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Social Research Methods : Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

ISBN: 9780205193561 | 0205193560
Edition: 3rd
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 8/1/1996

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SummaryTable of ContentsAuthor Biography
W. Lawrence Neuman's highly regarded text presents a more balanced, comprehensive introduction to both qualitative and quantitative approaches to social research, emphasizing the benefits of combining various approaches. Book jacket.
Preface to the Third Editionxi
Preface to the Second Editionxiii
PART I SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY
Science and Research
1(17)
... MORE
Introduction
1(1)
Alternatives to Social Research
2(3)
Authority
2(1)
Tradition
3(1)
Common Sense
3(1)
Media Myths
3(1)
Personal Experience
4(1)
How Science Works
5(5)
Science
5(2)
The Scientific Community
7(1)
The Norms of the Scientific Community
8(1)
The Scientific Method and Attitude
9(1)
Journal Articles in Science
9(1)
Science as a Transformative Process
10(1)
Steps of the Research Process
10(4)
The Steps
10(1)
Examples
11(3)
Qualitative and Quantitative Social Research
14(1)
Why Conduct Social Research?
15(1)
Conclusion
15(1)
Key Terms
16(1)
Review Questions
16(1)
Notes
16(1)
Recommended Readings
17(1)
Dimensions of Research
18(18)
Introduction
18(1)
Dimensions of Research
18(12)
The Purpose of a Study
18(3)
The Use of Research
21(7)
The Time Dimension in Research
28(2)
Data Collection Techniques Used
30(4)
Quantitative Data
30(2)
Qualitative Data
32(2)
Conclusion
34(1)
Key Terms
34(1)
Review Questions
34(1)
Notes
35(1)
Recommended Readings
35(1)
Theory and Research
36(24)
Introduction
36(1)
What Is Theory?
37(1)
Social Theory versus Ideology
37(2)
The Parts of Theory
39(6)
Concepts
39(4)
Relationships
43(1)
Scope
44(1)
Fact versus Theory
45(1)
Theories
46(10)
Direction
46(1)
Level of Theory
47(1)
Formal and Substantive Theories
48(1)
Forms of Explanation
48(7)
Theoretical Frameworks
55(1)
Theory and Research: The Dynamic Duo
56(2)
Conclusion
58(1)
Key Terms
58(1)
Review Questions
58(1)
Notes
59(1)
Recommended Readings
59(1)
The Meanings of Methodology
60(28)
Introduction
60(1)
The Three Approches
61(2)
Positivist Social Science
63(4)
The Questions
63(4)
Summary
67(1)
Interpretive Social Science
67(6)
The Questions
68(5)
Summary
73(1)
Critical Social Science
73(7)
The Questions
74(6)
Summary
80(1)
Feminist and Postmodern Research
80(2)
Conclusion
82(3)
Key Terms
85(1)
Review Questions
85(1)
Notes
86(1)
Recommended Readings
86(2)
Reading Other People's Research
88(18)
Introduction
88(1)
Why Conduct a Literature Review?
89(2)
Where Do I Find the Research Literature?
91(4)
Scholarly Journals
91(2)
Books
93(2)
Dissertations
95(1)
Government Documents
95(1)
Policy Reports and Presented Papers
95(1)
How to Conduct a Systematic Review
95(6)
Define and Refine a Topic
95(1)
Design a Search
96(1)
Locate Research Reports
96(4)
What to Record
100(1)
Organize Notes
100(1)
Write the Review
101(1)
What Does a Good Review Look Like Once It Is Written?
101(1)
Conclusion
101(3)
Key Terms
104(1)
Review Questions
104(1)
Note
104(1)
Recommended Readings
104(2)
PART II RESEARCH USING QUANTITATIVE DATA
Quantitative Research Designs
106(25)
Introduction to Positivist Research
106(1)
Learning the Language of Variables and Hypotheses
107(12)
What Is a Variable?
107(1)
Causal Relationships and Hypotheses
108(5)
Other Aspects of Explanation
113(6)
Selecting and Refining Research Topics
119(5)
Selecting a Topic
119(1)
From a Topic to a Specific Research Question
119(4)
From the Research Question to Hypotheses
123(1)
Where Is The Theory?
123(1)
Example Studies
124(4)
Experiment
124(2)
Survey Research
126(1)
Content Analysis
126(1)
Existing Statistics
127(1)
Conclusion
128(1)
Key Terms
128(1)
Review Questions
129(1)
Notes
129(1)
Recommended Readings
129(2)
Quantitative Social Science Measurement
131(45)
Introduction
132(1)
Why Measure?
