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Separation Process Engineering

ISBN: 9780130847898 | 0130847895
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 8/11/2006

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SummaryTable of ContentsAuthor Biography
The Comprehensive Introduction to Standard and Advanced Separation for Every Chemical Engineer"Separation Process Engineering, Second Edition" helps readers thoroughly master both standard equilibrium staged separations and the latest new processes. The author explains key separation process with exceptional clarity, realistic examples, and end-of-chapter simulation exercises using Aspen Plus.The book starts by reviewing core concepts, such as equilibrium and unit operations; then introduces a step-by-step process for solving separation problem... MORE
Prefacexv
Acknowledgmentsxvii
About the Authorxix
Nomenclaturexxi
Chapter 1 Introduction to Separation Process Engineering1(11)
... MORE
1.1. Importance of Separations
1(1)
1.2. Concept of Equilibrium
2(2)
1.3. Mass Transfer
4(1)
1.4. Problem-Solving Methods
5(2)
1.5. Prerequisite Material
7(1)
1.6. Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering
8(1)
1.7. Summary— Objectives
9(1)
References
9(1)
Homework
10(2)
Chapter 2 Flash Distillation12(53)
2.1. Basic Method of Flash Distillation
12(2)
2.2. Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data
14(2)
2.3. Graphical Representation of Binary VLE
16(5)
2.4. Binary Flash Distillation
21(8)
2.4.1. Sequential Solution Procedure
21(6)
Example 2-1. Flash separator for ethanol and water
24(3)
2.4.2. Simultaneous Solution Procedure
27(2)
2.5. Multicomponent VLE
29(5)
2.6. Multicomponent Flash Distillation
34(6)
Example 2-2. Multicomponent flash distillation
37(3)
2.7. Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence
40(5)
Example 2-3. Simultaneous convergence for flash distillation
43(2)
2.8. Size Calculation
45(4)
Example 2-4. Calculation of drum size
47(2)
2.9. Utilizing Existing Flash Drums
49(1)
2.10. Summary— Objectives
50(1)
References
51(1)
Homework
52(7)
Appendix Computer Simulation of Flash Distillation
59(6)
Chapter 3 Introduction to Column Distillation65(21)
3.1. Developing a Distillation Cascade
65(7)
3.2. Distillation Equipment
72(2)
3.3. Specifications
74(2)
3.4. External Column Balances
76(5)
Example 3-1. External balances for binary distillation
79(2)
3.5. Summary— Objectives
81(1)
References
81(1)
Homework
81(5)
Chapter 4 Column Distillation: Internal Stage-by-Stage Balances86(75)
4.1. Internal Balances
86(4)
4.2. Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods
90(7)
Example 4-1. Stage-by-stage calculations by the Lewis method
94(3)
4.3. Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method
97(4)
4.4. Feed Line
101(8)
Example 4-2. Feed line calculations
106(3)
4.5. Complete McCabe-Thiele Method
109(3)
Example 4-3. McCabe-Thiele method
109(3)
4.6. Profiles for Binary Distillation
112(2)
4.7. Open Steam Heating
114(4)
Example 4-4. McCabe-Thiele analysis of open steam heating
114(4)
4.8. General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure
118(7)
Example 4-5. Distillation with two feeds
120(5)
4.9. Other Distillation Column Situations
125(5)
4.9.1. Partial Condensers
125(1)
4.9.2. Total Reboilers
126(1)
4.9.3. Side Streams or Withdrawal Lines
126(2)
4.9.4. Intermediate Reboilers and Intermediate Condensers
128(1)
4.9.5. Stripping and Enriching Columns
129(1)
4.10. Limiting Operating Conditions
130(3)
4.11. Efficiencies
133(2)
4.12. Simulation Problems
135(1)
4.13. New Uses for Old Columns
136(2)
4.14. Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup
138(2)
4.15. Comparisons between Analytical and Graphical Methods
140(2)
4.16. Summary— Objectives
142(1)
References
143(1)
Homework
144(13)
Appendix Computer Simulations for Binary Distillation
157(4)
Chapter 5 Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation161(15)
5.1. Calculational Difficulties
161(6)
Example 5-1. External mass balances using fractional recoveries
