Introduction / 1

C H A P T E R O N E : Urbanization, the Technological Revolution, and the Rise of Sport 13

Urban Reform and the Ideology of Sport / 16

Sport and Urban Space / 22

Sport and the Promotion of Public Pride / 28

The Technological Revolution and the Rise of Sport / 30

Sport and the Communications Revolution / 30

Sport and the Transportation Revolution / 35

Lights, Camera, Action / 38

Technological Innovations and Sports Equipment / 39

Conclusion / 44

CHAPTER TWO: Sport and Class 45

Sport and the American Elite / 47

The Elite Sports Club / 50

Thoroughbred Racing and the Jockey Clubs / 51

The Athletic Club / 53

Women and the Elite Sports Clubs / 56

The Country Club / 57

Sport and the Middle Class / 59

Middle-Class Sports Clubs / 63

Middle-Class Women / 67

Working-Class Sport / 70

The Working-Class Saloon / 75

Track-and-Field / 77

Blue-Collar Baseball / 79

Industrial Sport / 81

Working-Class Women’s Sport / 84

Conclusion / 85

C H A P T E R T H R E E : Sport, Ethnicity, and Race 87

The Old Immigrants / 88

British Americans / 88

Irish Americans / 90

German Americans / 99

The New Immigrants / 103

Jewish Americans / 105

Native Americans / 112

African Americans / 114

Asian Americans / 122

Conclusion / 123

C H A P T E R F O U R : Sport and the Educational Process 125

Sport and Higher Education / 126

Men’s Intercollegiate Athletics / 126

Football: The Big Game / 129

The Football Crisis of 1905–1906 and the Rise of the NCAA / 137

Women’s Collegiate Athletics / 141

Secondary School Sport / 144

Adult-Directed Youth Sport / 147

Conclusion / 152

C H A P T E R F I V E : Baseball and the Rise of Professional Sport 153

Thoroughbred Racing / 159

The Racetracks / 159

Reformers Close the Tracks / 162

Professional Baseball / 166

The Rise of the National League / 168

Baseball in the Early Twentieth Century / 175

The Ballparks / 181

The Ballplayers / 186

The Game in the Dead Ball Era / 186

The Black Sox Scandal / 189

Conclusion / 192

C H A P T E R S I X : American Sport in the International Arena 195

The Cultural Diffusion of Sport / 196

Sports and the Borderlands / 198

The Baseball Tours / 201

Hawaii / 205

China / 206

Japan / 208

The Philippines and American Imperialism / 212

American Sport in the Caribbean / 215

Cuba / 215

The United States and the Olympic Games / 219

The 1900 and 1904 Olympics and the Intercalated Games of 1906 / 221

The London Olympics of 1908 / 227

The 1912 Olympics at Stockholm / 228

The Inter-Allied Games and the 1920 Olympics / 230

Conclusion / 231

Bibliographical Essay / 234

Index / 273

Photographs follow pages 44 and 194

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