132(1)
Measures Extend Our Senses
132(1)
Parts of the Measurement Process
133(1)
Measurement and Research Design
133(5)
Conceptualization
133(3)
Operationalization
136(2)
Realiability and Validity
138(7)
Reliability
138(3)
Validity
141(4)
Other Uses of the Terms Reliable and Valid
145(1)
Relationship between Reliability and Validity
145(1)
Levels of Measurement
146(2)
Continuous and Discrete Variables
146(1)
Four Levels
147(1)
Introduction to Measurement Theory
148(2)
The Principle of Heterogeneous Observation
150(2)
Replication
150(1)
Triangulation
151(1)
Specialized Measures: Scales and Indexes
152(2)
Indexes and Scales
152(1)
Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Attributes
152(1)
Unidimensionality
153(1)
Index Construction
154(3)
The Purpose
154(1)
Weighting
155(1)
Missing Data
156(1)
Rates and Standardization
157(1)
Scales
157(11)
The Purpose
157(2)
Logic of Scaling
159(1)
Commonly Used Scales
159(9)
Social Indicators
168(1)
Specialized Techniques for Index and Scale Construction
169(3)
Factor Analysis
170(1)
Q-Sort Analysis
170(1)
Cluster Analysis
171(1)
Conclusion
172(1)
Key Terms
172(1)
Review Questions
173(1)
Notes
173(1)
Recommended Readings
174(2)
Experimental Research
176(25)
Introduction and Short History
176(3)
Research Questions Appropriate for an Experiment
177(1)
A Short History of the Experiment in Social Research
178(1)
Random Assignment
179(1)
Why Randomly Assign?
179(1)
How to Randomly Assign
180(1)
Matching versus Random Assignment
180(1)
Experimental Design Logic
180(10)
The Language of Experiments
180(4)
Design Notation
184(1)
Types of Design
185(5)
Internal and External Validity
190(5)
The Logic of Internal Validity
190(1)
Threats to Internal Validity
190(2)
External Validity and Field Experiments
192(3)
Practical Considerations
195(1)
Planning and Pilot Tests
195(1)
Instructions to Subjects
195(1)
Postexperiment Interview
195(1)
Results of Experimental Research: Making Comparisons
195(1)
A Word on Ethics
196(1)
Conclusion
196(2)
Key Terms
198(1)
Review Questions
198(1)
Notes
199(1)
Recommended Readings
199(2)
Sampling
201(26)
Introduction
201(1)
Types of Sampling
201(20)
Why Sample?
201(1)
Populations, Elements, and Sampling Frames
202(2)
Nonprobability Sampling
204(4)
Probability Sampling
208(13)
How Large Should My Sample Be?
221(1)
Drawing Inferences
222(2)
Conclusion
224(1)
Key Terms
225(1)
Review Questions
225(1)
Notes
225(1)
Recommended Readings
226(1)
Survey Research
227(43)
Introduction
227(4)
Research Questions Appropriate for a Survey
228(1)
A History of Survey Research
228(3)
The Logic of Survey Research
231(2)
What Is a Survey?
231(1)
Steps in Conducting a Survey
231(2)
Constructing the Questionnaire
233(18)
Principles of Good Question Writing
233(4)
Aiding Respondent Recall
237(1)
Types of Questions and Response Categories
237(3)
Open versus Closed Questions
240(4)
Wording Issues
244(1)
Questionnaire Design Issues
245(6)
Types of Surveys: Advantages and Disadvantages
251(3)
Mail and Self-Administered Questionnaires
251(1)
Telephone Interviews
252(1)
Face-to-Face Interviews
253(1)
Special Situations
253(1)
Costs
253(1)
Interviewing
254(10)
The Role of the Interviewer
254(3)
Stages of an Interview
257(1)
Training Interviewers
257(2)
Interviewer Bias
259(1)
Cultural Meanings and Survey Interviews
260(3)
Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing
263(1)
The Ethical Survey
264(1)
Conclusion
265(1)
Key Terms
265(1)
Review Questions
266(1)
Notes
266(3)
Recommended Readings
269(1)
Nonreactive Research and Available Data
270(24)
Introduction
270(1)
Nonreactive Measurement
271(1)
The Logic of Nonreactive Research
271(1)
Varieties of Nonreactive or Unobtrusive Observation
271(1)
Recording and Documentation
271(1)
Content Analysis
272(9)
What Is Content Analysis?
