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts
280(2)
Speech Grid Application: The Evolution of a Speech Grid
282(2)
Delivery Skills
284(28)
The Importance of Good Delivery
286(1)
Modes of Delivery
286(4)
Reading from a Script
287(1)
Memorization from a Script
288(1)
Speaking from an Outline
289(1)
Nonverbal Communication and Delivery Skills
290(14)
How You Speak
290(7)
How You Communicate with Your Body
297(6)
In Theory 11.1 Space and Public Speaking
303(1)
Delivery Skills and Audience Analysis
304(2)
Polished Delivery and Truthfulness: Ethical Implications
306(6)
Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts
307(2)
Speech Grid Application: The Evolution of a Speech Grid
309(3)
Audiovisual Aids
312(26)
Seeing (and Hearing) Is Believing
314(1)
Types of Audiovisual Aids
314(9)
The Speaker as Audiovisual Aid
314(1)
Physical Objects as Visual Aids
315(1)
Assistants as Audiovisual Aids
316(1)
Maps, Charts, Graphs, Drawings, and Photographs as Visual Aids
317(3)
Computer Technology and Visual Aids
320(1)
In Theory 12.1 Using Microsoft PowerPoint for Your Audiovisual Aids
321(2)
Technology and Audio Aids
323(1)
Audience Analysis and the Selection of Audiovisual Aids
323(2)
Forum
323(1)
Demographics
324(1)
Prior Exposure
324(1)
Advantages Offered by Audiovisual Aids
325(1)
Audiovisual Aids Can Make a Dull or Boring Presentation More Interesting
325(1)
Audiovisual Aids Can Simplify a Complex Speech Message
326(1)
Audiovisual Aids Build Audience Retention of the Speech Message
326(1)
Rules for Preparing Audiovisual Aids
326(2)
Be Sure That the Audivisual Aid Supports Your Point
326(1)
Consider Your Audience Analysis When Deciding What Audivisual Aids You Will Use
326(1)
Make Sure Your Audio Aid Is Loud and Clear
326(1)
Make Sure Your Visual Aid Is Large Enough to Be Seen
327(1)
Make Sure Your Visual Aid Is Legible and Easily Understood
327(1)
Follow the Rules of Contrast
327(1)
Keep the Message of the Audiovisual Aid Simple
328(1)
Do Not Create the Audiovisual Aid While You Speak
328(1)
Rules for Delivering Audiovisual Aids
328(3)
Make Sure Your Audiovisual Aid Is Accessible to Everyone in Your Audience
328(1)
Control Audience Interaction with Your Audiovisual Aid
328(2)
Do Not Use the Visual Aid as an Excuse to Avoid Looking at Your Audience
330(1)
Remember the Role That the Audiovisual Aid Plays in Your Speech
330(1)
The Power of Audiovisual Aids: Ethical Implications
331(7)
Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts
333(3)
Speech Grid Application: the Evolution of a Speech Grid
336(2)
Speaking beyond the Speech Classroom
338(31)
Communicating in Small Groups
340(8)
Types of Leaders
341(2)
Roles within a Small Group
343(3)
Working in a Small Group
346(2)
Public Speaking in and to Small Groups
348(6)
Speaking to a Group as a Nonmember
348(1)
Speaking to a Group as a Member
349(2)
Making a Group Presentation
351(3)
Examples of Public Speaking beyond the Speech Classroom
354(15)
Other Speech Contexts
354(3)
Examples of Speeches with Specific Rhetorical Purposes
357(1)
In Theory 13.1 Videoconferencing and Presentations
357(7)
Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts
364(5)
PART TWO Guides to Public Speaking
369(19)
Guide to Informative Speaking
370(18)
Speeches
371(13)
Translocation and Animal Instincts
371(3)
Chad Meyer
Analyzing the Characteristics of Informative Speeches
374(1)
Planning Your Informative Speech
375(1)
Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chatrooms
376(3)
Amanda J. List