164(3)
5.2. Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation
167(5)
5.3. Summary—Objectives
172(1)
References
172(1)
Homework
172(4)
Chapter 6 Exact Calculation Procedures for Multicomponent Distillation176(29)
6.1. Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation
176(2)
6.2. Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form
178(3)
6.3. Initial Guess for Flow Rates
181(1)
6.4. Bubble-Point Calculations
181(3)
Example 6-1. Bubble-point temperature
183(1)
6.5. theta-Method of Convergence
184(7)
Example 6-2. Matrix calculation and theta-convergence
186(5)
6.6. Energy Balances in Matrix Form
191(3)
6.7. Summary—Objectives
194(1)
References
195(1)
Homework
195(5)
Appendix Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation
200(5)
Chapter 7 Approximate Shortcut Methods for Multicomponent Distillation205(20)
7.1. Total Reflux: Fenske Equation
205(5)
Example 7-1. Fenske equation
209(1)
7.2. Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations
210(5)
Example 7-2. Underwood equations
214(1)
7.3. Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux Ratio
215(4)
Example 7-3. Gilliland correlation
217(2)
7.4. Summary—Objectives
219(1)
References
219(1)
Homework
220(5)
Chapter 8 Introduction to Complex Distillation Methods225(51)
8.1. Breaking Azeotropes with Other Separators
225(2)
8.2. Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes
227(7)
8.2.1. Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropes
227(3)
8.2.2. Drying Organic Compounds That Are Partially Miscible with Water
230(10)
Example 8-1. Drying benzene by distillation
232(2)
8.3. Steam Distillation
234(4)
Example 8-2. Steam distillation.
235(3)
8.4. Two-Pressure Distillation Processes
238(2)
8.5. Complex Ternary Distillation Systems
240(6)
8.5.1. Distillation Curves
240(3)
8.5.2. Residue Curves
243(3)
8.6. Extractive Distillation
246(5)
8.7. Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent
251(3)
8.8. Distillation with Chemical Reaction
254(4)
8.9. Summary— Objectives
258(1)
References
259(1)
Homework
260(10)
Appendix Simulation of Complex Distillation Systems
270(6)
Chapter 9 Batch Distillation276(25)
9.1. Binary Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation
278(1)
9.2. Simple Binary Batch Distillation
279(4)
Example 9-1. Simple Rayleigh distillation
281(2)
9.3. Constant-Level Batch Distillation
283(1)
9.4. Batch Steam Distillation
284(1)
9.5. Multistage Batch Distillation
285(6)
9.5.1. Constant Reflux Ratio
286(4)
Example 9-2. Multistage batch distillation
286(4)
9.5.2. Variable Reflux Ratio
290(1)
9.6. Operating Time
291(1)
9.7. Summary—Objectives
292(1)
References
292(1)
Homework
293(8)
Chapter 10 Staged and Packed Column Design301(53)
10.1. Staged Column Equipment Description
301(8)
10.1.1. Trays, Downcomers, and Weirs
304(2)
10.1.2. Inlets and Outlets
306(3)
10.2. Tray Efficiencies
309(5)
Example 10-1. Overall efficiency estimation
312(2)
10.3. Column Diameter Calculations
314(6)
Example 10-2. Diameter calculation for tray column
318(2)
10.4. Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics
320(7)
Example 10-3. Tray layout and hydraulics
324(3)
10.5. Valve Tray Design
327(2)
10.6. Introduction to Packed Column Design
329(1)
10.7. Packed Column Internals
329(2)
10.8. Height of Packing: HETP Method
331(2)
10.9. Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation
333(8)
Example 10-4. Packed column diameter calculation
338(3)
10.10. Economic Trade-Offs
341(4)
10.11. Summary— Objectives
345(1)
References
345(3)
Homework
348(6)
Chapter 11 Economics and Energy Conservation in Distillation354(31)
11.1. Distillation Costs
354(5)
11.2. Operating Effects on Costs
359(7)
Example 11-1. Cost estimate for distillation
364(2)
11.3. Changes in Plant Operating Rates
366(1)
11.4. Energy Conservation in Distillation
366(4)
11.5. Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation
370(6)
Example 11-2. Sequencing columns with heuristics
374(2)
11.6. Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Nonideal Ternary Systems