272(1)
Topics Appropriate for Content Analysis
273(1)
Measurement and Coding
274(1)
Coding, Validity, and Reliability
275(2)
How to Conduct Analysis Research
277(2)
Inferences
279(2)
Existing Statistics/Documents and Secondary Analysis
281(9)
Topics Appropriate for Existing Statistics Research
281(1)
Locating Data
282(5)
Reliability and Validity
287(3)
Example of Existing Statistics/Documents Research
290(1)
Issues of Inference and Theory Testing
290(1)
Inferences from Nonreactive Data
290(1)
Ethical Concerns
290(1)
Conclusion
291(1)
Key Terms
292(1)
Review Questions
292(1)
Notes
292(1)
Recommended Readings
293(1)
Analyzing Quantitative Data
294(33)
Introduction
294(1)
Dealing with Data
295(2)
Coding Data
295(1)
Entering Data
295(2)
Cleaning Data
297(1)
Results with one Variable
297(7)
Frequency Distributions
297(1)
Measures of Central Tendency
298(2)
Measures of Variation
300(4)
Results with Two Variables
304(8)
A Bivariate Relationship
304(1)
Seeing the Relationship: The Scattergram
304(3)
Bivariate Tables
307(5)
Measures of Association
312(1)
More Than Two Variables
312(8)
Statistical Control
312(3)
The Elaboration Model of Percentaged Tables
315(2)
Multiple Regression Analysis
317(3)
Inferential Statistics
320(3)
The Purpose of Inferential Statistics
320(1)
Statistical Significance
320(1)
Levels of Significance
320(1)
Type I and Type II Errors
321(2)
Conclusion
323(1)
Key Terms
324(1)
Review Questions
325(1)
Notes
325(1)
Recommended Readings
325(2)
PART III RESEARCH USING QUALITATIVE DATA
Qualitative Research Design
327(16)
Introduction
327(1)
The Qualitative Orientation
328(3)
Approaching Data
328(1)
A Nonpositivist Perspective
329(1)
A Logic in Practice
330(1)
A Nonlinear Path
330(1)
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
331(4)
The Context Is Critical
331(1)
The Value of the Case Study
331(1)
Researcher Integrity
332(2)
Grounded Theory
334(1)
Process and Sequence
335(1)
Interpretation
335(1)
Complementary Evidence
335(4)
Short Departure to Look at Elite Studies
336(3)
Example Studies
339(2)
Examples of Field Research
339(1)
Examples of Historical-Comparative Study
340(1)
Conclusion
341(1)
Key Terms
341(1)
Review Questions
341(1)
Notes
342(1)
Recommended Readings
342(1)
Field Research
343(38)
Introduction and History of Field Research
343(5)
Research Questions Appropriate for Field Research
344(1)
A Short History of Field Research
345(3)
The Logic of Field Research
348(2)
What Is Field Research?
348(1)
Steps in a Field Research Project
349(1)
Choosing a Site and Gaining Access
350(6)
Selecting a Site
350(2)
Strategy for Entering
352(1)
Entering the Field
353(2)
Building Rapport
355(1)
Relations in the Field
356(5)
Roles in the Field
356(2)
Learning the Ropes
358(2)
Maintaining Relations
360(1)
Observing and Collecting Data
361(10)
Watching and Listening
361(2)
Taking Notes
363(5)
Data Quality
368(2)
Focusing and Sampling
370(1)
The Field Research Interview
371(4)
The Field Interview
371(2)
Life History
373(1)
Types of Questions in Field Interviews
373(1)
Informats
374(1)
Interview Context
375(1)
Leaving the Field
375(1)
Ethical Dilemmas of Field Research
376(1)
Deception
376(1)
Confidentiality
376(1)
Involvement with Deviants
376(1)
The Powerful
376(1)
Publishing Field Reports
377(1)
Conclusion
377(1)
Key Terms
377(1)
Review Questions
378(1)
Notes
378(2)
Recommended Readings
380(1)
Historical-Comparative Research
381(37)
Introduction
381(3)
A Short History of Historical-Comparative Research
382(1)
Research Questions Appropriate for Historical-Comparative Research
383(1)
The Logic of Historical-Comparative Research
384(9)
The Logic of Historical-Comparative Research and Quantitative Research
384(4)
The Logic of Historical-Comparative Research and Interpretive Research
388(1)
A Distinct Historical-Comparative Approach
388(5)
Steps in Historical-Comparative Research Project
393(3)
Conceptualizing the Object of Inquiry
393(1)
Locating Evidence
393(1)
Evaluating Quality of Evidence
394(1)
Organizing Evidence
394(1)
Synthesizing
395(1)
Writing a Report
396(1)
Data and Evidence in Historical Context
396(6)
Types of Historical Evidence
396(2)