Analyzing the Characteristics of Informative Speeches
379(1)
Planning Your Informative Speech
379(1)
Lessons for the Disabled---Adapting to Change While Holding on to Values
380(3)
Sue Suter
Analyzing the Characteristics of Informative Speeches
383(1)
Planning Your Informative Speech
384(1)
Summary: Key Features of Informative Speeches
384(4)
Informative Speeches Need Well-Conceived Organization
385(1)
Informative Speeches Should Clarify and Simplify Messages for an Audience
385(1)
Informative Speeches Should Use Techniques That Increase Audience Retention of the Message
386(1)
Informative Speeches Should Always Be Audience Centered
387(1)
Preparing Your Informative Speech: A Five-Step Process
388(39)
The Speech Assignment
388(1)
Inventing Your Speech
388(7)
Analyze Your Audience
388(1)
Select and Refine Your Topic
389(2)
Generate Ideas to Support Your Topic Statement
391(2)
Select the Best Ideas to Support Your Topic Statement
393(2)
Organizing Your Speech
395(3)
Outline the Body of Your Informative Speech
395(1)
Outline the Introduction and Conclusion
396(1)
Incorporate Transitions and Signposts
397(1)
Using Effective Style
398(1)
Refining and Practicing Your Informative Speech
399(2)
Review the Outline from a Critical Perspective
399(1)
Prepare for Extemporaneous Delivery
400(1)
Delivering Your Speech
401(5)
Minimize Speech Anxiety
401(1)
Deliver Your Informative Speech
402(1)
Learn from Your Informative Speech
403(1)
Summary • Checklist
403(3)
Guide to Persuasive Speaking
406(21)
Speeches
407(17)
``Extra Credit'' You Can Live Without
408(4)
Anna Martinez
Analyzing the Characteristics of Persuasive Speeches
412(1)
Planning Your Persuasive Speech
413(1)
Without Liberty and Justice for All
414(4)
Enrique Morales
Analyzing the Characteristics of Persuasive Speeches
418(1)
Planning Your Persuasive Speech
419(1)
The Rise in Hate Crime: Anti-Immigration Policy
420(3)
Deval Patrick
Analyzing the Characteristics of Persuasive Speeches
423(1)
Planning Your Persuasive Speech
424(1)
Summary: Key Features of Persuasive Speeches
424(3)
Persuasive Speeches Advocate That the Audience Adopt a Specific Point of View or Take a Specific Action
424(1)
Persuasive Speeches Attempt to Influence the Audience through Evidence, Reasoning, and Persuasive Language
425(1)
Persuasive Speeches Can Be Developed through Different Combinations of Main Points
425(1)
Persuasive Speeches Should Be Developed with the Audience in Mind
425(2)
Preparing Your Persuasive Speech: A Five-Step Process
427(33)
The Speech Assignment
427(1)
Inventing Your Speech
427(7)
Analyze Your Audience
427(1)
Select and Refine Your Topic
428(1)
Generate Ideas to Support Your Thesis
429(3)
Select the Best Ideas to Support Your Thesis
432(2)
Organizing Your Speech
434(4)
Outline the Body of Your Persuasive Speech
434(2)
Outline the Introduction and Conclusion
436(1)
Incorporate Transitions and Signposts
437(1)
Using Effective Style
438(1)
Refining and Practicing Your Persuasive Speech
439(3)
Review the Outline from a Critical Perspective
439(2)
Prepare for Extemporaneous Delivery
441(1)
Delivering Your Speech
442(4)
Minimize Speech Anxiety
442(1)
Deliver Your Persuasive Speech
443(1)
Learn from Your Persuasive Speech
443(1)
Summary • Checklist
444(2)
Guide to Special Occasion Speaking
446(14)
Speeches
448(10)
My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton
448(1)
Lillian Gentz
Analyzing the Characteristics of Special Occasion Speeches
449(1)
Planning Your Special Occasion Speech
450(1)
A Woman's Place
451(2)
Naomi Wolf