376(4)
Example 11-3. Process development for separation of complex ternary mixture
378(2)
11.7. Summary— Objectives
380(1)
References
380(2)
Homework
382(3)
Chapter 12 Absorption and Stripping385(39)
12.1. Absorption and Stripping Equilibria
387(2)
12.2. Operating Lines for Absorption
389(5)
Example 12-1. Graphical absorption analysis
392(2)
12.3. Stripping Analysis
394(2)
12.4. Column Diameter
396(1)
12.5. Analytical Solution: Kremser Equation
397(6)
Example 12-2. Stripping analysis with Kremser equation
402(1)
12.6. Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers
403(3)
12.7. Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers
406(4)
12.8. Irreversible Absorption
410(1)
12.9. Summary— Objectives
411(1)
References
412(1)
Homework
413(8)
Appendix Computer Simulations for Absorption and Stripping
421(3)
Chapter 13 Immiscible Extraction, Washing, Leaching, and Supercritical Extraction424(44)
13.1. Extraction Processes and Equipment
424(4)
13.2. Countercurrent Extraction
428(7)
13.2.1. McCabe-Thiele Method for Dilute Systems
428(6)
Example 13-1. Dilute countercurrent immiscible extraction
432(2)
13.2.2. Kremser Method for Dilute Systems
434(1)
13.3. Dilute Fractional Extraction
435(4)
13.4. Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Extraction
439(4)
Example 13-2. Single-stage and cross-flow extraction of a protein
440(3)
13.5. Concentrated Immiscible Extraction
443(1)
13.6. Batch Extraction
444(1)
13.7. Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures
445(3)
13.8. Washing
448(4)
Example 13-3. Washing
451(1)
13.9. Leaching
452(2)
13.10. Supercritical Fluid Extraction
454(3)
13.11. Application to Other Separations
457(1)
13.12. Summary—Objectives
457(1)
References
457(2)
Homework
459(9)
Chapter 14 Extraction of Partially Miscible Systems468(33)
14.1. Extraction Equilibria
468(3)
14.2. Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule
471(3)
14.3. Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Systems
474(3)
Example 14-1. Single-stage extraction
474(3)
14.4. Countercurrent Extraction Cascades
477(8)
14.4.1. External Mass Balances
477(2)
14.4.2. Difference Points and Stage-by-Stage Calculations
479(4)
14.4.3. Complete Extraction Problem
483(30)
Example 14-2. Countercurrent extraction
483(2)
14.5. Relationship between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams
485(1)
14.6. Minimum Solvent Rate
486(2)
14.7. Extraction Computer Simulations
488(1)
14.8. Leaching with Variable Flow Rates
489(3)
Example 14-3. Leaching calculations
490(2)
14.9. Summary—Objectives
492(1)
References
492(1)
Homework
493(6)
Appendix Computer Simulation of Extraction
499(2)
Chapter 15 Mass Transfer Analysis501(34)
15.1. Basics of Mass Transfer
501(3)
15.2. HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns
504(7)
Example 15-1. Distillation in a packed column
508(3)
15.3. Relationship of HETP and HTU
511(2)
15.4. Mass Transfer Correlations for Packed Towers
513(8)
15.4.1. Detailed Correlations for Random Packings
513(7)
Example 15-2. Estimation of HG and HL
515(5)
15.4.2. Simple Correlations
520(1)
15.5. HTU-NTU Analysis of Absorbers and Strippers
521(5)
Example 15-3. Absorption of SO2
525(1)
15.6. HIL-NTU Analysis of Co-current Absorbers
526(2)
15.7. Mass Transfer on a Tray
528(3)
Example 15-4. Estimation of stage efficiency
530(1)
15.8. Summary— Objectives
531(1)
References
531(1)
Homework
532(3)
Chapter 16 Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes535(74)
16.1. Membrane Separation Equipment
537(4)
16.2. Membrane Concepts
541(3)
16.3. Gas Permeation
544(14)
16.3.1. Gas Permeation of Binary Mixtures
544(3)
16.3.2. Binary Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems
547(8)
Example 16-1. Well-mixed gas permeation—sequential, analytical solution
549(1)
Example 16-2. Well-mixed gas permeation—simultaneous analytical and graphical solutions
550(5)
16.3.3. Multicomponent Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems
555(3)
Example 16-3. Multicomponent, perfectly mixed gas permeation