Research with Secondary Sources
398(3)
Research with Primary Sources
401(1)
Comparative Research
402(7)
Types of Comparative Research
402(2)
The Units Being Compared
404(2)
Data in Cross-Cultural Research
406(3)
Western Cultural Bias
409(1)
Equivalence in Historical-Comparative Research
409(4)
The Importance of Equivalence
409(1)
Types of Equivalence
410(3)
Ethics
413(1)
Conclusion
413(1)
Key Terms
414(1)
Review Questions
414(1)
Notes
414(2)
Recommended Readings
416(2)
Analyzing Qualitative Data
418(24)
Introduction
418(1)
Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis
419(2)
Similarities
419(1)
Differences
419(1)
Explanations and Qualitative Data
420(1)
Concept Formation
421(5)
Conceptualization in Qualitative Research
421(1)
Coding Qualitative Data
421(3)
Analytic Memo Writing
424(2)
Methods of Qualitative Data Analysis
426(9)
Successive Approximation
427(1)
The Illustrative Method
428(1)
Analytic Comparison
428(1)
Domain Analysis
429(3)
Ideal Types
432(2)
Other Techniques
434(1)
What's Missing, or the Importance of Negative Evidence
435(2)
Negative Evidence
435(2)
Limitation by Omission
437(1)
Diagrams and Other Tools
437(2)
Diagrams and Qualitative Data
437(1)
Outcroppings
438(1)
Conclusion
439(1)
Key Terms
439(1)
Review Questions
440(1)
Notes
440(1)
Recommended Readings
441(1)
PART IV FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Ethical and Political Issues In Social Research
442(77)
Introduction
443(1)
Ethical Concerns and the Individual Researcher
443(2)
The Individual Researcher
443(1)
Why Be Ethical?
443(2)
Power
445(1)
Ethical Issues Involving Research Subjects
445(9)
Origins of Human Subject Protection
445(1)
Physical Harm, Psychological Abuse, Stress, or Legal Jeopardy
446(3)
Deception
449(1)
Informed Consent
450(1)
Special Populations and New Inequalities
450(2)
Privacy, Anonymity, and Confidentiality
452(2)
Ethics and the Scientific Community
454(1)
Ethics and the Sponsors of Research
455(3)
Special Considerations
455(1)
Arriving at Particular Findings
456(1)
Limits on How to Conduct Studies
456(1)
Suppressing Findings
457(1)
Concealing the True Sponsor
458(1)
Effects of the Larger Society or Government
458(7)
Mandated Protections of Subjects
459(1)
Limits on What Can Be Studied
460(2)
Funding as an Influences on the Direction of Research
462(3)
The Dissemination and Use of Research Findings
465(5)
Models of Relevance
466(1)
After Findings Are Published
467(1)
Subject Information as Private Property
468(1)
Findings Influence Future Behavior
468(1)
Academic Freedom
469(1)
Objectivity and Value Freedom
470(2)
Conclusion
472(1)
Key Terms
472(1)
Review Questions
472(1)
Notes
473(1)
Recommended Readings
474(3)
APPENDIXES
Appendix A Codes of Ethics
477(7)
Appendix B A Table of Random Numbers
484(4)
Appendix C The Research Report and Proposals
488(18)
Introduction
488(1)
Why Write the Report?
488(1)
Your Audience
489(1)
Style and Tone
489(1)
The Writing Process
490(1)
Organizing Thoughts
490(1)
Back to the Library
491(1)
The Writing Process
492(1)
Rewriting
493(2)
The Quantitative Research Report
495(1)
Abstract or Executive Summary
495(1)
Presenting the Problem
495(1)
Describing Methods
495(1)
Results and Tables
496(1)
Discussion
496(1)
Drawing Conclusions
496(1)
The Qualitative Research Report
497(1)
Field Research
497(2)
Historical Comparative Research
499(2)
The Research Proposal
501(1)
What Is the Proposal?
501(1)
Proposals to Fund Research
501(2)
Conclusion
503(1)
Key Terms
504(1)
Review Questions
504(1)
Notes
504(1)
Recommended Readings
505(1)
Appendix D Computers In Social Research
506(13)
Introduction
506(1)
A Short History
506(2)
The Microcomputer Revolution
508(2)
How Computers Help the Social Researcher
510(1)
Locating Literature
510(1)
Quantitative Data Analysis
510(2)
Qualitative Data Analysis
512(2)
Communication and Data
514(2)
Writing and Organizing
516(1)
Conclusion
516(1)
Key Terms
517(1)
Review Questions
517(1)
Notes
517(1)
Recommended Readings
517(2)
Bibliography519(27)
Name Index546(4)
Subject Index550
W. Lawrence Neuman: University of Wisconsin at Whitewater

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