Analyzing the Characteristics of Special Occasion Speeches
453(1)
Planning Your Special Occasion Speech
454(1)
Eulogy at the Funeral of Yitzhak Rabin
455(1)
Noa Ben Artzi-Pelossof
Analyzing the Characteristics of Special Occasion Speeches
456(1)
Planning Your Special Occasion Speech
457(1)
Summary: Key Features of Special Occasion Speeches
458(2)
The Content of a Special Occasion Speech Is Appropriate for the Occasion
458(1)
Appeals to Pathos Are a Hallmark of Special Occasion Speeches
458(1)
Special Occasion Speeches Place Greater Reliance on Narratives and Anecdotes as Supporting Materials, Although Evidence Remains Important
458(1)
Special Occasion Speeches Retain Organization and Structure
459(1)
Preparing Your Special Occasion Speech: A Five-Step Process
460(38)
The Speech Assignment
460(1)
Inventing Your Speech
460(9)
Analyze Your Audience
460(1)
Select and Refine Your Topic
460(4)
Generate Ideas to Support Your Topic
464(2)
Select the Best Ideas to Develop Your Topic
466(3)
Organizing Your Speech
469(4)
Outline the Body of Your Special Occasion Speech
469(2)
Outline the Introduction and Conclusion
471(1)
Incorporate Transitions and Signposts
472(1)
Using Effective Style
473(1)
Refining and Practicing Your Special Occasion Speech
474(2)
Review the Outline from a Critical Perspective
474(2)
Prepare for Extemporaneous Delivery
476(1)
Delivering Your Speech
476(6)
Minimize Speech Anxiety
476(1)
Deliver Your Special Occasion Speech
477(1)
Learn from Your Special Occasion Speech
478(1)
Summary • Checklist
478(4)
Guide to Impromptu Speaking
482(16)
Speeches
483(11)
Wait Until Your Father Gets Home!
484(1)
Amy Kate O'Brien
Analyzing the Characteristics of Impromptu Speeches
485(1)
Planning Your Impromptu Speech
486(1)
Should Possession of Marijuana Be Decriminalized?
487(2)
Frederick Garvin
Analyzing the Characteristics of Impromptu Speeches
489(1)
Planning Your Impromptu Speech
490(1)
Protecting Your Children on the Internet, Impromptu Answer
491(1)
Joseph Thomas
Analyzing the Characteristics of Impromptu Speeches
492(2)
Planning Your Impromptu Speech
494(1)
Summary: Key Features of Impromptu Speeches
494(4)
Impromptu Speaking Requires Audience Analysis
494(1)
Impromptu Speaking Requires Clear Structure
495(1)
Impromptu Speaking Requires Clear Signposting
495(1)
Impromptu Speaking Requires That You Present a Clear Thesis or Topic Statement---One That Makes Sense at Both the Beginning and the End of the Speech
496(1)
It Is All Right to Reword and Bridge in Impromptu Speaking
496(1)
Effective Impromptu Speaking Makes Use of the Technique of Short Answer/Long Answer
497(1)
Expectations for Impromptu Speaking Are Different from Those for Prepared Speaking
497(1)
Preparing Your Impromptu Speech: A Three-Part Process
498(8)
The Speech Assignment
498(1)
Inventing Your Speech
498(2)
Determine the True Meaning of the Topic or Question
498(1)
Determine Your Position on the Topic or Question
499(1)
Decide What Reasons and/or Examples Support Your Position
499(1)
Determining the Content of Your Speech
500(3)
Structuring the Message and Invention
500(1)
Rewording or Bridging
501(1)
Situational Audience Analysis
502(1)
Delivering Your Speech
503(3)
The Relationship of Structure and Retention
503(1)
The Relationship of Structure and Speech Symmetry
503(1)
Summary • Checklist
504(2)
Appendix A Sample Full-Text Outlines, Key-Word Outlines, and Grids506(20)
Appendix B A Short Guide to MLA and APA Citation Formats526(11)
Index537

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