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Sources and Control of Air Pollution

by: Heinsohn, R.J.; Kabel, R. L.

Sources and Control of Air Pollution

by: Heinsohn, R.J.; Kabel, R. L.

ISBN 13:
9780136248347
ISBN 10:
0136248349
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 07/06/1998
Publisher: Pearson

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Summary

The objectives of this engineering textbook are to (1) provide a thorough understanding of natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution and (2) introduce ways that pollution can be prevented or minimized by the application of pollution control practices. Control practices are described by mass and energy balances that relate removal efficiency to process input parameters. Presented in this way, future engineers can alter the design and operation of industrial processes to minimize the emission of pollutants rather than focusing solely on the capture of pollutants after they are generated. yuml;

Preface

xii

PART I Setting the Stage

(86)

1. Introduction

(56)

1.1 Prevention and Control of Air Pollution,

(3)

1.2 Voluntary and Involuntary Risks,

(3)

1.3 Risk Management and Assessment

(8)

1.4 Liability

(1)

1.5 Pollution Control Systems

(9)

1.6 Fundamental Calculations

(6)

1.7 Rate Concepts

(2)

1.8 Chemical Equilibrium

(8)

1.9 Chemical Kinetics

(3)

1.10 Chemical Equilibrium and Steady State

(2)

1.11 Professional Literature

(1)

1.12 Closure

(1)

Nomenclature

(1)

References

(2)

Problems

(6)

2. ECOLOGY AND EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

(30)

2.1 Biological Diversity

(1)

2.2 Exponential Growth

(7)

2.3 Population Growth and Energy Consumption

(5)

2.4 Climate

(1)

2.5 Lumped-Parameter Radiation Model

(2)

2.6 Greenhouse Effect

(4)

2.7 Interaction between Oceans and Atmosphere

(2)

2.8 Closure

(1)

Nomenclature

(1)

References

(1)

Problems

(5)

PART II Basics and Constraints

(192)

3. AIR POLLUTION LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS

(38)

3.1 Legislative Record

(11)

3.2 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990: Alternatives RACT and MACT

100

(10)

3.3 Rule-Making

110

(1)

3.4 Electronic Bulletin Boards

111

(1)

3.5 State Regulations

112

(6)

3.6 Hazardous Chemicals

118

(3)

3.7 ISO 14000

121

(1)

3.8 Closure

122

(1)

Nomenclature

122

(1)

References

123

(1)

Problems

124

(3)

4. EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

127

(60)

4.1 Physiology

127

(10)

4.2 Respiratory Fluid Mechanics

137

(8)

4.3 Analytical Models of Heat and Mass Transfer

145

(14)

4.4 Toxicology

159

(9)

4.5 Dose-response Characteristics

168

(8)

4.6 Risk Analysis

176

(3)

4.7 Closure

179

(1)

Nomenclature

180

(2)

References

182

(3)

Problems

185

(2)

5. AESTHETICS

187

(30)

5.1 Acid Rain

187

(1)

5.2 Vegetation

188

(4)

5.3 Soil

192

(1)

5.4 Bodies of Water

192

(3)

5.5 Surface Deterioration

195

(3)

5.6 Visibility

198

(3)

5.7 Plume Opacity

201

(5)

5.8 Odors

206

(1)

5.9 Noise

207

(4)

5.10 Closure

211

(1)

Nomenclature

212

(1)

References

213

(2)

Problems

215

(2)

6. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICALS: SOURCES, REACTIONS, TRANSPORT, AND SINKS

217

(64)

6.1 Nature and Composition of the Atmosphere

218

(3)

6.2 Biogenic and Anthropogenic Sources of Pollutants

221

(2)

6.3 Natural Removal of Pollutants

223

(2)

6.4 Carbon Cycle

225

(3)

6.5 Sulfur Cycle

228

(1)

6.6 Nitrogen Cycle

228

(2)

6.7 Other Chemical Species

230

(10)

6.8 Atmospheric Chemistry of Inorganic Species: Acid Rain

240

(2)