556(2)
16.4. Reverse Osmosis
558(15)
16.4.1. Analysis of Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis
558(6)
Example 16-4. RO without concentration polarization
562(2)
16.4.2. Determination of Membrane Properties from Experiments
564(2)
Example 16-5. Determination of RO membrane properties
564(2)
16.4.3. Determination of Concentration Polarization
566(7)
Example 16-6. RO with concentration polarization
567(2)
Example 16-7. Prediction of RO performance with concentration polarization
569(4)
16.4.4. RO with Concentrated Solutions
573(1)
16.5. Ultrafiltration
573(6)
Example 16-8. UF with gel formation
577(2)
16.6. Pervaporation
579(9)
Example 16-9. Pervaporation: feasibility calculation
586(2)
Example 16-10. Pervaporation: development of feasible design
588(1)
16.7. Bulk Flow Pattern Effects
588(7)
Example 16-11. Flow pattern effects in gas permeation
589(1)
16.7.1. Binary Cross-Flow Permeation
590(2)
16.7.2. Binary Co-current Permeation
592(2)
16.7.3. Binary Countercurrent Flow
594(1)
16.8. Summary— Objectives
595(1)
References
596(1)
Homework
597(6)
Appendix Spreadsheets for Flow Pattern Calculations for Gas Permeation
603(6)
16.A.1. Cross-Flow
603(2)
16.A.2. Co-current Flow
605(1)
16.A.3. Countercurrent Flow
606(3)
Chapter 17 Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange609(104)
17.1. Sorbents and Sorption Equilibrium
610(11)
17.1.1. Definitions
610(2)
17.1.2. Sorbent Types
612(3)
17.1.3. Adsorption Equilibrium Behavior
615(6)
Example 17-1. Adsorption equilibrium
620(1)
17.2. Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography
621(10)
17.2.1. Movement of Solute in a Column
623(2)
17.2.2. Solute Movement Theory for Linear Isotherms
625(1)
17.2.3. Application of Linear Solute Movement Theory to Purge Cycles and Elution Chromatography
626(5)
Example 17-2. Linear solute movement analysis of elution chromatography
628(3)
17.3. Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Thermal and Pressure Swing Adsorption and Simulated Moving Beds
631(23)
17.3.1. Temperature Swing Adsorption
631(10)
Example 17-3. Thermal regeneration with linear isotherm
635(6)
17.3.2. Pressure Swing Adsorption
641(8)
Example 17-4. PSA system
644(5)
17.3.3. Simulated Moving Beds
649(5)
Example 17-5. SMB system
652(2)
17.4. Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis
654(9)
17.4.1. Diffuse Waves
655(3)
Example 17-6. Diffuse wave
656(2)
17.4.2. Shock Waves
658(5)
Example 17-7. Self-sharpening shock wave
659(4)
17.5. Ion Exchange
663(9)
17.5.1. Ion Exchange Equilibrium
666(1)
17.5.2. Movement of Ions
667(5)
Example 17-8. Ion movement for divalent-monovalent exchange
668(4)
17.6. Mass and Energy Transfer
672(6)
17.6.1. Mass Transfer and Diffusion
672(2)
17.6.2. Column Mass Balances
674(1)
17.6.3. Lumped Parameter Mass Transfer
675(2)
17.6.4. Energy Balances and Heat Transfer
677(1)
17.6.5. Derivation of Solute Movement Theory
677(1)
17.6.6. Detailed Simulators
678(1)
17.7. Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems
678(9)
17.7.1. Lapidus and Amundson Solution for Local Equilibrium with Dispersion
679(1)
17.7.2. Superposition in Linear Systems
680(3)
Example 17-9. Lapidus and Amundson solution for elution
681(2)
17.7.3. Linear Chromatography
683(4)
Example 17-10. Determination of linear isotherm parameters, N, and resolution for linear chromatography
686(1)
17.8. LUB Approach for Nonlinear Systems
687(5)
Example 17-11. LUB approach
690(2)
17.9. Checklist for Practical Design and Operation
692(1)
17.10. Summary—Objectives
693(1)
References
693(3)
Homework
696(12)
Appendix Introduction to the Aspen Chromatography Simulator
708(5)
Appendix A. Aspen Plus Troubleshooting Guide for Separations713(2)
Answers to Selected Problems715(6)
Index721
Phillip C. Wankat is Clifton L. Lovell Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering at Purdue University, and Director of Undergraduate Degree Programs in Purdue's Department of Engineering Education.

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