6.9 Atmospheric Chemistry of Organic Species

242

(12)

6.10 Atrhospheric and Interfacial Transport

254

(4)

6.11 Interfacial Equilibrium

258

(10)

6.12 Closure

268

(1)

Nomenclature

269

(1)

References

270

(4)

Problems

274

(7)

PART III Engineering

281

(371)

7. FORMATION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTANTS IN COMBUSTION SYSTEMS

281

(48)

7.1 Combustion Devices and Power Cycles

281

(8)

7.2 Free-Radical Chemistry in Flames

289

(7)

7.3 Formation of Carbon Oxides

296

(4)

7.4 Formation of Nitrogen Oxides

300

(8)

7.5 Formation of Sulfur Oxides

308

(4)

7.6 Unburned Hydrocarbons

312

(1)

7.7 Combustion Controls for Reciprocating Engines

313

(6)

7.8 Combustion Controls for Stationary Combustors

319

(1)

7.9 Fluidized-Bed Combustion

320

(4)

7.10 Closure

324

(1)

Nomenclature

324

(1)

References

325

(1)

Problems

326

(3)

8. UNCONTROLLED POLLUTANT EMISSION RATES

329

(57)

8.1 Introduction

329

(1)

8.2 Measurements of Process Gas Streams

330

(2)

8.3 Pollutant Material Balance

332

(4)

8.4 AP-42 Emission Factors

336

(1)

8.5 Empirical Equations

337

(1)

8.6 Evaporation and Diffusion

338

(4)

8.7 Diffusion through Stagnant Air

342

(4)

8.8 Evaporation of Single-Component Liquids

346

(4)

8.9 Single-Film Theory for Multicomponent Liquids

350

(4)

8.10 Two-Film Evaporation of Multicomponent Liquids

354

(7)

8.11 Evaporation in Confined Spaces

361

(1)

8.12 Drop Evaporation

362

(5)

8.13 Leaks

367

(9)

8.14 Closure

376

(1)

Nomenclature

377

(2)

References

379

(2)

Problems

381

(5)

9. ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION

386

(52)

9.1 Box Model

386

(3)

9.2 Global Atmospheric Circulation

389

(8)

9.3 Lapse Rate

397

(4)

9.4 Atmospheric Stability

401

(4)

9.5 Wind-Speed Profiles

405

(2)

9.6 Mixing Height

407

(1)

9.7 Actual Atmospheric Temperature Variations

408

(1)

9.8 Appearance of Plumes

409

(4)

9.9 Gaussian Plume Model

413

(10)

9.10 Plume Rise

423

(3)

9.11 Building Exhaust Stacks

426

(2)

9.12 Instantaneous Point Source: Puff Diffusion

428

(3)

9.13 Continuous Elevated Line Sources

431

(1)

9.14 Numerical Dispersion Models

431

(1)

9.15 Closure

431

(1)

Nomenclature

432

(2)

References

434

(1)

Problems

435

(3)

10. CAPTURING GASES AND VAPORS

438

(77)

10.1 Condensation

439

(1)

10.2 Adsorption

440

(13)

10.3 Absorption

453

(18)

10.4 Absorption and Chemical Reaction

471

(3)

10.5 Thermal Oxidation Processes

474

(8)

10.6 Summary of Operational Costs of Three Methods to Remove Diethylamine

482

(1)

10.7 Thermal Reduction of NO(x)

482

(3)

10.8 Flue Gas Desulfurization

485

(3)

10.9 Bioscrubbers, Biofilters, and Trickle-Bed Reactors

488

(11)

10.10 Ultraviolet-Ozone Oxidation

499

(6)

10.11 Supercritical Water Oxidation

505

(2)

10.12 Closure

507

(1)

Nomenclature

508

(2)

References

510

(3)

Problems

513

(2)

11. MOTION OF PARTICLES

515

(52)

11.1 Drag

515

(3)

11.2 Physical Properties of Aerosols

518

(14)

11.3 Overall Collection Efficiency

532

(4)

11.4 Equations of Particle Motion

536

(3)

11.5 Freely Falling Particles in Quiescent Media

539

(4)

11.6 Horizontal Motion in Quiescent Air

543

(1)

11.7 Gravimetric Settling in Chambers

544

(1)

11.8 Gravimetric Settling in Ducts

545

(4)

11.9 Clouds

549

(3)

11.10 Stokes Number

552

(1)

11.11 Inertial Deposition in Curved Ducts

553

(5)

11.12 Closure

558

(1)

Nomenclature

558

(2)

References

560

(1)

Problems

561

(6)

12. CAPTURING PARTICLES

567

(60)

12.1 Cyclone Collectors

567

(8)

12.2 Impaction between Moving Particles

575

(16)

12.3 Filtration

591

(17)

12.4 Electrostatic Precipitators

608

(9)

12.5 Engineering Design: Selecting and Sizing Particle Collectors

617

(2)

12.6 Closure

619

(1)

Nomenclature

619

(3)

References

622

(1)

Problems

623

(4)

13. COST OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS

627

(25)

13.1 Total Initial Cost and Total Annual Cost

628

(4)

13.2 Utility Costs

632

(2)

13.3 Fabric Filters

634

(3)

13.4 Electrostatic Precipitator

637

(3)

13.5 Comparison of Costs to Remove Particles from the Exhaust of a Lime Kiln

640

(1)

13.6 Carbon Adsorber

640

(3)

13.7 Scrubbers

643

(3)

13.8 Thermal Oxidizers

646

(2)

13.9 Comparison of Costs to Remove Diethylamine

648

(1)

13.10 Closure

649

(1)

Nomenclature

649

(2)

References

651

(1)

Problems

651

(1)

APPENDIX

652

(28)

Table A-1.1 AP-42 Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Bituminous and Subbituminous Coal Furnaces

652

(1)

Table A-1.2 AP-42 Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Anthracite Furnaces

653

(1)

Table A-1.3 AP-42 Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Emissions from Fuel Oil Furnaces

653

(1)

Table A-1.4 AP-42 Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Emissions from Natural Gas Furnaces

653

(1)

Table A-1.5 AP-42 Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Refuse Incinerators

654

(1)

Table A-2.1 AP-42 Emissions From Aircraft

654

(1)

Table A-2.2 AP-42 Emission Factors for Gasoline and Diesel Industrial Engines (20-250 HP)

655

(1)

Table A-2.3 Emission Factors for Automobiles and Trucks

655

(1)

Table A-3.1 AP-42 Hydrocarbon Emissions for Loading and Transportation of Liquid Petroleum Products

656

(1)

Table A-3.2 AP-42 Emission Factors for Fugitive Nonmethane Hydrocarbons From Piping Systems

656

(1)

Table A-4.1 AP-42 Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Metallurgical Processes

657

(1)

Table A-5.1 AP-42 Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Emissions From Mineral Processes

658

(3)

Table A-6.1 AP-42 Emission Factors for Fugitive Emissions From Vehicles Traveling On Roadways

661

(1)

Table A-7 Emission Factors for Indoor Processes, Activities, and Furnishings

662

(2)

Table A-8 Henry's Law Constants (H') and Diffusion Coefficients of Pollutants in Air and Water

664

(3)

Table A-9 Critical Temperature, Pressure, and PEL values for Common Pollutants

667

(1)

Table A-10 Thermophysical Properties of Air and Water

668

(1)

Table A-11 Odor Threshold and OSHA PEL Values for Common Industrial Materials

669

(4)

Table A-12 Vapor Pressure and OSHA PEL Values for Industrial Volatile Liquids

673

(2)

Table A-13 Fresh Air Requirements for Ventilation

675

(2)

Table A-14 Modified Euler Method

676

Table A-15 S. I. Prefixes, Factors, and Symbols

677

(1)

Table A-16 Common Physical Constants and Conversions

677

(3)

INDEX

680

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Sources and Control of Air Pollution

Sources and Control of Air Pollution

9780136248347

0136248349

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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